Qian Jibo believes that Mencius' argument is "cadence, eloquence, high and low ... one vertical and one horizontal, and the arguer can't stop it." Duan's Debate on Mencius, published in 1930s, made a detailed analysis and summary of Mencius' debating skills and methods, which laid a foundation for studying Mencius' debating art. In addition, some early papers, such as Yang Shouchang's My Opinion on Mencius' Literature and Li Changzhi's On the Characteristics of Mencius' Articles and Its Position in China's Literary History, also discussed the debating skills of Mongolian from time to time. From the perspective of literary prose, the theoretical study of Mencius' debating art should be carried out after the mid-to-late 1950s. Tan Jiajian analyzed Mencius' debating art from the perspective of article structure, and thought that its characteristics were: (1) grasping the key points, highlighting the center, and "like an old official breaking the prison" in the debate, he could grasp the crux of the problem at once and make a centralized analysis and demonstration to convince people; (2) The context is clear, orderly and the order is extremely clear, "it is simply a natural brocade"; At the same time, (3) ups and downs, swaying, gradually deepening the question in the question and answer, interspersed with changing rules, full of dramatic factors. "It is really a matter of twists and turns." Li Zhujun's article "The Art of Argumentation in Mencius Prose" makes a comprehensive study of Mencius' style and method of argument, and holds that Mencius is "an orator" and "Mencius is almost a collection of arguments". Mencius, as a "bloody man", was "laughing and cursing, with exposed feelings, straightforward and bright, and aboveboard. The style of writing wins by fluency and detail, and adopts the layout method of "decomposing layer by layer, not afraid of repetition, using more words and repeating sentences", "with the spirit of strategists in the Warring States period"; Forced by the reality of self-defense, Mencius "paid great attention to the debating skills". In the debate, he often uses the method of luring the enemy in depth to form an aggressive momentum, coupled with strict logical reasoning, which leads to the other party gradually entering a dilemma, putting himself in an embarrassing situation of self-contradiction, making himself indisputable and candidly admit defeat. Xu Li's essay "Characteristics of Mencius' Essays" argues that Mencius "shows his own debating skills and is an eloquent debater" and "has the characteristics of a military strategist", and points out that he is good at military tactics such as "making love", "spinning pills", "feeling" and "moving the mind". Hongbo's essay "Argumentation Methods in Mencius' Prose" holds that the argumentation methods used in Mencius' prose are various, and their methods are often different because of the different things to be argued, which is "convincing and convincing". Professor Zhang Cang made great efforts to analyze and summarize Mencius' "Argumentation different from the common customs": First, he directly raised questions and refuted and answered difficult questions in a tit-for-tat manner; Second, he leads the topic, grasps the key points, and presses hard step by step, which is like a thunder; Thirdly, he made a comparative argument, which was sharp and profound, dripping with joy, thus forming Mencius' "incisive and thorough" momentum and style. By comparing with The Analects of Confucius, Guo Yuheng expounded the art of debate in Mongolian, and pointed out that although both of them adopted the dialogue mode of question and answer, The Analects of Confucius was a tit-for-tat debate, with more complete structure, rich rhetoric, magnificent momentum and full of emotion. Guan Renfu thinks: "The debating art of Mencius' prose is mainly manifested in the dialogue between characters". Judging from the theme of the debate and the readers' acceptance, the dialogue debate is different from the argumentative debate, and it is conducted in a certain situation, so the debater must respond and answer the questions quickly in a short time. In this situation, the wisdom and inspiration of debaters are most easily aroused due to the direct collision of ideas and the fierce confrontation of language. Therefore, the debate is flexible, witty and vivid, and the article is very vivid and readable. Readers will feel immersive when reading, and it is easy to experience strong emotions and abundant "literary spirit". Yang Fusheng believes that Mencius' argument is subject to the height of self-spirit, and the process of argument presents a process of returning to the heart. His debating art relies on his powerful and perfect Confucian theoretical system, and refutes the other side by attributing the focus of the debate to his own premise. He can not only control the debate situation freely, but also do what he should do and stop when he should, thus forming a "well-founded, well-founded" debate style.
Since the 20th century, with the decline of Confucian classics, various schools of thought have flourished. As an important Confucian classic, Mencius has been widely studied in many disciplines and fields, and literary research is one of them. Throughout the study of Mencius' literature in the past century, there are both achievements and shortcomings. As far as prose art is concerned, in the past century, researchers have conducted extensive discussions on the characteristics of language art and rhetorical skills, the art of argument and imposing style, and the logic and stylistic characteristics of articles, and have achieved considerable results. Reviewing and summarizing the research on the prose art of Mencius in the past hundred years, analyzing its gains and losses, and exploring new research directions are conducive to further deepening the research on the prose art of Mencius and even pre-Qin philosophers.
Keywords: Mencius; Prose art; Research; Make a comment
In the history of thought, The Biography of Confucius and Mencius also said that Mencius, as the successor and defender of Confucius' theory, was famous in the world, and his sharp thoughts and strong personality were unique among the pre-Qin philosophers. Mencius is an infectious literary prose, which is characterized by popular comments, rich rhetoric, magnificent momentum and unrestrained style. Since the 20th century, the traditional Confucian classics have collapsed. As an important Confucian classic, Mencius has been widely studied in many disciplines and fields, and literary research is one of them. Regarding the book Mencius, the researchers believe that although the seven styles of the book are not out of the pattern of quoting classics, "more dialogues are recorded than monologues, and more dialogues are repeated with arguments" [1] (P 316); The writing of The Analects of Confucius is also different from The Analects of Confucius, which was compiled by disciples and later scholars, but by Mencius, who was "consistent with Zhang Wan, Gong Sunchou and other disciples" [I2]; The way of argument is different from that of spring and autumn essays such as The Analects of Confucius in conception and ambition, and it is more colored with the argument of Warring States essays. In the pre-Qin Confucian works, Mencius was famous for his "literariness". Guo Moruo listed it as the first of the "Four Masters of Prose in Warring States" [3], and Sister Liu said: "Mencius is the most literary work in contemporary Confucianism, and its prose has a great influence on later generations." [4](P8 1) Throughout the 20th century, Mencius' literature research covered a wide range. From the perspective of prose art, it has achieved considerable results mainly from the aspects of language art characteristics and rhetorical skills, debate art and its imposing style, article logic and its stylistic characteristics. This paper focuses on the prose art of Mencius, briefly reviews the literary research of Mencius in the past hundred years from the above aspects, and makes a superficial comment and prospect on its gains and losses and future research trends, in order to provide some reference and enlightenment for the prose art research of Mencius and pre-Qin philosophers in the future.
I. Research on Language Features and Skills
As for the linguistic features of Mencius, it is generally considered that it is basically the same as the Analects of Confucius, and it belongs to a recorded style, but it is mostly composed of dialogues, which is simple and easy to understand, but it is more literary and imposing than the Analects of Confucius. Liu Cunren believed that Mencius was "extremely fluent in memorizing words." [5](P70) Sister Liu thinks: "Mencius' articles are not only elegant in literary style, but also fluent and particularly imposing." [4](P83) Tan Jiajian's article "On the Artistic Features of Mencius' Prose" [6] published in the mid-1950s made a detailed and original analysis of the artistic features of Mongolian language, and thought that "the first impression of Mongolian language is clear and smooth", because it is not carved, does not use uncommon words and clumsy syntax, and is good at carving. Tan analyzes the characters in Mencius from the perspective of character language, and thinks that he has successfully created a vivid and complex image of Mencius, with "bold and straightforward personality", "sharp-edged style" and "basically a representative of advanced intellectuals at that time". As an argumentative essay, it has neither tortuous plots nor complicated activities. It mainly uses personalized character language to "create a vivid lyric hero image" through Mencius' own words. In the early 1950s, most people only paid attention to the ideological evaluation of hundred schools of thought's essays, but ignored the exploration of its artistic features. In this context, Tan's prose theory has attracted people's attention, and it is refreshing to grasp the characters in prose from the perspective of character language. Yang believes that Mencius' language is rigorous and fluent, euphemistic and sharp, bold and meticulous, revealing strong and distinct feelings in vivid and provocative language, which makes Mencius' character leap from the page, thus fully showing Mencius' personality characteristics [7](P354). Some researchers have analyzed the language art of Mencius' prose from the perspective of rhetorical skills. Luo Xingming wrote that Mongolian uses parallelism, repetition and contrast in a large number, and the staggered collocation of substantive words and function words makes the language concise, concise and general, "expressing rich and profound thoughts in accurate and concise language" and "almost reaching the point of perfection" [8] Zhang Cang Shou believes that Meng Wentong has spoken written language, quoted common sayings into the text, and popularized ancient sayings, forming a "flat". In addition, "it has the skills and ability to master the language freely and skillfully", thus "accurate and concise, concise and meaningful" [9]. Bian also pointed out that Mencius has "superb expressive ability", and his language is "easy to understand, easy to understand, just like boating in China, swimming freely" [10]. He Youling's On the Language Style of Mencius [1 1] analyzes the "rich and colorful rhetorical devices" of Mongolian with specific works, and holds that the reason why this article of Mencius is simple, popular and not vulgar is that it attaches great importance to "literary talent", from the tempering of words, to the selection of sentence patterns and even to the arrangement of text structure. The analysis of this article is quite profound, and the argument is plain and novel, which is quite distinctive in the study of Mongolian language art and deserves attention.
Mencius was born in the mid-Warring States period. The realistic needs of fierce debate and the influence of the literary style of strategists opened the distance between Mencius and The Analects of Confucius, showing a magnificent rhetorical style. Lu Xun brilliantly pointed out: "When Meng Zisheng was in the Zhou Dynasty, the words became more and more complicated, and the narrative was particularly subtle." [12] thinks: "Generally speaking, I won with Hong." [13](P26) Zheng Zhenduo thought that Mongolian was "influenced by the warring States debaters", so his ci was "elegant and profound, with beautiful and interesting metaphors" [14](P74). Qian Jibo II said: "Confucian literature has experienced ups and downs since Mencius." [15](P33) contains the meaning of understanding the language style formed by "traditional Chinese characters" in Mongolian, and researchers mostly discuss it from the perspective of rhetoric. Tan Jiajian believes that Mongolian likes to use parallelism and repeated overlapping sentences, "making articles like the Yangtze River, wave after wave, muddy and endless" [6]. Li Zehou pointed out: "Mongolian tries its best to enhance the emotional color and strength in its logical reasoning in a fairly neat parallelism form, thus making its reasoning irresistible." [16](P60) He Youling specifically analyzed the characteristics of diction and sentence making in Mencius, and thought that "the powerful syllables and patchwork sentence patterns in the writing style make people read smoothly, with a distinct sense of rhythm and beautiful music, and make people feel the passion condensed by the author's pen, which makes people infected, inspiring and inspiring"/. 3, commanding, sweeping, natural, solved [9]. Hou Aiping and Lv Yuling's article "On the Similarity between Mencius and the Warring States Policy" [17] holds that the political and cultural background characterized by "debate" in the Warring States period formed their linguistic similarity. First, be good at imitating feelings and attracting people. This paper focuses on the similarities between them, but ignores the differences between the aboveboard Mencius sketches and "reverse cleverness", and the similarities between them are the artistic characteristics of Mencius language.
Good analogy and skillful metaphor are the remarkable characteristics of the prose language art of Mencius, and the researchers have also discussed them from many aspects. Zheng Zhenduo thinks that Mencius "likes to express his opinions by metaphors" and "metaphors are beautiful and interesting" [14](P74). Sister Liu pointed out that when talking about theoretical things, the articles in Mencius "occasionally give a few examples to show humor", such as the cows in the court and the wives and concubines of Qi people, "it is really clever, but it is also an excellent metaphor and irony" and "shows the liveliness and wit of prose" [4](P83). Tan Jiajian believes that Mencius' metaphor is "simple, vivid and interesting, light, smart and profound" and "a master metaphor". He often uses the common sense of life to draw an analogy nearby, which is flexible, incisive, appropriate and hits the nail on the head, causing readers to sing widely. Using fables as a metaphor, Mencius is a pioneer, and this long metaphor of "exquisite narration" is "vivid and interesting in twists and turns" and "of high artistic value"; Short metaphors are concise, positive metaphors are vivid and interesting, and negative metaphors are exaggerated and humorous. Therefore, Mencius' metaphor "is highly artistic and combined with profound ideological content, which fully shows the artistic originality of the great essayist" [6]. Yang thinks that Mencius is particularly good at using fables as metaphors, which makes Mencius more literary. Although these metaphors sometimes can't fully explain his theory, they fully show the feelings of the characters, so Mencius used the metaphor "not the product of logical thinking, but the product of emotional association, so it is also lyrical" [7](P354). Xu Li believes that the metaphors in Mencius are not only numerous, but also rich and vivid. "Mencius' metaphor is eclectic, some are the scene in front of him, some are fabricated, and some are stories at that time; Some are exaggerated, some are humorous; Some words are broken and some are wonderful. " [18] Zhang Cang Shou analyzed the concrete situation of metaphors in Mencius, and thought that Mongolian either used things as metaphors to explain things in simple terms, or used things as metaphors to explain things clearly. Or use fables to illustrate reasoning, turn abstraction into concrete feelings, and turn abstruse into simple understanding. Therefore, the author thinks: "Mongolian uses metaphors freely, skillfully and swaying." [9] Guan Renfu's Comparison of Prose Art between Meng and Xun [19] Third, through comparative analysis, it is believed that the metaphors are not only large in number and wide in scope, but also creative. The author often uses metaphors according to different objects and different contents, which is both targeted and interesting. At the same time, Mencius' metaphor is imaginative, and by combining comparative techniques, he is unconventional. It can be seen that the study of metaphor that Mongolian is good at is relatively in-depth. In fact, whether it is a simple metaphor or a long story metaphor, it is * * * in the prose of pre-Qin philosophers, and Mongolian is praised for its unique "personality", thus forming its unique style. The ideas provided by Guan Wen should have certain methodological significance.
Second, the study of the art of debate.
Debate and eloquence were very popular among philosophers in the Warring States period, and Mencius was especially famous for his eloquence. Mencius clearly put forward the concept of "Qi" for the first time in the history of China literature and aesthetics, and combined "nourishing Qi" with "knowing words". "His so-called literacy ability is rooted in nourishing qi, which means naturally developing his own goodness and constantly accumulating morality" [20] (P 165438+). In the study of Mencius' argumentative art, it mainly focuses on two aspects: the methods and skills of argumentative writing and the style of argumentative writing.
Qian Jibo believes that Mencius' argument is "cadence, eloquence, high and low ... one vertical and one horizontal, and the arguer can't stop it." [15](P33) In the 1930s, he published the article "Debate on Mencius" [2 1], which made a detailed analysis and summary of Mencius' debating skills and methods, laying a foundation for studying Mencius' debating art. In addition, Yang Shouchang's My humble opinion on Mencius' literature [22] and On Mencius' articles. From the perspective of literary prose, the theoretical study of Mencius' debating art should be carried out after the mid-to-late 1950s. Tan Jiajian analyzed Mencius' debating art from the perspective of article structure, and thought that its characteristics were: (1) grasping the key points, highlighting the center, and "like an old official breaking the prison" in the debate, he could grasp the crux of the problem at once and make a centralized analysis and demonstration to convince people; (2) The context is clear, orderly and the order is extremely clear, "it is simply a natural brocade"; At the same time, (3) it is also full of ups and downs, swaying and colorful, gradually deepening the question in the question and answer, interspersed with changing rules, full of dramatic factors. "This is really a tortuous thing" [6]. Li Zhujun's essay "The Art of Argumentation in Mencius' Prose" [24] makes a comprehensive study of Mencius' style and method of argument, and holds that Mencius is "an orator" and "Mencius is almost a collection of arguments". Mencius, as a "bloody man", is "laughing and cursing, showing his feelings, straightforward and hearty." The style of writing wins by fluency and detail, and adopts the layout method of "decomposing layer by layer, not afraid of repetition, using more words and repeating sentences", "with the spirit of strategists in the Warring States period"; Forced by the reality of self-defense, Mencius "paid great attention to the debating skills". In the debate, he often uses the method of luring the enemy in depth to form an aggressive momentum, coupled with strict logical reasoning, which leads to the other party gradually entering a dilemma, putting himself in an embarrassing situation of self-contradiction, making himself indisputable and candidly admit defeat. Xu Li's article "Characteristics of Mencius' Essays" [18] claims that Mencius "shows his debating skills and is an eloquent debater" and "has the characteristics of a strategist", pointing out: "He is good at strategist's strategies, tricks and feelings. Hongbo's article "Argumentation Methods in Mencius Prose" [25] holds that the argumentation methods used in Mencius' prose have many forms and changes, and their methods are often different because of the different things to be argued. "Everything is thorough, eloquent and convincing." Professor Zhang Cang made great efforts to analyze and summarize Mencius' "different arguments": first, he directly raised questions and refuted and answered difficult questions in a tit-for-tat manner; Second, he cited the topic, grasped the key points, pressed hard step by step, and was thunderous; Third, the comparative argument is sharp and profound, dripping with joy, thus forming the momentum and style of Mencius' "incisive and incisive" [9] IV. Guo Yuheng, by comparing with The Analects of Confucius, expounded the art of debate in Mongolian, and pointed out that although both of them adopted the dialogue style of question and answer, The Analects of Confucius was a talk about Tao, while Mencius was a tit-for-tat debate, with a more complete structure, rich rhetoric and great momentum and emotion [26] (P 65438+) Guan Renfu thought: "The debate of Mencius' prose. Judging from the theme of the debate and the readers' acceptance, the dialogue debate is different from the argumentative debate, and it is conducted in a certain situation, so the debater must respond and answer the questions quickly in a short time. In this situation, the wisdom and inspiration of debaters are most easily aroused due to the direct collision of ideas and the fierce confrontation of language. Therefore, the debate is flexible, witty and vivid, the article is very vivid and readable, and readers will feel immersive when reading, from which they can easily experience strong emotions and abundant "literary spirit" [19]. Yang Fusheng believes that Mencius' argument is subject to the height of self-spirit, and the process of argument presents a process of returning to the heart. Its debating art relies on its own powerful and perfect Confucian theoretical system and boils down to its own premise to refute the other side. It is comfortable and can firmly control the debate situation, and when it is done, it will stop, thus forming a "reasonable and elegant" debate style [27]
Third, the study of logic and its stylistic features
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were also the beginning of China's logical speculation, and the logic of Mencius prose also attracted attention. Researchers realize that the rigorous logic is one of the important reasons why Mencius' argument is invincible and invincible. Tan Jiajian believes that Mencius does not have a complete theory of formal logic like Mozi, but "he can use the thinking rules and forms of formal logic generally and skillfully, and his articles have strict logic." In the process of argumentation, Mencius successfully applied law of excluded middle and the law of contradiction, so that "no matter who you argue with, Mencius will not lose" [6]. Hongbo thinks that "the organization of articles in Mencius is very consistent with the law of logical reasoning", and the author summarizes the logical methods used in Mencius' argument as follows: (1) gradual reasoning, interspersed with deductive induction in specific arguments, with positive and negative sides, noisy, open and close freely and fascinating; (2) Breaking the law of two ends, Mencius calmly responded to the accusations made by his opponents with a comprehensive method of hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, and dealt with him as he deals with you, giving him a powerful crack; (3) Propose a new argument method, that is, when the opponent uses hypothetical words and selective reasoning to demonstrate, take a positive side and put forward new arguments to break the implied wrong views of the other party; (4) Example method, that is, taking examples as the premise, makes logical reasoning more rigorous. The article also holds that, unlike the argumentation logic of Ming and Mo, the argumentation logic of Meng and Mo focuses on argumentation, so the author thinks that "the article that is difficult to argue should start from Mencius". [ 18]
Obviously, researchers have shifted from the logical features of Mencius articles to the understanding of its stylistic features. In the mid-1950s, Luo Genze thought it was Han Feizi's "originality". In 1980s, some researchers thought Mencius was "original". Zhang Huiren's Mencius-the Pioneer of China's Ancient Arguments [29] examines Mencius' argumentative art from the stylistic point of view, and holds that the argumentative articles in Mencius "combine the art of rhetoric with strict logical reasoning" to form "argumentative articles that are good at refuting art". Mencius is famous for its "large number and high quality" and "argumentation and high quality" Its pertinence is higher than other "theories", and refutation is the main or prominent argumentation method. The appearance of argumentative essays depends on the formation and development of logic. Mencius' theory of "knowing words" puts forward and solves the refutation problems and methods that are not put forward and solved in Mohist Logic. "Since the emergence of Mencius' theory of knowing words, not only China's simple logic system in pre-Qin period has been systematized from concept, judgment to proof, disproof and reasoning, but also in China's article history and logic history. In practice, "he seriously applied the achievements of China's ancient logic to his own debate, using a variety of logical methods, with strong arguments and well-founded, so that the article not only has strict logic, but also has that strategic, overwhelming and irrefutable logical force." Lai Zhiming's article "Looking at Mencius' View of Logic from His Debate" [30v] holds that Mencius "injected practical logic content into the Confucian theory of" correcting the name "and gradually led the thought of" correcting the name "from the political and ethical fields to the field of thinking, thus making the Confucian" correcting the name "more related to the field of thinking logic, and" paying great attention to establishing a position "in the debate. He is good at grasping the opportunity of debate, grasping the place where the other side can't justify himself, focusing on what the enemy has covered, trapped, separated and poor, trying to accuse the enemy of his fallacies in the debate.
While affirming Mongolian logic, scholars also discuss its shortcomings from time to time. Zhang Huiren believes that Mencius' use of logical reasoning methods is largely unconscious, so "there must be far-fetched disadvantages in logic, and sometimes even some sophistry is used" [29]. Xu Li also believes that the logic of Mongolian "does not have the scientific attitude of" talk right ","study class "and" understand class "like Mozi and Xunzi, but sometimes it is an arbitrary inference of" unreasonable "and" disorderly class ". [18] Combining logic with literary works according to the characteristics of Mongolian, this "interdisciplinary" research is undoubtedly a meaningful exploration for expanding the research field, deeply understanding the connotation of works and grasping the style characteristics of writers' works. However, there are still great differences in the evaluation of Mencius' logical thought; The logical study of Mencius' prose needs to be deepened.
Looking back on the study of Mencius' prose art in the past hundred years, there are both achievements and shortcomings. Only from the situation listed in the above summary, the research on Mencius' prose art in the past hundred years, from the beginning to the grand view, gradually got rid of all kinds of constraints and prejudices and embarked on the academic road of independent development, its literary value and status were recognized and established, and its prose art was widely discussed. However, compared with the study of philosophical thoughts and social and political opinions, the study of Mencius' prose art can only be said to be in its infancy, and there are undoubtedly many shortcomings. To speculate on the future research trend, the author thinks that the following points are worthy of attention. First of all, we should make a calm and realistic analysis of some theoretical mistakes. In the past hundred years, the standards and terms used to confirm the artistry of Mencius' prose have basically been transplanted from Europe and America, which are not completely in line with their actual situation, because both Mencius' and Pre-Qin philosophers' prose have their own unique internal factors, such as genre, subject matter, formal structure and expression. Therefore, transcendental theoretical model and rigid thinking method will castrate its richness, but it is also insufficient. Therefore, it should be an urgent task for prose art researchers of all schools in the new century to really proceed from reality, extract relevant propositions, explore theoretical expressions suitable for their own characteristics, analyze their research objects, and draw convincing conclusions so as to push the research deeper. Secondly, due to the particularity of Mencius, the research on his prose art has been interfered by the mainstream ideology for a hundred years, which has not only caused many misunderstandings, but also caused superficial research and narrow fields, and even some "blank" fields need to be filled. In this regard, Xu Hualong's article "Mencius' Application and Understanding of Folk Literature and Art" [3 1][4] may give some inspiration. Xu Wen discussed the relationship between Mencius and folk art, and pointed out that Mencius used a lot of folk stories, myths, fables, proverbs, legends and other "rich contents and forms of folk literature and art created by working people", and made an accurate analysis based on Mencius' political philosophy, aesthetic views and article style. He believes that there are two reasons for this: "Mencius has a strong concept of' people'" and "for the need of dialogue". In fact, it is not difficult to find the same or similar phenomena in various articles of pre-Qin philosophers. According to the popular view, all literary activities and artistic forms originated from the people, and it is undoubtedly a meaningful topic to explore the relationship between other pre-Qin philosophers and folk literature and art. Therefore, it will be an inevitable trend to further expand the research field of pre-Qin philosophers' prose, including Mencius, strengthen theoretical construction, open up new research ideas, introduce high-level research results and achieve new leaps.
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