(A) the concept of logistics and the formation period
1956 rpm 1964. Starting from 1956, the Japanese circulation technology delegation visited the United States and began to introduce the concept of logistics.
1June, 958, organized a domestic technical investigation group to inspect the logistics situation in Japan, which greatly promoted the research of Japanese logistics. From 196 1 to 1963, it is called logistics activity and management PD in Japan. Go to the lower part of 1963, "things in circulation"
The word began to appear. By 1965, the word logistics has been formally accepted by the theoretical and practical circles. In addition, it is worth pointing out that in the process of introducing the concept of logistics into Japan, logistics is considered as a comprehensive behavior? Therefore, the term "circulation of things" includes transportation, distribution, loading and unloading, storage, storage management, packaging, distribution processing and information transmission.
(B) Logistics modernization period
From 1965 to 1973, Japan has built a large number of logistics facilities, but it is also an era of high economic growth, mass production and mass sales in Japan. 1965 1 In the Japanese government's medium-term five-year economic plan, the realization of logistics modernization is emphasized, and the Japanese government has started to build expressway network, harbor facilities, circulation gathering places and other infrastructure facilities nationwide.
At the same time, manufacturers have begun to attach great importance to logistics and actively invest in the construction of logistics system. All enterprises have established corresponding departments to actively promote the construction of logistics infrastructure, aiming at building logistics facilities suitable for mass production and sales. Therefore, it can be said that the same strategy of Japanese manufacturers in this period is to increase the logistics volume and expand the logistics processing capacity. On the other hand, mechanized loading and unloading equipment, such as pallets and forklifts, are widely popularized, automated warehouses are introduced, pallets and containers are used flexibly, and unit cargo loading and unloading systems are developed. At the same time, logistics centers, central logistics centers and other logistics management systems are also increasing. In addition, during this period, Japan also actively promoted the logistics network system and developed logistics software such as VSP and automobile distribution system. This period is the great development period of Japanese logistics construction. The development of this stage did not come to an end until the first oil crisis broke out in 1973.
(C) Logistics rationalization period
After the first oil crisis from 1974 to 1983, Japan ushered in the era of shrinking operations, and reducing operating costs became an important issue of business strategy. Therefore, it is required that logistics can be changed, so this period is the era of logistics rationalization. First of all, at this stage, the logistics professional department, which plays the role of logistics rationalization, began to step onto the stage of enterprise management, so as to truly carry out the movement of reducing logistics costs from the perspective of the whole system. In addition, logistics subsidiaries have also begun to rise. "Logistics profit source theory" reveals the essence of modern logistics, which enables logistics to coordinate the whole process of enterprise production and operation in strategy and management and promote the modernization of logistics. In practice, during this period, corresponding to the development of theory, rationalization engineering teams were widely set up to implement quality management in logistics activities. Internet logistics is also booming, with the aim of speeding up the ordering and delivery business and reducing logistics.
Personnel, reducing labor costs, especially the establishment of online booking and distribution system centered on large mass market stores, is the most active in this period, which is the technical response to logistics rationalization. In the aspect of logistics management policy, the Circulation Countermeasures Department of the Ministry of Transport of Japan published the "Unified Benchmark of Logistics Cost Calculation" in 1977. This policy has a far-reaching impact on promoting enterprise logistics management. Engaged in the research of logistics cost control, each enterprise has formulated its own unique cost control system. What is worth mentioning in this period is the prosperity of the establishment of professional logistics departments or logistics subsidiaries.
(D) The period of in-depth development of logistics
After 1980s, great changes have taken place in Japan's production and operation: the development of differentiated consumer demand. Especially in the 1990s, the collapse of Japan's bubble economy caused problems in the production management system of mass production and mass sales. Multi-variety and small batch production has become the mainstream of production and operation in the new period, which makes the concept of increasing market opacity and excluding it from the warehouse stronger and stronger. As a result, the logistics management of the whole circulation system has changed, that is, from the collection of goods to the multi-frequency, small quantity and short-time procurement. With the aggravation of competitive sales, logistics service, as an important means of competition, has been highly valued in Japan. This is manifested in Japan's active advocacy of high value-added logistics and just-in-time logistics in the late 1980s. However, with the diversification of logistics service competition, high logistics cost has become the feature of this period. In Japan, there is a saying that this period is an era of "logistics depression", that is, due to the requirements of business strategy, logistics costs have risen and there has been a deficit. Therefore, how to overcome rising logistics costs and improve logistics efficiency is the biggest problem facing Japanese logistics in the 1990s. 1996, the Japanese government formulated the influential Outline of Integrated Logistics Policy, which was based on the Plan for Economic Structure Transformation and Creation decided by the Japanese government.
"Logistics reform is one of the most important topics in the economic structure. In 2004, it is necessary to realize the efficiency of logistics cost.
It is also necessary to achieve logistics services that are not lower than international standards. To this end, all relevant institutions should unite to promote the formulation of logistics policies and measures. The outline is the guiding principle for the modernization and deepening development of Japanese logistics, which is of historical significance to the development of Japanese logistics management. The purpose of this part is to promote government agencies, local public organizations, logistics operators and cargo owners to jointly adopt logistics modernization measures and strengthen cooperation between local and central governments.