On the Development of Artificial Intelligence
On the Development of Artificial Intelligence Technology
1, the concept of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science, which explores the essence of intelligence and aims to create an intelligent machine that can respond in a way similar to human intelligence. The emergence and development of artificial intelligence is first of all a revolution in thinking science. Its emergence and development depend on the revolution of thinking science to a certain extent, and also profoundly change the way and method of human thinking. Artificial intelligence is a scientific topic closely related to philosophy, which brings together research results from cognitive psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, logic, mathematics, computer science, robotics, economics, sociology and other fields. In the past half century, artificial intelligence has played an important role in the way human beings know themselves and transform the world. There have always been two attitudes towards the research of artificial intelligence: strong artificial intelligence and weak artificial intelligence. The former thinks that AI can reach the level of thinking and understanding, and can have real intelligence; The latter believes that the study of AI only explores human cognition through it, and its intelligence is only an imitated incomplete intelligence.
2. Development of artificial intelligence
The research of artificial intelligence can be divided into five stages.
The first stage was the rise and neglect of artificial intelligence, especially in the 1950s. This stage is the primary stage of artificial intelligence, the concept of artificial intelligence was put forward for the first time, and a number of scientific and technological achievements emerged one after another, such as machine theorem proof, checkers program, LISP language and so on. Because artificial intelligence is in the primary stage, there are many defects in many places, and the development of artificial intelligence once fell into a trough because of the failure of natural language translation and many other reasons. At the same time, the research of artificial intelligence at this stage has a very obvious feature: it pays too much attention to problem-solving methods and ignores the importance of knowledge.
The second stage is from the late 1960s to the 1970s. The emergence of expert system pushes the research of artificial intelligence to a climax again. The famous expert systems include DENDAL chemical mass spectrometry analysis system, MTCIN disease diagnosis and treatment system, Hearsay- 1 1 language understanding system and so on. The emergence of these expert systems indicates that artificial intelligence has entered the practical application stage.
The third stage was the 1980s. At this stage, with the development of the fifth generation computer, the research of artificial intelligence has also made great progress. Japan started with 1982 in order to make the speed of reasoning reach the speed of numerical operation. The fifth generation computer development plan? . Although this plan ended in failure, it brought another upsurge of artificial intelligence research.
The fourth stage was in the late 1980s. 1987 is the year when the new science of neural network was born. From 65438 to 0987, the United States held the first international conference on neural networks, announcing the birth of this new science to the world. Since then, countries around the world have gradually increased their investment in neural networks.
The fifth stage is post-90s. The emergence and development of network technology provides a new direction for the research of artificial intelligence. The research of artificial intelligence has shifted from single agent research to distributed artificial intelligence research based on network environment. At present, artificial intelligence not only studies distributed problem solving based on the same goal, but also studies multi-objective problem solving of multiple intelligent agents, which makes artificial intelligence have more practical uses.
3. Can artificial intelligence surpass human intelligence?
So can artificial intelligence surpass human intelligence? This problem can be analyzed from the following aspects:
First of all, from the point of view that the quantitative change of philosophy will cause qualitative change, the continuous development of artificial intelligence will inevitably produce a qualitative leap. As we all know, artificial intelligence has been able to perform reasoning analysis from the initial simple simulation function (for example, the computer has defeated the world champion of chess), which is itself a huge quantitative change. In a sci-fi movie, the father put his son's memory into a chip and put it on a robot. This robot has the same thinking and memory as his son died, although he won't grow up. From a technical point of view, things in science fiction movies can also become a reality in the near future. At that time, it will be really difficult to tell whether it is a person or a machine.
Second, some people will say that artificial intelligence will not surpass human intelligence, because artificial intelligence is made by people and cannot surpass human intelligence. Let's think of it this way. Cranes are also artificial. Isn't it much better than human beings? Cars are also made by people. Isn't it much faster than humans? From the point of view of science and technology, intelligence, like strength and speed, is also a certain characteristic of human beings. Why can't artificial intelligence surpass human intelligence
Thirdly, some people think that artificial intelligence is created by human beings and must have its fatal weakness, so human intelligence is better than artificial intelligence. I don't think this is true at all, because people have fatal weaknesses compared with robots. For example, people can't live without air, just as robots have no electricity. For another example, the human body cannot survive in an environment that exceeds a certain temperature or pressure. In this respect, robots can be far superior to humans. Therefore, in terms of weakness comparison, I think the robot of artificial intelligence is not worse than human beings, and it is far superior to human beings in some aspects.
Fourth, with the development of science and technology, artificial intelligence needs not only logical thinking and imitation. The more scientists study the human brain and mental system, the more certain that emotion is a part of intelligence, not separated from it, so the next breakthrough in the field of artificial intelligence may not only give it emotional ability.
4. Concluding remarks
Artificial intelligence has always been at the forefront of computer technology, and its research theory and discovery will largely determine the development direction of computer technology, control science and technology. Today, many achievements of artificial intelligence research have entered people's daily life. In the future, the development of artificial intelligence technology will have a greater impact on people's life, work and education.