Song people were divided into "brides" and "divorced women". For example, the word "bride" is found in Women's History, Notes on Gaizhai and Lu's Spring and Autumn and Warring States Policy. However, neither of these books can be studied in depth. In the early Qing Dynasty, Huang Sheng wrote Yi Fu, which is another outstanding work.
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Let's start with the marriage of ancient women.
In ancient times, women were not called "women" or "sons", but were generally called "women" when they married their husbands. From the 300 poems in this exam, it can be clearly seen that the poem My Fair Lady, Gentleman, and the poem "Dongshan" in "Wild Death" say that "the son returns to his hometown and the emperor refutes his horse". Although this "son" is married, he is still at his mother's house. As for "Seven sons return to their hometown" in Qi Feng Wochan, Wen Jiang, the "seven sons", was still called "son" by her family, although she was married to Lu Huangong. Sometimes he is called "woman". However, when it comes to recalling oneself or describing the general women's desire for marriage, "being able to do something" refers to a woman's marriage. Zheng's poem "Spring Water" says: "You can do something. There are ways for women to get married, far more than kissing. " As for whether the "son" can be a married woman, the materials are insufficient and it is difficult to determine.
The word "woman" in Shuowen is "swept from a woman with a broom", and "broom" is a symbol of housework. In the poem Feng Weimang, a woman has been married to Mang for three years. Zheng wrote: "An aunt said a woman." A biography of a ram. The woman sighed in the room and swept the dome. I realized that "this" woman "is her wife. As for the chapter in July in Qi Feng: "With my wife and son, the fields are full of joy. This "woman" means "wife and children". "
After marriage, the woman is called the "bride". At first, it was just for her newly married life. After a long time, it became the common name of married women. However, the word "bride" did not appear in ancient documents such as The Book of Songs and Zuo Zhuan. It may be related to the development of Chinese word forms. In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words dominated, and then gradually developed into disyllabic words. The word "bride" began to be used after the Warring States Period.
Wei ren greeted his new wife and got on the bus and asked, "You are a horse. Who will be a horse?" She said, "Excuse me." The bride said, "If you are a servant, you have no clothes." The car went to the door, helped her and taught her to see her off: "If you put out the stove, it will catch fire." See you in the room.
This "bride" is the newly married woman, which is what we commonly call "bride". The "bride" in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals also means this.
After the Han Dynasty, the connotation of the word "bride" changed. Not only for newlyweds, but also for someone's wife. Later, it gradually became a specific title for young women after marriage. Therefore, it is acceptable to call them by their own names. Ying Shao's "Customs Pass", Volume 9, "How Strange the World Is": "Naiting is the bride of Wu in Bali, northwest of the pavilion, who died recently." This is someone's wife. This is also a general term for young women after marriage. Look at the sentence of "bride" in "Ancient Poetry as Jiao Zhongqing's Wife":
Speak as a bride, but when you choke, you can't speak.
The bride called the government official: Don't repeat the differences.
When the cock crows outside, the bride wears strict makeup.
But when she said goodbye to her sister-in-law, tears ran down her eyes: "When the bride first came, her sister-in-law began to help her make the bed."
The official horse is in front, and the bride's car is behind.
The bride knew the sound of horses and tiptoed to meet them.
On this day, cows and horses hissed and the bride entered Lu Qing.
Jiao's wife said, "When the bride first arrives, her sister-in-law will help her make the bed." . However, when a woman calls herself a "bride" in front of her family, it means modesty: newcomers don't know the rules, so they are careless everywhere. Please forgive me.
As a specific title, "bride" is called by my aunt and uncle to show respect and kindness to the elders, such as "The Story of the Daughter in the Later Han Dynasty" and "Zhou Yu's Wife";
Zhou Yu's wife is in Pei Jun county. She is idle in female morality, but arrogant, lewd and impetuous, and rude in many ways. Jade said, "A virtuous bride should learn from Tao. If she is depressed, she will not change, and the bride will live. " Abai was ordered.
And the legend of the blade:
Zhang Rang's son-in-law is also the sister of the Queen Mother. I kowtowed to my son-in-law, saying, "If I offend you, I will go to a private house with my bride. Only when he has been grateful for his life, should he stay away from the palace now ... "The son-in-law said that he was the king of Wuyang and joined the White Queen Mother.
In the latter two cases, the father calls his daughter-in-law "bride" in person, which is the origin of calling his daughter-in-law "bride" in rural dialect.
Er ya Qin Shi: "A woman refers to her sister-in-law as a sister-in-law, and her brother-in-law as a wife." Guo Pu said: "It is true that the bride is said today." The eldest brother and sister-in-law called her brother's wife "the bride". In the dialects of southern provinces today, there is another name, the so-called "brother and wife". Guo Pu, a native of A Jin, said that "the bride is still being talked about today".
1, bride
When Wei Wu was young, he tried to be a ranger with Yuan Shao and watched people get married. Because he slipped into his master's garden, he shouted "thief!" at night. No one can see it now. Now, I robbed the bride with a knife and gave it back to Shao. (Fake Money, Volume 6)
2. Address your wife by her face
Wang married a woman from ZhuGeDan, and began to make friends when he entered the room. The king said to the woman, "The bride looks humble and doesn't look like a public holiday." The woman said, "A gentleman can't be like a cloud, which makes a woman surpass him." (Volume V, Yuan Xian)
3. The woman claims to be
Mrs. Wang said from the cloud, "The bride's family is in rare trouble, so I will send it here all my life." She cried and grabbed her child. (Volume II, Literature)
Women are called their maiden names.
At the beginning, (Xu) was accepted and the whole family was crying. Ruan's bride was calm and said, "Don't worry, get it back." As millet porridge, I agreed. (Volume V, Yuan Xian)
My aunt called her son and wife.
Volume 5 "Yuan Xian", "Li doesn't live outside, and refuses to give up", and Liu Xiao quotes "Ode to the Duke of Jin": "The ancestor built a house for Li, and Li forgave it ... (Jia Chong) built a house for Li and didn't come and go. Liu's mother was dying, so she asked the speaker and said,' I taught you to meet Li's new wife, but I still refused, so I asked him something. "
It can be seen that the lexical meaning of the word "bride" was basically completed in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
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This was true after Wei and Jin Dynasties and before Sui and Tang Dynasties. Liu Liangling's "Xu Jingye Wen Ji Fu": "The bride would like to recommend Xu Fujun's spirit to be imprisoned." Shu Wei (Volume 92) "Biography of Women: Fang's Wife": "I died suddenly, and Fang cut her left ear with a knife and threw it into the coffin ... Gu Liu stopped crying and said," Fang Dui said,' It's a pity that the bride is young, but I'm really worried that my parents have not measured their feelings, so I swear to myself. " People who know this will feel suffocated. A textual research on Yi Fu by Huang Sheng, a Confucian scholar in Qing Dynasty, said: "When Zhang Jun was cool, Liu Xin's wife dusted and Shi Xin's wife cooked." In the Northern Qi Dynasty, nursery rhymes said,' Send a book to her mother and see her. '
The textual research of Hu Yinglin's Shaw Shan Jutu in Ming Dynasty said: "Nowadays, the newly married man is called the groom and the woman is called the bride. According to the bride's name, it has been built for six generations, and it is the most popular in the Tang Dynasty. It can be seen in the novel "Invincible Officials". But independent of Weng Gu's words, not the marriage owner. " (Volume 24 "On Zhuang Yue Wei")
The author searched all the Tang poems, and anyone who called his children, daughter-in-law or wife wrote "bride", such as Yuan Zhen's "Twelve Chapters of Birds": "You don't see the Sui Dynasty dragons drying their heads, but you spoil the bride." (Daughter-in-law) Wang Jian's "Stay at Tian Jiake": "Children and servants travel far away, they should be hungry, and the bride wants to cook." My wife took it home and cried all over the city. "(Wife) Bai Juyi's poem" When I first left Cao, I expressed my will "says:" All the brothers are slim, and the bride wears a scarf. "(Wife's) poem" Crying from My Brother "says:" A captain is sad all his life, his aunt is old, and his bride is poor. " And so on.
Dunhuang Bianwen in Tang Dynasty is very colloquial, which can best reflect the actual language at that time. Daughters-in-law are all "brides". Here are a few examples. For example, "My parents are too humble to teach me to be a bride." (P 152) Han tomb variant: "The bride examines Tian Miao and sees her military forces. Send a message to the bride. " (P3 17) The sentence in Searching for the Gods: Tian Kunlun: "Then grandma said: The bride is a heavenly girl." (P329) and "Sida Prince Tao karma": "But if you take your bride, you will be in love." (P 1 18
Looking through the notes of Biography of the Tang Dynasty, Kang's Drama Record contains the article "Zhang Jihong Encounters an Evil Bride": "Let the bride share the snow: the bride dare not refuse to take care of her family, and naturally adults hate the bride." John young Lu Zhongyuan, Volume 3 of Zhao Yi's Tales, says, "The maid of Shili said,' New! I wish I could go with Lang Wei. Volume 303 "Murong Chatting with Zheng" said: "Suddenly I saw an old woman coming behind, saying:' Yang Xin's wife is slow and wants to go with you. "Zhang Kun's" Official and People's Report "Volume III:" Catch the bride and beat it. " "Old Tang"
It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, both literary works and folk works used the word "bride" to mean daughter-in-law or wife.
The same was true from the Tang and Five Dynasties to the early Song Dynasty. Former Shu Du Guangting's "Biography of Campus Guests" said: "If you want to make the bride modest, you can discuss it calmly. There is no such thing before." "History of the New Five Dynasties" Volume 17 "Biography of the Empress of the Golden Emperor Gaozu" said: "The concubine of the bride of the Golden Empress Li said: Zhang Yanze, Fu Wang II.
Although The History of the New Five Dynasties was written by Ouyang Xiu in the Song Dynasty, the demise of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was not far away from the time when Ouyang Xiu and Liu Fu lived (936-946, Ouyang Xiu 1007- 1072).
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The word "divorced wife" is often used in Collected Works of Song People, but generally it only refers to "daughter-in-law". For example, Zhang's "Encircling Different Records" Volume 4 "Shi Bi": "Yue,' the fourth day of school, leaving a woman to have a daughter'." Volume 8 Sun Hanlin: "At the celebration, an old woman sat in the hall of County Yang. Divorced old ladies dare not specialize in their studies. That's why. "Zhang is a person from Renzong Jiayou in the Northern Song Dynasty. Even in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were writers who wrote "divorced women", such as Ye Shaoweng's "Four Dynasties", the second episode of Huangfu Zhenren: "I found a good grandson for your majesty. "
"Xi" has the meaning of son, so it is called "Xi Fu", and this word is classified. Fu is a woman, so she is added as a "daughter-in-law". Song Mengyuan's "Tokyo Hua Meng Record" Volume 5 "Marrying a Wife": "Whoever marries a daughter-in-law, first draw up a post, then make a detailed post." You are still a daughter-in-law.
It is speculated that the word "Xi Fu" was very popular in some areas of the Song Dynasty. Otherwise, there would be no distinction between "bride" and "Xi Fu" in Wang Dechen's Women's History and Wu Zeng's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. Wang is from the north and Wu is from Shaoxing. Nevertheless, "bride" is still widely used. Wang's "ignorance is called" concubine's wife ",and I don't know why" Wang said that "the venerable Shu Ren's wife is the bride". This can be proved from Zhu's Hui 'an Collection. The quotation in Volume 81 Postscript of Public Letters reads: "The bride's children are well, and under the ten uncles' house, how can brothers gradually know their likes and dislikes?" Zhu Dui said, "Dugong and his relatives." . Shi Yue is only two years old, but his wife is ill, so she can't afford it. She means that she belongs to her aunt. She said,' The bride will die, and she is willing to believe her son. "This is a woman's self-assertion. Fan Sheng, the fourth volume of Ghost Dong in Song Dynasty, says: "Ghosts enter their homes, that is, children's houses, smearing out things to worship their aunts and continuing their lives. It is really new.
As can be seen from the above materials, the Song Dynasty used both "bride" and "daughter-in-law". "Bride" still represents the lexical meaning since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and the meaning of son and daughter has been assumed by "daughter-in-law". When expressing the self-proclaimed meaning of a wife or woman, "bride" is still used more. It can be seen that the word "daughter-in-law" was used in the Song Dynasty.
(1) The two daughters-in-law just walked away, almost covering the spring wave. (The Twelve Embroidered Skirts of Husband and Wife Reunion)
(2) It is said that Liu of Kyushu appeased him and handed him over to meet his wife. (ditto, Qu He Xinlang)
(3) Dare not follow the portal at night and jump over the wall to see the bride. (Qu Jin, I know the third mother Taiyuan, the second vote)
Example (1) refers to the wives of Li Hongyi and Li Hongxing, example (2) refers to the wife of Liu Zhiyuan, and example (3) refers to Liu Zhiyuan visiting his wife Li Sanniang. It can be seen that these two words were ebbing and flowing at that time.
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It was not until the Yuan Dynasty that the word "daughter-in-law" completely replaced the semantic function of "bride" and gradually became an ordinary word, while the word "bride" became an archaic word and dialect word. Looking through Yuan Qu Xuan compiled by Amin Zang, when expressing the meaning of wife and daughter-in-law (in-laws), all the words are "daughter-in-law".
(1) The first discount for Zhang Guobin sweaters: Li Yu 'e, his wife. ( 1. 1 18)
(2) Qin's "Old East Tang" wedge: His wife is also surnamed Li, who is the girl of Li Jie's envoy. ( 1.206)
(3) Yue Bochuan's Tie Guai Li: This is his wife and this is his grandson. (2.503)
(4) Wang Junshi's Autumn Tiger Beats His Wife: Wife, if you recognize Hu Qiu, I don't want to die. (2.556)
(5) The fourth discount of The Peach Blossom Girl by Anonymous: Today is my wife wedding date, and I have come to pay my respects. (3.6438+0039)
[6] Guan Hanqing's Yuan Wedge: He has a daughter ... I secretly love him and want to be a daughter-in-law with my family. (4.438+0575)
The above is the in-laws calling their children "daughter-in-law". In the following example, "daughter-in-law" means wife.
(7) The second discount of Yang Xianzhi's Xiaoxiang Rain: I would rather divorce my daughter-in-law now and marry my young lady again. (6438+0.438+0)
Anonymous 8 Zhu Shadan: I have money today, and so does my wife. ( 1.397)
⑼ Wedge in Wuhan Minister's Lao Sheng Er: Ning's wife, brother's wife, from Caizhou. ( 1.365)
⑽ The first discount of the unnamed "God Slave": My sister-in-law is a bit surly. (2.557)
⑾ Guan Hanqing's "Lu Zhailang" is the third fold: even if you are an old couple, your husband is still there. (2.38+0)
⑿ Yang Xianzhi's "The Pavilion" is the second fold of He Xinlang's song: the little daughter-in-law got married recently, and the big married family died recently. (3. 1009)
Two cases called brother-in-law "daughter-in-law", and two cases used "daughter-in-law" in songs, which shows that "daughter-in-law" is used in both songs and ode. As a general term for women, women's self-proclaimed "daughter-in-law" often appears. For example, the sixth book "Pipa Story" written by Gao Ming at the end of Yuan Dynasty said, "The Prime Minister saves women."
The word "daughter-in-law" in the Yuan Dynasty seems to have not been written. Wang Shifu played a zither in the fourth paragraph of The West Chamber: "If a teenager asks for a wife, he will die today." All versions of The West Chamber are "daughter-in-law". Wang's note: "A daughter-in-law, the ancient version is the bride.
But as Wang Jide said, it is only "northerners' mother tongue" that calls a daughter-in-law, while "southerners" still call them daughters-in-law. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, there was a place called Xinfu Lake in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. The word "Lake" in Volume 2270 of Yongle Dadian reads: "Four Ming Dynasty: Xinfu Lake, located in the east five miles of Fenghua, Ningbo, is a place released by the state. "Bride" is reduced to an archaic word and a dialect word. The word "bride" is still used in Yuan Shi compiled by Song Lian in the early Ming Dynasty, or it was preserved in ancient times. Biography of Daughter and Biography of Yang: "My uncle said,' The bride is young, and it will eventually suit him, which will make my son lose his underground position'" and Biography of Wang. For example, in Yi Fu written by Huang Sheng in the early Qing Dynasty, "My hometown slang is still called bride, but it has an ancient meaning. Yu Yue Ken Luo Lu said: "It is popular to call the bride Hunjia." Gu's Walking in said: "Why take my son as a bride? "Huang Sheng is from Shexian County, Anhui Province.
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Below, let's briefly discuss the reasons for the historical evolution of the word "bride".
Every word has its own history, and most words have their own laws of evolution. So is the word "bride". Why did the word "bride" mean daughter-in-law and wife before the Song Dynasty, but it was "daughter-in-law" after the Song Dynasty? It is not difficult to answer why the word "bride" is also used in dialects of several southeast provinces. The evolution of pronunciation is an important internal reason. According to our teacher Mr. Lu's research on the Phonetic History of the Song Dynasty, in the Song Dynasty, there was a major change in phonology, that is, the entering vowels -P, -t and -k were confused, and Guang Yun's number rhyme was merged into the German rhyme, which began to be closely related to the yin rhyme. In Song Ci, Yin enters rhyme. This is especially true of rhymes used by northern writers and poets. This "shows that the entering tone of northern dialect in Song and Jin Dynasties is in the process of weakening and changing, and the ending of entering tone is relatively weak". Phonetic changes cause internal changes in vocabulary. Xi, "Guang Yun" is consistent, and the original vowel is a -k ending entering tone, and Si K is pronounced in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song and Jin Dynasties, it was mainly because the weak sounds were I and E (or). Sit down. Xin, "Guang Yun" is adjacent. Read sin. It can be seen that "Xin" and "Xi" have two sounds, the main vowels are the same (or similar), and both T and N have tongue sounds, so there is a phonetic conversion relationship, so "bride" is changed to "Xi Fu". An example seems to be very illustrative. I don't know why Liang Qing Shu Tong's "Get to the Point". "Su Dongpo wrote Xi Fu as Female Xi Fu, which may be recorded according to the same (or similar) pronunciation of Xi Fu and Xi Fu. The word "Xi" in Guang Yun has seven syllables and the vowel rhyme is -t, which seems to indicate that when the original pronunciation of "bride" was changed to "Xi Fu", it was not generally accepted until someone wrote "Xi Fu". Because "Xi" means son, it seems reasonable to call the son-in-law "Xi Fu" (which is probably the reason why "Shi Fu" can't be accepted by people). Therefore, "Xi Fu" only means the meaning of a son-in-law. Because of the similarity of Chinese characters, "Xi"
It can be seen that the appearance of the word "woman" is mainly a new word produced by the voice of "bride" in the northern region during the Song and Jin Dynasties. However, the phonetics of Wu dialect, Min dialect, Cantonese, Hakka dialect and Gan dialect in the southeast coastal areas are in a relatively stable state with little change. For example, Hakka, Cantonese and Minnan still exist today. Most of their ancestors migrated from Jinyongjia Nandu to the Central Plains before the Tang and Song Dynasties. After crossing the south, these ancestors stayed or moved from Jiangsu (south of the Yangtze River) and Zhejiang to central Jiangxi, back to Ganjiang and then to Fujian. Through a comprehensive study of Chinese phonetic history, ethnic migration history and modern Chinese dialects, Mr. Lu of Guangdong Province put forward a famous conclusion: Hakka dialect, Jiangxi dialect and Tongtai dialect originated from the common language of the Southern Dynasties. We can further infer that the dialect of Fujian and Guangdong also originated from the common language of the Southern Dynasties, which is an important reason why these areas still retain the archaic word "bride", and the phonology of these areas has strengthened this archaic word, making it a distinctive dialect word.
It can be seen that investigating the historical evolution of the word "bride" is not only of great significance to the study of its vocabulary history itself, but also of great significance to tracing the footprint of national migration history, investigating the historical evolution of Chinese pronunciation and the formation and development of modern Chinese dialects, which is also the purpose of this paper.
Yu Yue said, "The ancients called a son Xi and a woman Xi as son-in-law and daughter-in-law. However, with the development of language, there is no distinction between "wrong" and "right". What I said went too far.
This article was published in China Language Newsletter1September 1998 (No.47 in total).
Supplement: With regard to the use of "daughter-in-law" in the Yuan Dynasty, today's computer search of Quanyuanqu shows that the word "daughter-in-law" was used 498 times, "bride" was used 16 times, and "Xi- fu" was never used. And "bride" as a place name "New Fortune" is twice as much as a mature place name.
The usage of the word "bride" in some dialect areas in the southeast coastal provinces can be found in the following dialect survey works:
Wu Yu: Ye Xiangling's Suzhou Dialect P382-383, Jiangsu Education Press 1998. Min dialect: Zhou Changbian's Xiamen Dialect Dictionary P25, Jiangsu Education Press 1993.9, Ma Zhongqi's Zhangzhou Dialect Research P238, Vertical and Horizontal Press 1996. Deng Meihua Hakka P 199, Fujian Education Press 1995. 12. Gan dialect: Xiong's Nanchang Dialect Dictionary P 199, Jiangsu Education Press 1995.5. Investigation report on Hakka dialects of Li Rulong and Zhang Shuangqing. Chinese Dialect Vocabulary (2nd Edition) P305 of Chinese Department of Peking University also includes ten dialect points, such as Suzhou, Wenzhou, Nanchang, Meixian, Guangzhou, Yangjiang, Xiamen, Chaozhou, Fuzhou and Jian 'ou, and is called "bride". After teaching, the author investigated the teachers and students in these provinces and regions and said the same thing.
See the article "Bride" in Wang Dechen's History of the Lady (Shanghai Bookstore, 1st Edition 1990), p. 25; There are five articles on "Divorcing a Wife" in Wu Zeng's "Notes on Nenggaizhai" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1979, new 1 edition), the first page is109-10.
See Huang Zhu's article The Bride, according to Zi He Publishing House (Zhonghua Book Company, 1st edition, 1984), p. 174.
Lus Spring and Autumn Annals Volume 18 Erotic Talk: "People have a new wife ... The shaft is heavy and there is a banana fire, and the bride says,' The banana fire is heavy.' When entering the door, there was a trap under the door. The bride said,' If you plug it, you will hurt your feet. "
See Selected Dunhuang Documents edited by Zhou Shaoliang, Zhonghua Book Company 1987. 12. The page number in brackets is the page number of this book, the same below. See Collation of Dunhuang Bianwen by Huang Zheng and Zhang Yongquan, Zhonghua Book Company 1997.5.
The Pian in Tai Ping Guang Ji (volume 122) is quoted from Ku Yue written in the Tang Dynasty, in which the terms "bride" and "fu" appear at the same time. The article says: "(Guo) has long said to his aunt:' The bride fainted in the early morning of 1978, and now she will be with her husband and official, far away.
For example, in the Warring States Policy, Zhao Ce said, "Old ministers are ashamed of being humble." Cao Zhi's "sealing the second son as a tribute to the public" says, "I am determined to seal the minister for the public and the destination." His "interest" means his son. And "Dead Son" said, "Abandon the words of Li Lao and use the words of appeasement", among which "interest"
An article is called Daughter-in-law, and Wu Zeng quoted this article as Xi Fu in the essay on Gaizhai.
See Lan Litao's Collation of Liu Zhiyuan Zhu Gong Survey, 249, 149, 65, Bashu Publishing House, 1989.3 respectively.
Quoted from the word "daughter-in-law" on page 165 of Lan Litao's Notes on Liu Zhiyuan and Zhu Gong.
"Jiangsu" and "Anhui" are mainly Wuyu areas in the south of Jiangsu Province, and the south of Anhui Province is adjacent to the three provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi.
Lu's investigation on the phenomenon of "Yin entering the leaves" in Song poetry, Phonology Research, No.2, p. 146. For the above contents, please refer to Lu's On Rhyme in Song Poetry and Its Comparison with Jin and Yuan Dynasties (Selected Works of Lu, Henan Education Press, 1994.7).
See Lu's Hakka, Jiangxi and Tongtai Dialects Originated from Southern Dynasties and Lu Wenxuan.
It is too long. Take your time. . .