Cultivation techniques of apple trees
Apple is also a high-yield fruit tree with strong adaptability to soil. General hills, beaches and mild saline-alkali land can be planted in pieces after appropriate improvement.
Growth and fruiting habits and their requirements for environmental conditions
1. Growth and fruiting habits Apple roots have no natural dormancy period, and adult trees have two or three growth peaks a year, which are transferred according to the distribution of photosynthetic products, the formation rate of aboveground organs and the external environment such as soil temperature and moisture. The first root grows before germination, and turns to low tide when flowering and new shoots grow vigorously. When the new shoots stopped growing, the second root growth peak appeared, which was large in number but short in growth time The third growth peak is in autumn and before and after fruit harvest. Because of the long autumn, long root growth time and large growth in Huaibei area, it is a good opportunity for trees to accumulate and store nutrients. In addition, under the influence of soil temperature, the upper and lower roots grow alternately.
Apple branches can be divided into growing branches and fruiting branches. According to its length, there are several kinds of growing branches: long branches, middle branches, short branches and leafy branches. Sooner or later, different types of branches will stop growing and have different abilities to store nutrients. Leaves and short branches usually stop growing 3-4 weeks after budding and spreading leaves, and the nutrients accumulate earlier, so they are rarely transported to the outside. The middle and long branches stop growing late and sometimes cannot form neck buds. They produce more assimilated nutrients, have greater external transport capacity, and are the main source of nutrients stored by trees (including roots). Therefore, the same tree should have different numbers and proportions of long, medium and short branches, and the new shoots of apples often show obvious secondary growth characteristics. Long branches can be divided into two parts: spring shoots and autumn shoots. Compared with the northern apple producing areas, the growth of new shoots and the proportion of autumn shoots are two characteristics of apple branch growth in Huaibei area. Small trees tend to flourish.
There are differences in germination rate, branching ability and apical dominance among different apple varieties, which affect the differences in dryness, stratification and tree shape of the whole crown, and also affect the early or late fruiting period.
According to their length and flower bud location, fruiting branches can be divided into four types: long fruit branches (> 15cm), medium fruit branches (5cm ~ 15cm), short fruit branches (< 5cm) and axillary flower bud branches. Flower buds are mixed buds, which can produce new buds and blossom and bear fruit at the top after opening. Because the new fruiting branch is extremely short, it expands to form a fruit platform after fruiting, so the fruiting branch is actually the fruiting mother branch. Most apple varieties are mainly short fruit branches, and some varieties occupy a certain proportion of long, middle and axillary flower buds in the young tree stage and the first fruit stage, which is the performance of young trees bearing fruit early. With the growth of tree age, the proportion of all kinds of fruit branches will change and gradually transition to short fruit branches.
Results the fruiting branches of l ~ 2 generally appeared in the new stage, either long or short, which was related to the variety characteristics. The ability of fruit-setting technology to continuously form flower buds varies with varieties and nutrition. Guoguang lasts for 5 years, and Jinguan lasts for about 3 years. Most red stars form buds every other year.
Apple is usually a cross-pollinated tree species, and pollinated varieties need to be configured in production to meet the requirements of normal seed setting rate. However, some varieties such as Guoguang, Anna and Maiyan have a certain degree of self-pollination and seed setting rate. The flowering period is generally 6-8 days. The flowering period is shortened when the temperature is high and dry, and prolonged when the air is cold and humid. Some varieties have a long flowering period, and the flowers are open in batches. The first batch of flowers has good quality and high fruit setting rate, and the flowers can be thinned as soon as possible when the flowers are large in the later period; If the amount of flowers is insufficient, or the first flowers suffer from frost, you can make full use of the later flowers.
In the process of fruit development, there are two processes of falling flowers and fruits. Fallen flowers are the flowers that are pollinated and fertilized, and the ovary does not expand. The first fruit drop occurred at 1 ~ 2 weeks after flowering, which was caused by incomplete fertilization and the young fruit had a certain size. The second fruit drop occurred 2 ~ 4 weeks after the first fruit drop, also known as "fruit drop in June", which was mainly caused by the competition of various organs for nutrients and had a great relationship with the strength of the tree. In addition, some varieties will have a pre-harvest fruit drop before the fruit matures. Fruit dropping in June is a self-thinning phenomenon formed during the development of fruit tree system. Normal and a certain amount of fruit drop is natural, but serious fruit drop caused by bad weather or improper cultivation techniques will affect the yield. It is estimated that only 5% ~ 15% of the flowers can bear fruit in the case of large flowers, which can ensure high yield. Different apple varieties often have different natural fruit numbers per inflorescence. There are many golden crowns and Guoguang, which can reach 4 ~ 5, marshal and red star talents 1, ruby talents 1 ~ 2.
2. Requirements for environmental conditions Apple likes cold, dry and sunny climate conditions. Generally speaking, the average temperature from April to1October is 12 ~ 18, which is most suitable for the growth of apples. When the temperature is too high in summer, when the average temperature is above 26 degrees, the flower bud differentiation is poor, the fruit develops quickly and cannot be stored. The suitable coloring temperature of red varieties before maturity is 10 ~ 20 degrees. If the temperature difference between day and night is small and the temperature is high at night, it is difficult to paint. Compared with the climatic conditions in the northern region, especially the medium-ripe red-mentioned varieties, there is a certain gap from the optimal requirements in temperature, and the gap from the south to the Yangtze River basin is increasing.
The annual precipitation in the main apple producing areas in the world is about 500 mm ~ 800 mm, and dry air and sufficient sunshine are needed for flower bud differentiation and fruit ripening, so the fruit surface is smooth, colorful and full of flower buds. If there is too much rainfall and insufficient sunshine, it will easily lead to too many branches and leaves, poor flower bud differentiation, low and unstable yield, serious pests and diseases and poor fruit quality. The annual precipitation in Huaibei area is about 800 mm, but it is unevenly distributed, and sometimes there is spring drought, summer drought or autumn drought. Rainfall is too concentrated in most years from July to August, so it is necessary to strengthen irrigation and drainage measures.
Apple is a tree species that avoids light. Adequate illumination is beneficial to the normal growth and fruiting of fruits, and also to improving the quality of fruits. Different varieties have different requirements for light. The annual sunshine hours in Huaibei area are more than 2000 hours, which can basically meet the needs of apple growth and development.
In terms of soil, apples are suitable for sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and rich organic matter. The PH value of soil should be slightly acidic to neutral. When the soil is poorly ventilated, the growth of roots is hindered. When the pH is above 7.8, it is easy to be undernourished and lose its green color. The salt tolerance of soil is lower than 0. 15%.
Shaping and pruning
1. The basic tasks of plastic pruning can be summarized as the following three aspects: first, cultivate a good tree structure, including the height of trunk, the size of tree body, the number of backbone branches and the branch angle, so as to increase the effective fruit yield of crown and prevent flat fruit; The second is to cultivate all kinds of fruiting branches, make full use of space, and do more without chaos, dense without crowding; The third is to balance the tree potential, adjust the relationship between growth and fruiting, keep the tree strong, and lay the foundation for early fruiting and high and stable yield.
Trees used for apple shaping generally advocate sparse layering (also called sparse layering of trunk), while semi-dwarf trees and short-branched trees generally advocate sparse layering with small crowns and free spindle shape.
The structural characteristics of the evacuation hierarchical tree are: the height is 50 cm ~ 60 cm. After plastic surgery, the whole tree has 5 ~ 6 main branches, which are arranged in two layers (sometimes there is a third layer). The three main branches of the first layer are adjacent or adjacent, with the distance less than 20 cm ~ 40 cm and the opening angle of 60 ~ 70 degrees. The second layer has two main branches, the extension direction is staggered with the first layer, and the opening angle is smaller than the first layer, 45 ~ 50 degrees. The main branch spacing (interlayer spacing) on the first and second floors is 80 cm ~ 100 cm. There are two secondary branches (also called lateral branches) on each of the three main branches at the base, which are interlaced with each other, and each secondary branch has 1 secondary branch. The whole tree is 4 to 5 meters high. This tree has an obvious central trunk, but it is also happy in the later stage. If there is a third main branch, it is usually a temporary branch, and the head is removed when it falls. The main branches are layered, with small top and large bottom, and the distance between layers is large. It conforms to the growth characteristics of apples and has the advantages of early formation, firm structure, good ventilation and light transmission, and the main branches can occupy a large space evenly.
The base is the first main branch, the upper part is the second main branch, and the top tree falls in a happy place after completion. Numbers represent the height of the trunk, the distance between layers, the distance between layers and the distance between the first main branch and the trunk on the main branch.
The main points of plastic surgery are as follows: (1) The three branches of the base can be selected and cultivated in stages within two years to maintain the balance of strength; The upper main branch should not choose the south branch, so as not to affect the penetration of light. The whole tree should maintain an obvious subordinate relationship, that is, the growth potential of the central trunk is stronger than that of the main branch, the main technology is stronger than that of the auxiliary branch, and the upper and lower branches should be kept smaller than that of the upper branch. When the center is too strong, you can change the head with three branches, and use two branches instead of the original head to extend the growth, form a small bend, control the strength, and enhance the growth potential of the first layer of main branches. When only two main branches can be cultivated in the first layer, a suitable "door test" can also be left at the base of the main branch to replace the third main branch, forming a form of "lateral main branch" to make the crown complete. On the other hand, if the first floor has formed four branches, which is slightly crowded, and if one main branch lacks auxiliary branches (side branches), the cutting method of "by the amount of main branches" can also be adopted, and the cutting of five main branches can be controlled according to the requirements of side branches belonging to one main branch. The first auxiliary branch on the third main branch of Ikeno should be planted in the anticline side of the main branch 60 cm ~ 80 cm away from the branch point of the main branch, leaving no "door side" as far as possible to avoid crowding in the crown cavity and the lower branch. For the main branches with too small branch angle, methods such as bracing should be adopted as soon as possible to make them open. After the tree begins to bear a lot of fruits (10 ~ 13), the tree is stable, so it can be happy with the original center and increase the upper light. When the main branch extends obliquely outward, it can extend in a straight line or wave shape according to the specific situation, but it is not suitable to bend and extend left and right. The cutting length of winter cutting is generally 45 cm ~ 60 cm for the main branch and 40 cm ~ 50 cm for the auxiliary branch. The branch spacing of trunk branches is about 1 m.
The structure of sparse tree with small crown is basically the same as that of sparse tree, but the tree body is more compact by strictly controlling the tree height, crown width and main branch order. Generally, the trunk is 30 cm ~ 40 cm high, the tree is 2.5 m ~ 3 m high, the crown is 3.5 m ~ 4 m, and the crown is oblate. The whole tree has 5 ~ 6 main branches, 3 in the first layer, and there is no hierarchy upward, leaving 1 main branch every 40 cm ~ 50 cm. The opening angle of the main branch of the first layer is 60 ~ 70 degrees, and there are two auxiliary main branches on it. The first branch is about 20 cm from the trunk and 20 cm from the top, and the second branch is in the opposite direction. The upper main branch does not leave the secondary main branch, and the result branch group is directly planted on it. After entering the full fruit period, the central trunk will be happy and control the height and crown width of the tree.
A free spindle is also a tree with a central stem. The height is 40 cm ~ 50 cm, the height of the tree is 2.5 m ~ 3 m, the crown width is 2.5 m ~ 3 m, the center is upright, and the lateral branches of 10 ~ 15 are evenly distributed on it, extending around without obvious stratification. The bottom 3 ~ 5 lateral branches are long and stout, keeping a distance of 8 cm ~ 10 cm from each other, which plays the role of backbone branches. The lateral branches near the upper part of the central trunk are short and weak, and only play the role of fruiting base branches. Keep a distance of 50 cm ~ 60 cm between the upper and lower sides in the same direction. There is only one branch in the whole crown, all of which are induced to form an opening angle of 70 ~ 90 degrees, and medium and small branches are cultivated on it, or short fruit branches are directly used to bear fruit. After reaching the predetermined tree height, the central trunk falls happily, and the crown is in the shape of a wide cone or spindle. This tree can be used for dwarfing rootstock apple trees or short-branch varieties of apples.
2. Pruning can be divided into two categories: winter pruning (dormant pruning) and summer pruning (growth pruning). The basic methods of winter pruning are short cutting, internal shrinkage and thinning, and sometimes long-term pruning is also included in the generalized pruning method. Short cut is divided into light cut, medium cut and heavy cut, so its pruning reaction is different. Light cutting, short cutting or long cutting are beneficial to relieve the branch potential and tree potential. Cutting, re-cutting or shrinking branches is beneficial to promote the growth of branches and buds and the regeneration and rejuvenation of branches and backbone branches. Thinning branches can reduce branches, improve illumination, inhibit the former and promote the latter, which is beneficial to the formation of flower buds. Summer pruning includes basic methods such as removing core, smearing buds, draining, wringing, taking branches, pulling branches and girdling. Generally speaking, summer pruning has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of trees, can alleviate the branch potential and tree potential, and is often conducive to the formation of flower buds, which is widely used in young trees.
The pruning of young apple trees mainly focuses on selecting and retaining the backbone branches, while mastering light pruning and retaining more auxiliary branches to increase the amount of branches and leaves, so that the growth of shoot and root system tends to be balanced at an early date and promotes flowering and fruiting.
After the seedlings are planted, the seedlings are cut short according to different tree body requirements, which is called fixed stem. When drying, it is required that there are more than 5 ~ 7 full buds under the incision, and 20 cm ~ 25 cm is called plastic belt. After these buds develop into technology, the extension technology of the central trunk and the first layer of main branches or thicker side branches is selected from the middle. Every winter, according to the requirements of plastic surgery, prune the trunk and branches of the culture center at all levels, and pay attention to the quality of bud cutting and the direction of bud retention. The growth branches located in the center of the interlayer and the lower part of the main branch should be reserved as auxiliary branches except those that are too dense and need to be thinned, and the method of light cutting and long leveling should be adopted to help support the tree, ease the tree vigor and bear fruit early. Fixing the stem under the plastic belt is beneficial to accelerate the thickening of the trunk and the growth of the root system. Branches close to the ground and crowded can be thinned, and the rest can be controlled or thrown away.
While cultivating main branches and using auxiliary branches, large, medium and small branches should be cultivated on the back, side and back of main branches and auxiliary branches in time to stabilize the results. The distribution of branches in the crown is sparse in the upper part and dense in the lower part, sparse in the inner part and dense in the middle part. In the early stage of fruiting, the flat and oblique branches on both sides and behind should be cultivated, and after the complete fruiting period, the upright branches on the back should be used more appropriately to maintain the growth potential of the branches. There is no need to cultivate big branches for plants with free hammer tree shape.
Summer pruning is an important measure to slow down the growth of young trees, promote flower bud differentiation and early high yield, and should be fully applied. When the spring shoots stop growing and the autumn shoots start growing, the auxiliary branches of Wang Chang can be picked, so that the xylem of the branches is constantly damaged, thus changing the angle, direction and growth. Young trees with no flowers or few flowers are also cut, peeled in summer and pulled in autumn in Kechun to promote flowers. Spring carving refers to carving on both sides of Puyang branch or lateral branch and above the bud behind it before spring germination to promote more germination; Summer girdling is to girdle or girdle for 3-4 times above the trunk or at the base of the main branch and auxiliary branch from late May to early June, so that more than 10000 nutrients can be accumulated at the girdling mouth to promote flowering; Branching in autumn is to stretch the opening angle of university strips before and after a short pause in autumn, which is beneficial to alleviate the branching trend. The induction of lateral branches of free spindle-shaped trees was also carried out during this period. About 20 days after the growth stopped in autumn, the technique group of cutting the tip and shrinking the inner membrane can also slow down the growth of young flourishing trees and rejuvenate the branchlets.
After entering the full fruit stage and gradually turning to the achievements of the technical group, the auxiliary branches that have grown for many years should be cleaned, retracted and transformed year by year. Especially if the canopy is closed, it is necessary to lower your head and open the layer year after year to let the light penetrate into the inner room. In order to stabilize the fruit and prevent years, a certain ratio of flower buds to leaf buds (2 ~ 4) should be controlled and maintained during pruning in winter. In the years when there are too many flower buds, the techniques of thinning buds, cutting short, retracting and topping can be adopted, combined with thinning flowers and fruits, so as not to cause too many fruits, thus promoting hair development. In years with few buds, try to leave as many buds as possible. The achievements of the technical team should be constantly updated and younger, sparse and strong, carefully updated, and maintain the ability to blossom and bear fruit. In a word, the ratio between result technology and nutrition technology should be kept constant by pruning. Generally, the number of bearing branches per year should not exceed 30% ~ 40% of the total number of branches. When the peripheral branches between plants begin to hand over, the extended branches can be reduced and released in principle, and there is always a leading branch with strong growth potential.
When the age of the tree is getting longer and the peripheral new growth is less than 30 cm, the backbone branches should be retracted to the branches of 2-4 years old in time to promote the regeneration and rejuvenation of the crown.
Soil, fertilizer and water management and others
1. Soil, fertilizer and water management The task of soil management is to improve the utilization rate and arrangement of soil and soil between trees. After fruit harvesting in autumn and winter every year, deep ploughing and fertilization should be combined to improve soil organic matter content, soil physical and chemical properties, and enhance soil fertility and water retention. Young trees are mainly deep-turned and enlarged holes, and the garden can be alternately deep-turned or deep-turned throughout the garden. The depth is slightly deeper than the main root distribution layer of apple trees (generally 50 cm to 60 cm deep). In addition, silt compaction and sand mixing according to different soil conditions also have good effects on apple root growth, which can be applied according to specific conditions.
Young trees can be intercropped with green manure or dwarf crops, such as peanuts, soybeans, watermelons, potatoes and strawberries. , in order to increase income, but intercropping crops must keep a certain distance from apple trees, so as to avoid the cross growth of its roots and apple roots, and aggravate the contradiction of competing for fertilizer and water. Soil management among trees mainly includes clear tillage, clear tillage combined with crop mulching and grass mulching, which can be used according to local conditions. Clear tillage method is to keep the soil loose and free from weeds, and it is impossible to plant crops intermittently, and it is cultivated regularly all year round. The method of crop cleaning and covering is to keep cleaning in the early stage of apple growth, plant covered crops in the late stage or rainy season, and convert them into green manure in time. The method of covering grass is to cover weeds, straws, etc. Thickness under the crown or the whole garden 15 cm ~ 20 cm. After the straw mulch decays, it is replenished year by year. Straw mulching has the functions of increasing soil organic matter, weeding, no-tillage, anti-freezing and improving soil water, fertilizer, gas and heat conditions, and is especially suitable for apple orchards in hilly areas and beaches with high salt content. However, it should be noted that the trunk is vulnerable to rodents and pests, and the root system is easy to float and grow.
Fertilization is an important link in the comprehensive management of apple orchards. Fertilizers are divided into base fertilizer and topdressing. The base fertilizer should be applied after the middle and late mature apple varieties are harvested and before the defoliation dormancy. Early application of base fertilizer is beneficial to the accumulation of storage nutrients in trees, the early recovery of tree vitality and the improvement of tree overwintering ability, as well as the recovery of root growth, flowering and fruiting in the second year. According to the estimation that the organic matter content of pigsty manure and compost in China is generally 10% ~ 20%, the above-mentioned base fertilizer should be applied to each mu (l mu =667 square meters) of apple orchard every year. In order to improve and prolong the photosynthetic capacity of late autumn apple leaves, urea or sulfuric acid plating can be added to the base fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium are easy to become insoluble or fixed by soil, reducing fertilizer efficiency. General phosphorus and potassium mixed organic fertilizer and deep application of base fertilizer.
Topdressing is applied on the basis of sufficient base fertilizer, which is mainly used to supplement the nutrient requirements of apple growth centers in time, and all available fertilizers are used. Generally one year 1 ~ 3 times. Comprises the following steps: topdressing for many times in the flowering and fruiting period, the flower bud differentiation period and the fruit expansion period. For example, in autumn, if the basal fertilizer is applied less, the storage nutrition level of the tree is low, the tree is weak, there are many flower buds with poor quality, and the fruit is easy to be excessive, the fertilizer before flowering should be applied, and the available nitrogen fertilizer should be applied before germination. On the contrary, you can not give it. For a large number of fruitful trees, it is necessary to focus on topdressing during the period of stopping spring shoots and rapid fruit expansion, so as to promote flower bud differentiation and improve the nutritional reserve of trees. On the contrary, for young trees with few flowers, it is necessary to strengthen nitrogen topdressing before germination and flowering, improve the fruit setting rate as much as possible, strengthen the vegetative growth of the year, and relatively reduce the number of flower buds formed in the year. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are suitable for topdressing during flower bud differentiation, and phosphorus and potassium are the main topdressing during fruit expansion, which is beneficial to improve fruit quality. In addition, when the absorption capacity of the root system is weak, the development of flowers and fruits on the ground is in urgent need of nutrients, or when the plants are deficient in elements, the method of topdressing leaves outside the roots can also be applied. Generally, fertilizer can be absorbed and utilized 2 hours after spraying.
Generally speaking, the amount of topdressing is 0. 1 kg ~ 0.25 kg of pure nitrogen per young tree in the whole year, 0.25 kg ~ 0.5 kg in the growth and fruiting period and 0.5 kg ~ 1 kg in the full fruit period, and the number of trees with more fruits can be increased to 1.5 kg. The dosage of phosphate fertilizer, with P2O5 as the calculation standard, is 0.3 kg ~ 0.5 kg for trees in full fruit stage. The amount of potassium fertilizer, with K2O as the calculation standard, is 0.5 kg ~ 1 kg at full fruit stage. The dosage of the three elements is usually determined by the yield, that is, 0.4-0.7 kg of pure nitrogen, 0.2-0.35 kg of phosphorus (P205) and 0.4-0.7 kg of potassium (K20) are required per 100 kg of fruit. The specific application should also consider the soil conditions in the garden and the differences between apple varieties and rootstocks. It must be pointed out that the effect of increasing nitrogen application in nitrogen-deficient soil is very significant, but excessive nitrogen application will reduce the benefit of increasing production. The common concentrations of topdressing outside roots are as follows: urea 0: 3% ~ 0.5%, sulfuric acid 0. 1% ~ 0.3%, calcium superphosphate 1% ~ 3%, potassium sulfate or potassium chloride 0.3% ~ 0.5%, potassium hydrogen peroxide 0.5% ~ 1%.
Irrigation in apple orchards is usually combined with topdressing or depends on climatic conditions. In case of drought, irrigation should be done in time. Apple trees are not tolerant to waterlogging, so attention should be paid to drainage and waterlogging prevention in the month when rainfall is concentrated to avoid waterlogging.
2. Flower and fruit management
(1) Techniques for promoting flowering of young trees: In addition to the above-mentioned budding in spring, girdling in summer and pruning in autumn, growth regulators can also be used to promote flowering of trees with normal growth or vigorous growth. Spraying 0. 1.5% ~ 0.2% ethephon or 0. 1% ~ 0.2% ethephon for 2 ~ 3 times in early, middle and autumn shoot growth period can effectively inhibit growth and promote flowering. If Bijiu and Ethephon are mixed or sprayed alternately, the effect will be better. In addition, before and after defoliation in autumn and before germination in early spring of the following year, paclobutrazol 0.5g/m2 ~ 0.75g/m2 (equivalent to 3.3g/m2 ~ 5g/m2 of 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder) should be applied in the soil according to the projected area of the crown, and then it should be removed evenly in the tree tray, or a circle should be dug below the outer edge line of the crown for watering. Spraying 0. 1% ~ 0. 15% paclobutrazol solution on the leaves is also effective when the new buds begin to flourish. At the same time, it is necessary to protect leaves and raise roots in autumn, and good nutritional growth is the basis for promoting flowers and early fruits.
(2) Improve the fruit-setting rate: In years with bad climate and few flowers, artificial pollination or bee release in the early flowering stage of apples can ensure fruit-setting. Re-pruning trees that have many flowers or flower buds that have expanded and blossomed for many years, including removing the weak and retaining the strong, blocking flowers on flower branches, shortening fruit branches and thinning flower buds, can not only improve the fruit setting rate and increase fruits, but also help fruit branches to form flower buds, so it is also an effective measure to overcome the big and small years. Spraying boron at flowering stage in boron-deficient orchards has a significant effect on improving fruit setting rate.
(3) Thinning flowers and fruits: During the early stage to the end of the full flowering period, the excessive inflorescences and flowers should be thinned as required, and the excessive young fruits should be thinned at 1-4 weeks after flowering, which is a necessary measure to prevent or overcome the fruits of apples in different years. According to the standard of leaf-fruit ratio, it is generally (30 ~ 40):1; According to the standard of branch-fruit ratio (vegetative branch/fruiting branch), the grouping line is (3 ~ 4):1; The golden crown is 3: 1, and Guoguang is (2 ~ 3): 1. The proportion of weak trees should be increased appropriately. In general production, the standard of (30 ~ 40): 1 inflorescence can basically be reached if every 6 ~ 7 inflorescences are left. In order to improve the efficiency of flower thinning, taking advantage of the irregular flowering of apples, that is, the first central flower has been pollinated and fertilized, while the lateral flowers and eye flower buds bloom late, chemical flower thinning was carried out with Pomei 0.5 ~ 1 sulfur mixture at the late flowering stage, which can be popularized in production after the test.
(4) Prevention of pre-harvest fruit drop: Some apple varieties, such as Marshal, Hongxing, Hongyu, Yan Feng and Jinguang, have serious pre-harvest fruit drop. It is effective to spray 1 ~ 2 times with tea acetic acid or sodium acetate with concentration of 20 ppm ~ 40 ppm 30 ~ 40 days and 20 days before harvesting.
(5) Preventing fruit rust and preventing fruit cracking: The fruit rust of Jinguan apple is an important factor affecting the commodity value of fruit, which mainly occurs within 1 month after flowering. Rainfall, high relative humidity and spraying Bordeaux mixture will aggravate the formation of fruit rust. Although the anti-rust effect of bagging is good, it is difficult to be applied in a large area. Using other chemicals instead of Bordeaux mixture to control diseases within 1 month after flowering can reduce the formation of fruit rust. In addition, strong trees can also reduce the occurrence of fruit rust. Fruit cracking of Guoguang apple varieties is common in Huaibei area, which reduces the commercial value of fruit. Spraying 0.5% ~ L% calcium chloride (CaCl2 _ 2) solution 1 ~ 2 times 0 ~ 3 weeks before harvest of 65438+ fruit has obvious effect on preventing fruit cracking. In addition, varieties with light fruit cracking such as Fuji can be used instead of Guoguang.
Main pests and diseases and their control
1. The main diseases are apple rot, apple anthracnose, apple ring rot and apple early defoliation. In recent years, apple dry rot and apple yellow aphid have also occurred seriously in some areas.
(1) Apple rot: It is a devastating disease on apples in Huaibei area, which mainly occurs on the trunks and branches of fruit trees and also harms twigs and young trees. The potential of diseased plants is seriously weakened, resulting in a large number of dead branches and trees. There are two kinds of symptoms: ulcer type and branch blight type. The diseased branches, diseased skin and diseased branches are the sources of infection of the disease. Prevention and control methods: strengthen fertilizer management, control fruit yield, enhance tree vigor and improve the resistance of trees to rot. Check the orchard regularly and scrape off the diseased spots as soon as possible. After scraping, apply 50 ~ 100 times of 40% thiram or 2 ~ 5 times of Fubiqing emulsion for 2 ~ 3 times continuously. Spraying 80 ~ 100 times thiram arsenic before germination in spring can prevent the disease. The cut diseased branches and skin should be burned immediately to prevent infection. Seriously damaged plants can be bridged or grafted to help restore their growth potential.
(2) apple anthracnose; In high temperature and rainy areas or years, diseases are serious, mainly damaging fruits, causing rot and a large number of fruit drops. The pathogen overwinters on diseased fruits, small hard fruits and diseased dead branches, and forms conidia in the following year, which is spread by wind and rain. Control method: Combined with winter pruning, thoroughly remove diseased hard fruits and diseased dead branches. When budding, use 50% dichloronaphthoquinone solution or 100 times thiram solution to spray the whole tree for eradication. Spraying 1: (2 ~ 3): 20o times Bordeaux solution and 600 ~ 800 times 50% sterilization solution alternately during the growth period to protect fruits. Robinia pseudoacacia should not be used in orchard shelter forest.
(3) Apple ring rot: it mainly harms branches and fruits, and when it is serious, it weakens the tree vigor and causes fruit drop. It has the characteristics of latent infection. After being infected, fruits often get sick near maturity and early storage. Rainy areas and rainy years are serious. Among apple varieties, Fuji suffered the most, followed by Golden Crown. Spores spread with wind and rain during the growing season. Prevention and control methods: strengthen cultivation management, enhance tree potential and improve tree disease resistance. During dormancy, the diseased spots and old skins on the branches were completely scraped off, and combined with the prevention and control of rot, 40% thiram arsenic 100 times solution was sprayed once (2% peregal was added to promote the penetration of liquid medicine) to eliminate overwintering bacteria. During the growth period, spraying medicine to protect the fruit, 500 times of 50% clonidine solution was used in the early stage, and 800 ~ 1: (2 ~ 3): 200 times of bordeaux solution or 75% chlorothalonil solution was used in the later stage.
(4) Early defoliation of apple: it is a general term for several diseases of apple leaves. Among them, brown spot disease and Alternaria leaf spot disease (caused by a virulent strain of Alternaria alternata) are two serious deciduous diseases. Brown spot mainly damages leaves, and Jinguan and Hongyu varieties are seriously damaged. Spot defoliation mainly infects young leaves, with two peaks in spring and autumn shoots, and Marshal variety is seriously damaged. All the germs overwinter on the diseased leaves, and then spread through rain splashing. Prevention and control methods: do a good job in clearing the garden during the dormant period and sweep away the fallen leaves and burn them. Spraying drugs to protect leaves during the growth period can prevent brown spot with 50% carbendazim or 50% thiophanate-methyl 800 ~ 1000 times solution, or with 1: (2 ~ 3): 240 times bordeaux solution. The control effect of carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl is not good, so 50% iprodione 1500 ~ 2000 times solution or 10% cycloserine 1200 times solution and 240 times bordeaux solution can be alternately sprayed for control.
2. The main pests are mountain mite, apple spider mite, peach fruit borer, pear fruit borer and apple fruit borer.
(1) Tetranychus urticae: red spider. Tetranychus viennensis overwinters as fertilized female mites in the soil cracks near the trunk, branches and root neck. In the next spring, when the apple buds open, they will sting new buds. Tetranychus viennensis overwinters as eggs in the fruit surface and branches and rings. The overwintering eggs basically hatch when the inflorescence of Guoguang variety is extended. Tetranychus urticae has a fast reproduction speed, which occurs for many generations a year. In severe cases, it can cause the leaves to lose green, brown and fall off. Control method: spray Bomei 0.5 degree mixture or 20% dicofol (mixed with 40% omethoate) 1000 times before flowering, and spray again after flowering. If the insect population density is high before wheat harvest, spraying 20% Misanli emulsion 3000 times, or spraying 20% Mijijing or 10% Keshengmanjing 2000 ~ 3000 times can be used instead. In addition, according to the overwintering characteristics of tetranychus viennensis, sokcho can be used to trap and kill tetranychus viennensis in autumn, and spraying 5% heavy diesel oil emulsion before germination can kill tetranychus viennensis.
(2) Peach moth: peach is small for short, which damages the fruit with larvae, causing the fruit to be deformed, shed or inedible. It occurs 2 ~ 3 generations a year in Huaibei area. The mature larvae overwinter in the oblate winter cocoon under the crown surface soil or the fruit stacking place, and are unearthed after the rain in the early summer of the following year, and then pupate in the oblate summer cocoon under the soft surface soil or stones. Adults emerged and laid eggs in 10 ~ 12 days. Prevention and control methods: do a good job in forecasting overwintering larvae, and spray them on the ground when they are unearthed. 450-fold solution of 50% diazo emulsion or 200-fold solution of 50% phoxim emulsion can be sprayed for 2 ~ 3 times with an interval of 10 ~ 15 days. In the adult stage, when the peak of peach penetration is predicted, or when the fruit inspection rate in the field reaches 0.5% ~ 1%, spray 30% Taoxiaoling emulsion with 2000 ~ 2500 times solution, or spray 2.5% cypermethrin with 2500 times solution, or spray 10% cypermethrin with 2000 times solution. And take the fruit out in time.
(3) Pear moth: referred to as pear moth for short, it has 4-5 generations a year in Huaibei area, overwinters as mature larvae, and mainly cocoons in the cracks of branches. The 1st1~ 3rd generation larvae damage peach and apple branches, and the 4th ~ 5th generation larvae damage apple or pear fruits. Prevention and control methods: completely cut off the damaged peach tips in the early stage, and hang sweet and sour cans on the trees to trap and kill adults. After entering July, the pear-shaped penetration card was used to predict the peak period of adults in the apple orchard, and pesticides such as cartap, trichlorfon and methomyl were sprayed in the next 3 ~ 5 days. Sokcho, a tree trunk in autumn, traps and kills overwintering larvae.
(4) Apple leaf roller has four generations a year in Huaibei area. Cocoon overwinters in the gap between bark and scissors at the rate of 1 year. In the second spring, spinning leaves or flowers will hurt the leaves and eat the peel. Prevention and treatment: Scrape off the old bark and burn it when hibernating. When the larvae emerge from the sting, use 50% trichlorfon solution to seal scissors and saws 200 ~ 250 times to reduce the source of insects. Hanging sugar and cheese jars in apple orchards to trap and kill adults. The ratio of sweet and sour liquid is sugar 1, vinegar 3 and water 10. Spraying 50% acetaminophen or 50% dichlorvos 1000 times or spraying 2000 ~ 4000 times of various pyrethroid pesticides in the first larval stage.
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[Source] (Excerpted from Practical Gardening Manual edited by Wu Zhixing)