(1) Due to the influence of religious thoughts, ancient Egyptians regarded real-life houses as temporary hotels and graves as permanent habitats.
(2) The pyramids reflect the will of the slave owners in ancient Egypt, who dreamed of relying on this "permanent land" to maintain their permanent rule.
(3) Pyramid architecture: tall, stable, thick and simple, which embodies the majesty of the slave-owning class and has a deterrent effect on the world.
2. Ancient Greece: the birthplace of ancient European civilization;
(1) A model of the perfect combination of high building technology and people's aesthetic requirements.
(2) The three different styles of cylindrical design: Doric, Ionian and Corinthian, fully embody three different artistic styles and aesthetic thoughts.
(3) It is not only the formal basis of ancient Greek architecture, but also a great contribution to the history of world architectural design. As a nation that loves beauty, the ancient Greeks not only made outstanding achievements in architectural design, but also became pioneers in the history of European design in gold plating, sculpture, painting, polishing and inlaying, as well as in the design of furniture and pottery bottles, providing many examples for reference.
3. Ancient Greek art:
Greek art design can be said to be the first peak in the history of human art, which is unique and provides an extremely valuable and rich heritage for the development of human art design. The prosperity of Greek art has its specific social and historical conditions, national characteristics and natural conditions. Greek art is highly realistic, romantic and fantastic. The combination of these two characteristics makes Greek art very attractive. It is mysterious and dignified, elegant and solemn, and brings people endless enjoyment of beauty.
As the pinnacle of artistic development in slave society, the main achievement of Greek art lies in its expression of human spiritual strength, affirmation of human thoughts, feelings and activities, and praise of human strong will. Compared with the ancient civilizations in Egypt and river basins, the Greeks paid more attention to the normative role of "people". Under the guidance of people-oriented thought, the classical plastic arts in Greece run through two elements: nature and ideal. The expression of idealized nature is the core of Greek art, and it follows the principles of simplicity, rationality, modesty and coordination in the fields of architecture, sculpture, painting and arts and crafts. Greek architecture is cheerful and harmonious, sculpture is full of vitality, and people are brave enough to show their spiritual temperament, and painting is full of secular life interest.
According to the development of Greek art, historians divide it into four periods:
(1) Homer Age-Germination: The culture and art in Homer Age are primitive and rough, which is closely related to witchcraft and religion. Therefore, the plastic arts and architecture in Greece in Homer's era, although its social foundation came from the people, did not reach the all-encompassing people's life, nor did it reach a new artistic development realm. The main artistic achievement is that the decorative patterns of pottery gradually transition from abstract to concrete, and the geometric patterns gradually disappear and are replaced by more realistic concrete scenes.
(2) Antique era-growth stage: the art of the antique era is fascinating with its extraordinary originality and has achieved unique artistic achievements. The famous column system in Greek architecture mainly includes Dolique column, Onek column and Corinthian column, which fully embodies three different artistic styles and aesthetic thoughts. The first two columns were established in ancient times, which laid the foundation for the further development of ancient architecture. Greek architecture is a new model of realistic style, and temples are the most important part of ancient Greek architecture.
Ancient sculptures are mainly concentrated in two types: naked young men and women and women in clothes. All faces are smiling, collectively referred to as "antique smile". Later, the posture of the characters gradually became natural and dynamic, and their expressions became vivid. The "red painting style" of pottery painting gradually replaced the "black painting style". Some artists have begun to explore perspective techniques in some container paintings.
(3) Classical era-peak period: This period is the prosperous period of Greek art, in which architecture and sculpture have the most profound influence on later generations. Compared with Egyptian architecture, ancient Greece is particularly prominent in architecture. In Athens, the temple representing the spirit and belief of the city, country and citizens was built in the center of the Acropolis. In the architecture of the Acropolis, it has the majestic momentum of reigning in the world, and the main building is the Parthenon dedicated to the goddess Athena. During this period, Corinthian column appeared and became the three major engineering principles in classical architecture.
In the early classical period, statues began to pay attention to expressing their personality through vivid human body beauty, thus producing a realistic and ideal human body. This period got rid of the shackles of ancient times and gave the statue a strong flavor of life. There are three outstanding sculptors: Miron, phidias and Poliucletus. Sculpture in the late classical period began to pay attention to the characterization of personality, giving up the indifference, holiness and purity in the early stage.
(4) The Greek era: The main feature of architecture in the Greek era is that it rejects the classical rigorous and solemn style, and a large number of new buildings with decorative interests appear. On the basis of paying attention to practical functions, the building has added decorative elements, and the exquisite Ionian column has replaced the Doric column, which is very popular. The temple lost its former glory, and the buildings in the citizen city flourished, the most famous of which was Alexandria with the architectural characteristics of the Renaissance. Sculptors in the Greek era were very interested in female themes, and many naked women appeared, showing a colorful picture of secular life. In addition, there is a famous work "Dying Warrior" in the history of Greek sculpture.
Parthenon: Built in 447- 438 BC, it is the temple of Athena, the patron saint of Athens. Because most temples in ancient Greece are in the form of corridors, the treatment of columns and related components basically determines the appearance of temples. For a long time, the artistic style of Greek architecture is mainly reflected in the form, proportion and mutual combination of columns, foreheads and eaves, which has formed a fairly stable procedural practice and is called "column". The Parthenon represents the highest achievement of Doric order in ancient Greece. It is well-proportioned, vigorous and powerful, and it is not clumsy at all. The stigma is a rigid and simple inverted cone, and the grooves of the column intersect into sharp edges and corners, without a column base, which has the masculine beauty of men.
Another main column type in ancient Greece is Onek: this column type is beautiful, gorgeous and light, with delicate and soft scrolls, a small round surface at the edge of the column, a complex and elastic column base, and a light and beautiful female figure. The erected temple in Athens is a typical Greek Onek love temple, which was built in 4265438 BC+0- 405 BC. In addition to the Doric and Onec orders, there is also the Corinthian order, and the stigma is decorated with curly grass.
4. Ancient Roman art: The greatest feature of artistic design in the Roman Empire era is to be as grand and majestic as possible. It has become a consistent basic principle in Roman architecture, sculpture and creative arts to set off the emperor's power and strength through the deterrent of art, and to highlight the emperor's supreme rights and sacrosanct strictness.
(1) The cornerstone of Roman art-etro Riya art
The religious ceremonies in Rome follow the Etruscan way, and the basic standpoint of its art is the realistic style of the Latin nation, that is, the artistic tradition initiated by the people of Itro. Roman architecture is the perfect combination of Egyptian vault and Greek column, and Roman sculpture injects strong etro Riya personality into Greek classical norms. Therefore, it is very necessary to know the art of etro in order to study the art of Rome.
The development of architecture in etro has played an important and positive role in Roman architecture. At present, the only intact relic is the tomb, which is a cylindrical tomb composed of a circular mound on the ground and an underground vault. It is good at using arch coupon masonry technology, and its technology is quite mature. Later, Roman architecture developed this technology and formed its own system.
In addition, the processing of temples, statues and bronzes in etro has reached a high level.
(2) Prosperous imperial art: Roman architecture in the 2nd century BC showed its own characteristics, and the buildings produced by filler technology showed more and more complex shapes. Arch, dome and dome have become three widely used forms in Roman architecture.
The houses in the Roman Empire are also unique. Generally, it has two functions: one is practicality, and the other is to reflect the identity of the owner through layout and decoration.
The urban planning of the Roman Empire has been very advanced. Since the 2nd century, the Romans began to carry out huge urban construction projects. The construction of public facilities has been paid attention to, and public baths and theaters have appeared in Rome. The arena is a unique product of Roman times, used to perform acrobatics and cruel gladiatorial performances. The Colosseum and Hadrian Pantheon are outstanding representatives of Roman architecture. In order to commemorate the victory of the war and show off Rome's military conquest, Rome also built a large number of memorial buildings, mainly in the form of Arc de Triomphe and memorial columns.
In terms of sculpture, the most representative work in the imperial era is portrait sculpture. The style of portrait carving in Rome is quite different from that in Greece. Greek portrait sculpture pays attention to the expression of * * *, trying to praise some spirit and strength of * * * in sculpture, while Roman sculpture pays attention to highlighting personality and showing personal charm and strength. After the 3rd century, portrait sculpture lost its classical exquisiteness and natural realistic style, and became a symbol of a certain spirit.
Roman reliefs are as developed as human sculptures, and are often made into high reliefs, which are combined with memorial buildings such as the Arc de Triomphe, memorial columns and altars to play a powerful propaganda function. The theme is always to describe specific events at specific moments.