As for the teenager in Kong Yiji, people often regard him as a "clue character" or "witness character" in his works. This theory ignores the significance and role of the image of small partners in the theme mining and plot framework of the works, which is quite unnecessary. In fact, boys have at least three meanings in novels: narrative angle, image and structure.

First, the significance of narrative angle-the first person appears on the surface of the work, which becomes the clue of novel narrative and the basic premise of material composition, material selection and tailoring.

The novel takes the first person as the narrative angle, and of course what enters the work can only be what I see, hear and feel. These experiences and feelings are intertwined, forming a three-dimensional Kong Yiji. Readers can not only see a living soul from the boy's story, but also understand the full value and significance of Kong Yiji's tragic life.

Little friend, it provides a very clever artistic perspective.

Second, the image meaning-the image of the little buddy enriches the theme and connotation of the novel, and shows the authenticity and inevitability of Kong Yiji's tragedy.

The little friend is first of all a living role. What readers see is Kong Yiji, Kong Yiji from the unique perspective of the little guy. The image of the boy himself is more reflected in Kong Yiji's observation and thinking. In the eyes of the shopkeeper, the boy "looks stupid" and won't cheat. He is a figure facing the dilemma of being fired. But he also has thoughts and thoughts, and he can "echo" everyone to make fun of Kong Yiji. In the face of customers like Kong Yiji, he can be impatient, lazy or not enthusiastic. Through the waiter's delicate and real inner world, we can see through a young mind-a weak mind that is discriminated against but is participating in discrimination, a young but polluted mind. We can say that the author's complaint about the cannibal era is also permeated in the image of the little friend.

On the other hand, the boy himself constitutes a part of Kong Yiji's social environment. Kong Yiji faced not only the physical and mental torture caused by Ding's torture and He's torture, but also the ridicule and teasing of shopkeepers and customers, and even the contempt from a twelve-year-old child. So, the fate of Kong Yiji is self-evident.

Third, the structural significance-the stage of Kong Yiji activities is a hotel, and the waiter plays the role of a stage photographer, and the selection, editing and assembly of materials are all related to it.

Xiao Hong, a female writer, asked Mr. Lu Xun: Which novel does Mr. Lu like best? Mr. Wang replied: Kong Yiji. Kong Yiji is indeed an original classic. Because the author puts the characters on the specific stage of the hotel, he can only intercept some small fragments of the characters' lives. The little boy wrote these fragments naturally and harmoniously with his own experience and feelings, and realized the purpose of interpreting the fate of the characters with small stages and small fragments, thus revealing the darkness of society and the poison of the imperial examination.

In the novel Kong Yiji, the author deliberately inserted an episode about the change of the position of the "little boy". What is the purpose of this episode? The following is my understanding.

First, the positioning of the waiter position illustrates the social environment at that time from one side.

Thanks to the kindness of the referee, "I" (that is, "little buddy") was able to gain a foothold in Xianheng Hotel. In my position, the shopkeeper took great pains. Because "I look stupid" and "I'm afraid I can't serve customers with long gowns", I was assigned to "do something outside". My main job was to scoop and warm wine for the short coat gang, and of course, there was a "trick": take the opportunity to dip some water into the wine. Because the "gown" is the "customer" and the "god" of the store, the personnel arrangement of the service (waiting) team is "carefully selected" for fear of offending people. For the "short coat gang", it is contempt, drowning and deduction. At this point, the image of a mercenary and greedy businessman has come to the fore. Shopkeepers' mentality was a universal human mentality at that time, a projection of social environment and a hint of Kong Yiji's character and destiny. Kong Yiji, who has neither the ability to make a living nor the ability to show his face, can only show his superiority and advantages by "thinking about change if he is poor" and finding another way. A profound tragedy began slowly in the dark.

Second, the change of the waiter's position reveals an unquestionable logic of "plunder", which implies the misery and desolation of the lower class.

The waiter was almost "fired" because he couldn't make water or create more lucrative profits for the shopkeeper. In the shopkeeper's view, it is a matter of course to pour water into the "short coat gang" wine. As a boy, it is of course inevitable to have a perfect skill. A child who has just turned 12 years old will be "baptized" by hypocritical humanity, and will suffer fraud, indifference and discrimination from the world. How pathetic! As far as the "short clothes gang" is concerned, they have lost their equal purchasing power because they have not kept pace with the "long clothes customers". Fraud and abuse go hand in hand. They don't trust, learn to doubt, and they begin to protect their "consumer rights" cautiously. But their behavior did not win a substantial victory except that a little boy who was not good at drowning was almost dismissed. When a clever "water master" replaces boys, they still have to face "killing you is not negotiable". Who calls them "short clothes gang"?

The boy's "stupidity" will cause the "public anger" of "dress customers" I'm afraid the shopkeeper who has been running the hotel business for many years has long realized it. Doesn't the word "fear" imply this? The boy's swimming is not fast, and he is often "bound" by the "short coat gang", which often leads to a series of "nagging". However, as a frequent visitor to the hotel, why didn't Kong Yiji respond? Kong Yiji must have "enjoyed" the "treatment" of soaking in wine for many times. Not found, naturally unreasonable. Often drink with the "short clothes gang", can you hear or see? Kong Yiji has a strong self-esteem and carefully defends his vanity: he wears a long gown and looks natural and graceful, as if drowning had never happened. What is this? On the one hand, the "long-sleeved guest" never conflicts with the hotel because of water (the owner will certainly not offend the "guest"), and you are also a "long-sleeved guest". If you admit such a thing, where is your face? On the other hand, I also want to show that I am different from the "short coat gang"-I am not so short-sighted, so petty, and have a "long coat" style. Besides, Kong Yiji is lazy by nature. He often drinks on credit and ends up falling out. He can't buy wine on credit, or he will pay you several times. What do you do? The mystery is not explained clearly in the novel. However, when Kong Yiji took the stage for the last time and gave a "farewell performance" to the hotel, his subtext-"This time it was cash, but the wine was better." -The sidewalk is full of bitterness and pain.

First, about Kong Yiji's debt.

On the board of Xianheng Hotel, I wrote down a debt owed by Kong Yiji: nineteen dollars. Why does Kong Yiji owe nineteen dollars? There are many articles in it.

Kong Yiji can eat and drink: rice wine costs 40 cents per bowl, fennel beans or salted bamboo shoots costs 10 cents per dish (Kong Yiji can't afford meat dishes, of course), and the best combination of 19 yuan is four bowls of rice wine and three dishes of fennel beans (or salted bamboo shoots). This should be regarded as Kong Yiji's account in the hotel for three or four times. Because it was on credit, Kong Yiji showed some restraint. He doesn't always "warm two bowls of wine and ask for a plate of fennel beans", and may even buy appetizers sometimes.

Why didn't Kong Yiji continue to drink on credit in the hotel? This is also related to Kong Yiji's personality. Years of frustration in the examination room made Kong Yiji very sensitive, and he carefully maintained his face and dignity as a "scholar". Nineteen dollars have been owed, and there are more than 20 credits, which are also written on the chalk board (from which I have to admire the owner's "business psychology" level). Of course, Kong Yiji can only restrain his mouth as much as possible on the one hand, and actively try to raise funds to erase the words on the chalk board on the other. In the contest between "face" and "mouth", Kong Yiji couldn't come up with a satisfactory solution. That's why he "fainted" again and took risks to steal Ding Ju's things (although he was beaten many times, although Master He played badly last time), so that he ended up physically disabled and determined.

Nineteen dollars is the psychological defense of Kong Yiji's self-esteem; Nineteen dollars is also a catalyst for Kong Yiji's despair.

It is worth mentioning that the author also used nineteen dollars to "quantify" Kong Yiji's life value. Compared with Kong Yiji, nineteen dollars makes the shopkeeper "worry". This shows the sadness of Kong Yiji. A well-run hotel shopkeeper, trying to make money, always talks about the nineteen dollars owed by Kong Yiji when checking out. So, when he pays the bill again without talking about Kong Yiji's debt, we can be sure that he has got extremely accurate news: Kong Yiji is dead.

Second, the layout of Kong Yiji.

Among the novels written by Lu Xun, Kong Yiji is his favorite. Kong Yiji has always been famous for its delicacy. The author believes that the subtlety of Kong Yiji's layout is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

One is to write a character's life into small pieces. The full text of Kong Yiji is only over 3,000 words, but it describes Kong Yiji's humiliating life, tells all the sorrows and misfortunes of Kong Yiji's tragic life, and excavates its profound social and historical roots. The reason is that Mr. Lu Xun skillfully placed the characters in the specific life stage of Xianheng Hotel and successfully edited and assembled a group of life fragments. Mr. Lu Xun deserves to be a master of short story creation. Although the novel only captures a few small fragments of hotel life in Kong Yiji, due to the success of fragment description and characterization, the small fragments are written into large volumes. The novel not only reveals Kong Yiji's character and psychology in many levels and aspects, but also depicts all beings on the stage, radiating an extremely broad social life. The richness of its theme, the profundity of its exposure, and the profundity of its anxiety and indignation are beyond the reach of many works with hundreds of thousands of words.

The second is to write the world and human feelings through several characters. Kong Yiji's social environment is mainly revealed by the characters in his works. Whether it's the shopkeeper, Master He, Ding, all the drinkers or me, they all constitute a part of the social environment in which Kong Yiji lives. Shopkeepers are mercenary and snobbish, Master He and Ding are cruel and vicious, drinkers are bored and indifferent, and "I" is contemptuous. * * * all reflect the "cool thin" given by society to the suffering people. They are all "unfortunate people in a sick society", and they are part of the sick social structure and the unfortunate source of Kong Yiji's tragedy. What's more worth mentioning is that Ding and Kong Yiji are fellow travelers, but they are so cruel and inhuman to Kong Yiji, which is the best footnote of the evil of the imperial examination system and a wonderful satire on the feudal selection system.

Third, endless laughter.

Kong Yiji "debuted" in laughter, and Kong Yiji also made a curtain call in laughter. However, what runs through the novel is a real tragedy and a profound tragedy.

"Write sorrow with happy scenes, mourn Syaraku with sad scenes, and multiply its sadness and joy." Kong Yiji is such a tragic scene of sadness and pleasure. Laughter tells the story of bitterness and misfortune; Laughter tells the sickness of society; Laughter tells the suffering, sadness and misfortune of life; Laughter reveals the dignity of tragedy.

For tragedy, Mr. Lu Xun has a profound insight: tragedy is to destroy valuable things in life for people to see. Entering Kong Yiji, we see the bloody reality that countless valuable things in life have been destroyed: the essence of life has been lost, human nature has been distorted, dignity has been plundered, morality has fallen, human feelings are like paper ... All valuable things in life have lost their reasonable reasons for existence. All this makes people feel heavy, depressed and suffocated. However, the people in the "iron house" were immersed in laughter from beginning to end-laughing wildly, giggling, grinning and giggling-and they didn't realize the misfortune of life and their own.

Laughter reveals the moral of tragedy. What is revealed in the laughter is an implicit tragedy.

Friends of Chinese Teaching 200 1.7

6. Artistic depiction of poor and weak ethnic groups

-A new probe into the theme of Kong Yiji.

In Lu Xun's novels, Kong Yiji is undoubtedly an anti-feudal sword. It successfully shaped Kong Yiji as an artistic model, exposed and criticized the evils of feudal system, revealed the author's deep anxiety and indignation, and played an inspiring artistic effect.

Look at the tragic times of Kong Yiji's life from the small stage of the hotel.

Xianheng Hotel is not only a small stage for Kong Yiji's life, but also a social stage carefully set by the author.

On this stage, Kong Yiji is a unique role and a stimulant on the stage. His arrival can activate the thinking of all beings. So they ate and drank, teased and laughed. In their view, Kong Yiji is an uninvited clown.

In an era when the strong and the weak coexist, Kong Yiji is undoubtedly an extremely weak individual among the "vulnerable groups". As a result, ridicule, ridicule, and ridicule followed, and laughter was endless. Snobbish, indifference, ruthlessness, cruelty and cruelty are all exposed. With a few strokes, the master sketched out a "group photo" for the unfortunate in a morbid society-just like Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper. In the picture, it is a dark and gloomy social projection, which is extremely out of harmony with all kinds of smiling faces, and it is a dense projection of an era of brewing tragedy and production tragedy. In the "plot" development of Kong Yiji's life tragedy, almost everyone acted as a "boring spectator". Of course, they performed their own tragedies in boredom.

The small stage was also the "China Grand Stage" and "China Stand" at that time.

Secondly, from Kong Yiji's experience, we can see the national tragic character and tragic mentality.

Self-deception and paranoia are the core of Kong Yiji's tragic character.

"Stealing books is not stealing" is Kong Yiji's most famous defense, and it is also the embodiment of Kong Yiji's self-deception character. After the Opium War, the general mentality of China people was poor, weak and unjust, but they never faced reality squarely and always sought spiritual and psychological comfort in hallucinations. The indiscriminate bombing of imperialism has opened the door to China, but it has not awakened the people who are addicted to their dreams. The comfort of self-deception has become an indispensable spiritual opium for a nation. So is Ah Q, and so is Kong Yiji. Not only that, they also stubbornly adhere to the stale "state religion"-the way of Confucius and Mencius. Flaunt yourself with the famous saying that "a gentleman is poor in ambition", but he doesn't know that there is "irresistible temptation" when he cries crisis in his stomach; Put on a gown to show your unique "identity", "status" and "personality", but I don't know that gown will eventually be taken off.

Self-deception and paranoia made Kong Yiji a master of ignorance, backwardness and passive beating among many tragic figures, and eventually became a martyr and victim of the stale "state religion".

Third, Kong Yiji's "illness" diagnosis.

Kong Yiji is "sick". He has "Kong's syndrome", which is an old chronic disease with a root of nearly 3,000 years-he has a huge tumor in his brain, which can suffocate his life and is still growing wildly. Hua Tuo, the "healer" who can create the miracle of coming back to life, has not yet appeared, and Kong himself has no awareness of "rebirth" after "nirvana", let alone courage.

As a result, Confucius and Mencius, once full of youth and life, gradually evolved into the shackles of a nation's mind, resulting in countless patients with severe mental illness-

Always wearing that proud gown, but it is dirty, broken, rotten and smells stale; Always holding those elegant old sayings, but that can only lead to bursts of laughter; Never forget to show off that moldy knowledge, but even children who begin to understand the world don't buy it ... Kong Yiji is like an irretrievable rusty unearthed cultural relic, which has no survival value, and even his goodwill is rejected and denied.

Through Kong Yiji, we saw the social miniature of a poor and dying nation, and felt the love and hate, anguish and hesitation, cry and expectation of a pioneer of literary revolution. He is expecting-expecting the rebirth of the Chinese nation!

Friends of Chinese Teaching 2003

7. How to analyze the characters in the novel

-Also on the analysis of characters in Hometown.

After entering junior high school, novel is a literary genre that students often contact, both inside and outside the classroom. How to analyze the characters in the novel has become a common problem for students. Let's take Lu Xun's novel Hometown as an example to talk about the analysis of the characters in the novel.

First, focus on the analysis of the appearance, movements, language, demeanor and psychology of the characters. The novel "Hometown" has a detailed description of the appearance, movements, language and demeanor of young and middle-aged people. Young Runtu is a "little hero" with quick movements, active thinking and fluent eloquence. Middle-aged Runtu is a "puppet" who is numb, slow, hesitant and idolized.

Second, analyze the characters from the perspective of plot development. I am an intellectual who pursues social evolution and seeks a "new life". This personality characteristic of "I" is shown in the development of the plot. When I came back to my hometown, I was very sad to see that desolate pastoral scenery. When I was in my hometown, my name was "Master", which made me shudder. When I was "far away from my hometown", Honger's longing for aquatic life triggered my thinking about my new life ... All these left a deep impression on readers' hearts and highlighted the personality of the characters.

Third, focus on the relationship between the characters to explore the characters. For "me" and "mom", Yang Er's sister-in-law is extortion, shoplifting and inhuman; For leap soil, she slandered and ridiculed; This shows a mean, snobbish, cold and humble ordinary citizen image.

Fourthly, analyze the characters from their attitude towards reality. Also dissatisfied with the reality, Runtu seeks spiritual and psychological liberation with the comfort of idols; "I" denies reality and hopes to get out of a "road"; Sister-in-law Yang Er, in order to satisfy her despicable soul, did not hesitate to encroach on the interests of others and slander others. All this is the so-called "people have different opinions, and each has its own face."

Junior high school students' learning skills 1998.4

8. Fujino: the embodiment of personality, spirit and strength.

43 18 18 Pan Lin Lan, Qianchang Town, jingshan county City, Hubei Province

When an era is far away from us, we will cherish every warm time. Every touching detail will become a kind memory, which will warm our lives and enrich our dreams. Especially when the reality makes us feel cold, we will especially miss those days when our hearts are full of sunshine. From 65438 to 0926, middle-aged Lu Xun was forced by the Beiyang warlord government to teach at Xiamen University. On the one hand, he has to deal with the dark terror from the reactionaries, on the other hand, he has to bear the pressure brought by the internal fission of the revolutionary ranks. Fighting Lu Xun is also a lonely Lu Xun. He felt depressed and confused. So he brought up the past and sought some comfort from the past years. A group of reminiscence essays published in this period (that is, "Flowers in the Morning Pick Up in the Evening") is a reflection of Mr. Wang's mentality and mood at this time.

Mr. Fujino is one of the traditional masterpieces in middle school Chinese textbooks. The article is full of affectionate writing, recalling an association of Mr. Fujino in his early study abroad life. What we see from it is not only an experience, but also a shining personality and character, an invisible spirit and strength.

Rigorous and realistic scholar style

For Mr. Lu Xun, Mr. Fujino is first and foremost a scholar with a rigorous style of study. He is untidy, but his style of study is rigorous. He is strict with academic requirements and realistic; He is diligent in his career; He is strict with his students. On Saturday, he was still working in the research room, and he was still looking for students to know about his study. What he didn't know about China women's foot binding? He personally looked for Lu Xun and sighed because he couldn't look at it.

He is equally strict with his students' study. He never stopped adding and modifying a student's notes from a weak country, which not only corrected the deviation, but also spared Lian Wenfa's minor mistakes in punctuation. This is how grateful and exciting it is for Lu Xun who has learned quack tricks. In his early years, Mr. Wang experienced the decline of his family from well-off to hardship, and personally felt the coldness of the world and the warmth of human feelings. In my father's medical experience, I felt the painful fact that quacks can make mistakes. Lu Xun went to Japan to study medicine with the dream of saving the country. He wrote in the introduction of "Scream": "My dream is very happy. I am going to graduate and come back to treat the pain of patients who have been misdiagnosed like my father. I will become a military doctor during the war and promote the reform beliefs of the people of China. " Therefore, although he is "sometimes willful", his unique life experience will definitely make Mr. Lu Xun have a good impression and respect for Mr. Fujino, and even regard him as a confidant and role model.

Honest and selfless teacher style

Mr. Fujino is a moral scholar, who is different from other scholars with narrow views on the country. Facing the students, everything he did was to promote his academic career and benefit all mankind. To this end, he showed a frank and selfless temperament and demeanor.

Lu Xun's study period coincided with the extreme tension between China and Japan. From top to bottom, China has a mentality of discrimination and hostility. Studying abroad has made Lu Xun suffer from the bitterness of a weak national. It is in this case that Mr. Fujino's warm and sincere concern, like a fire in winter, warms the author's aloof and withdrawn mind. Therefore, it is even more precious and unforgettable.

The most commendable thing about Mr. Wang is that he can treat students from weak countries fairly and fairly. Some people may say that this is the duty of a teacher, but it is too difficult to do so in the environment brought by Mr. Fujino. Although Lu Xun is the only international student from China in Sendai Medical College, his actions will still arouse the arrogance of the Japanese nation. Didn't sewage spill on him in the "anonymous letter incident"? He not only cares about Lu Xun's study, but also cares about every detail of his growth, and is gratified by his excellent performance in anatomy practice. Not only that, he can also fight an injustice for a weak country student and get justice for him. He was very sad about Lu Xun's departure. All these reflect his sincere friendship between teachers and students as a student in China.

A model of integrity and honesty.

A little emotion can reach people's hearts and penetrate for more than 20 years, giving people eternal warmth and encouragement, which shows Mr. Fujino's extraordinary and superhuman personality charm.

Facing the students, Mr. Fujino is first and foremost a caring and caring teacher. His broad love and care almost penetrated into every corner of an international student's heart. He not only cares about the study of young Lu Xun, but also cares about his life, life and growth. He is not only strict with his students and strives for perfection, but also a rigorous and honest scholar. His every move, every word and deed is the best personality demonstration for students and the most vivid life demonstration lesson for them. In the face of mankind and academics, Mr. Fujino is the most respectable teacher and scholar. He strives for perfection, is strict with himself, and is generous and kind. Because of this, a few years later, when Lu Xun was unable to extricate himself from extreme depression, he would of course "pick flowers in the evening" and fondly recall this warm and moist past in his life.