The core of Hobbes' thought is the theory of social contract.

At that time, Europe advocated the divine right of monarchy, which can be said to be an unchangeable law of European politics. Hobbes' theory is based on his ethics. Hobbes believes that everyone is willing to obey the natural law, which is a moral constraint.

Hobbes is a British conservative philosopher. The importance of Hobbes lies in that after removing the core of classical teleology and medieval theology, he perfectly deduced the legal rights structure of modern sovereign countries from extremely simple presuppositions. This legal right structure is rooted in the essence of human political affairs and has become the de facto bottom line of the legal right structure of modern countries.

Hobbes' main point of view

Hobbes' thought advocates constitutional monarchy.

Thomas Hobbes studied at Oxford University in his early years, then served as a noble tutor and traveled to the European continent. He founded a complete system of mechanical materialism, pointing out that the universe is the sum of all the broad objects of mechanical movement.

He put forward the theory of "natural state" and the origin of the state, pointing out that the state was formed by people entering into contracts in order to abide by "natural law". It's an artificial robot, which opposes the divine right of monarchy and advocates constitutional monarchy. He compared the Pope to the devil and the monks to ghosts, but advocated using the "state religion" to control the people and maintain "order".

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In addition to publishing a large number of poorly discussed and criticized works on mathematics and geometry, Hobbes continued to write and publish philosophical works. /kloc-after the restoration of the British monarchy in 0/660, the word "Hobbesianism" began to be used to refer to those attitudes that "oppose the love of morality and faith".

The newly restored young king charles ii was a disciple of Hobbes when he was a child. After thinking of Hobbes, he called Hobbes to the palace and gave him a pension of 100.

1666, the British House of Commons passed a bill against all atheists and "godless people", when King charles ii once again protected Hobbes from persecution. Hobbes' Leviathan was regarded as a masterpiece of atheism and blasphemy at that time. Hobbes was worried that he would be labeled as a heretic, so he burned many manuscripts that might be against him.

Hobbes' Thought and Its Influence

Hobbes believes that sovereignty lies with the monarch, and the power of the monarch is not limited by the law, nor by the laws made by himself.

Different from Montesquieu's idea of decentralization, Hobbes believes that all the powers that constitute sovereignty are unified and inseparable. He opposed the idea of separation of powers, and believed that if sovereignty was divided among several institutions, the state would be dysfunctional. He divided the country into three regimes: monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, and thought that monarchy was the best because it could avoid civil strife.

Hobbes advocated an extreme absolutism, and he developed Budan's theory of sovereign supremacy to the point where the monarch did not obey any authority. Most of Hobbes' works involve criminal law. He got the concept of crime from the difference and connection between crime and evil. He distinguished between "evil" which belongs to the moral category and crime which belongs to the legal category.

Historical evaluation

Hobbes occupies an important position in the history of western thought and has far-reaching influence. First of all, as the "first modern materialist", Hobbes creatively integrated new science and political philosophy.

Overview of Hobbes' Thought

Hobbes' thoughts can be divided into philosophical thoughts and political thoughts. The following is my collection of ideas about Hobbes for you. I hope it helps you!

Hobbes' ideological proposition

Hobbes' philosophy can be divided into natural philosophy and even philosophy. Natural philosophy means that Hobbes points out that something becomes an object because of its great size. Its existence does not depend on our thoughts, so it is independent.

Hobbes' explanation of objects fully highlights the development of mathematics and mechanics, and Hobbes presents mechanical materialism completely. In the philosophy of parity, Hobbes proposed that parity means that an existing object is an invisible object. It exists in an object, and you can't say it doesn't exist just because you can't see it. Hobbes regarded human existence as a natural thing in a mechanical way. People only have their own thoughts and consciousness, but they must also abide by their own laws of existence.

The proposition of political thought is the system that Hobbes mainly advocates that the state should establish. Hobbes analyzed his hypothetical natural state, which led people to live a harmonious life and must get out of the state of natural existence.

Hobbes' political thought is mainly contract theory, that is to say, the main factor that people promote the country is that everyone is a part of the country. If everyone wants to be equal to each other, it is necessary to sign a contract and choose a master to control it, thus forming a country. But the premise is that the master should treat everyone and everything fairly, otherwise he will lose his original intention of being out of the natural state. Therefore, Hobbes' ideological proposition is mainly that Hobbes talks about the way of life, which makes people feel cordial.

Introduction to Hobbes' Works in England

Hobbes, whose full name is Thomas Hobbes, was born in 1588 and died in 1679. He is an Englishman and a famous British politician and philosopher. Thomas Hobbes's works mainly include On Citizens, Leviathan or the Secular State Power of Material Form or Church, On Matter, On Man, Beast and many other works.

Leviathan briefly describes Hobbes' thoughts and expounds China's studies. The state means that the great Leviathan is man-made, sovereignty is his soul, joints are made up of officials, and nerves are the embodiment of rewards and punishments. What it wants to profit is wealth, its career needs to be guaranteed, and its memory is a consultant. But its health needs peace, otherwise turmoil will become its disease, and civil war will inevitably lead to its death, which is inseparable.

Hobbes' Leviathan is divided into four parts, namely, On Man, Country, Country and dark kingdom. On people, it is said that people live in a natural state, and people will inevitably provoke fights for personal interests. Hobbes put forward the idea of founding a country. In the country, the contract is signed on the premise that everyone is willing to abide by it, so that everyone can abide by the contract and live in peace. What should we believe in? Hobbes said that if someone told him that God taught him directly in a supernatural way, which made me doubt, it would be hard for me to believe his argument existed. Besides, he said that he was my manager and he could force me to obey, so I could only follow suit and could not refute it. Generally speaking, Hobbes' works want to publicize the strength of the country, unify management and let people live better.

Locke's ideological proposition

Locke believes that "any insignificant impression we get in infancy will have a considerable and lasting impact on our future." He believes that the associations formed when a person is young are more important than those formed later, because they are the root of self-they are the first impressions left on the whiteboard.

Locke is a pioneer of British empiricism, although he himself did not fully implement this philosophical thought. Locke believes that all human thoughts and concepts come from or reflect human sensory experience.

Therefore, Locke believes that "self" is a kind of self-consciousness and a reflection of self-consciousness in the body. Locke explained the development process of this conscious soul in the Theory of Human Understanding. He criticized Saint Augustine's theory that people are born with original sin and Descartes' theory that people are born with basic logical knowledge.

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He believes that education is the most important part of a person, or more fundamentally, the mind is just an "empty cupboard" at the beginning. He also said: "I think I would say that 90% of the people we meet are good or bad or their ability depends on their education."

Locke introduced these concepts in Theory of Human Understanding, and cited an example: For example, we should not let a "stupid maid" tell children that there will be "goblins and ghosts" at night, otherwise "night will always be combined with these terrible thoughts, and he will never get rid of them."

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-John Locke