"Universum" is the neutral singular form of "Universus". Similarly, the derivative word "Universitas" also refers to "a consortium of individuals, a community". In the Middle Ages, Latin was used in government, religion, education, medicine and other fields, such as Salerno, Paris and Oxford, which are the original forms of universities today. Today, the word university can be traced back to Latin. The earliest record is around 1300, which was used to refer to this kind of consortium. Earlier, Plato, a Greek philosopher, founded a "Academy" in 387 BC in Akkadmos near Athens to teach philosophy, mathematics and physical education, which was regarded by some as the pioneer of European universities.
Medieval universities in Europe developed from schools run by the church similar to guilds, which combined instruction with apprenticeship. In the 1 1 century, the words "university" and "guild" were also used to describe trade associations.
There are three main forms of universities in Europe:
Church universities, students and teachers are led by a principal.
1350 teaching scene in European universities
Under the guidance of a closely coordinated group, such as universities in Paris, Oxford and Cambridge. National universities were established by the king with the approval of the Pope, such as the University of Naples founded by Frederick II of Sicily and the University of Salamanca founded by Ferdinand III of Castilla. The University of Bologna, 1088 was founded in Bologna, Italy, and is considered as the first university in Europe. Paris University, known as the "mother of European universities", was organized by teachers before enrollment.
18 10, william von humboldt established Berlin university, which is considered as the beginning of modern university. This model was first imitated by Johns Hopkins University in the United States and widely adopted by universities all over the world.
Since the communication between China and the West in modern times, the so-called western universities (English: University, French: Université, German: Université) have been translated into "academies" at an early stage and later renamed as "Universities".
In feudal China, the word "university" not only refers to the "university" which is one of the four Confucian classics, but also refers to the institutions that gather in specific places to sort out, study and disseminate advanced knowledge. According to documents, universities, as institutions with higher education functions, can be traced back to Cheng Jun and Shandong during the Five Emperors. Dong Zhongshu said, "When the prestigious schools of the Five Emperors become evenly matched, it will be unbearable to itch. ".Yu Shunshi established Shangdong, meaning" institution of higher learning "; Zheng Xuan: "Shangdong is a university, in the western suburb of Wangcheng. "Later, the Eastern Preface of Xia Dynasty, Zhuan Xu of Shang Dynasty and Biyong of Zhou Dynasty were the highest institutions of learning in the capital at that time.
From the imperial era to the Han Dynasty, the central government established Imperial College as the highest institution of higher learning, and local governments began to set up local government-run institutions of higher learning for students of the same age, such as county schools, state schools, official schools and county schools, which were equivalent to public universities of different classes. Students who do well in low-level universities can enter higher-level universities. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, imperial academy was changed to imperial academy, and academies appeared after the Tang Dynasty. Academies can be divided into undergraduate departments and junior departments, some of which are not strictly distinguished, some are government-run, some are private, and many are privately run by the government. Bailuyuan Academy, Bailudong Academy, Yingtianfu Academy, Songyang Academy, Shigu Academy and Maoshan Academy are all representatives of famous academies. Traditional schools in China train officials and scholars who serve the public and political affairs, and focus on Confucian humanistic education.
In addition, there are specialized discipline departments or specialized higher education institutions. In the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, there were museums of Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history. After the merger, it is divided into five parts: Confucianism, Taoism, literature and history, Yin and Yang. There was a law school, a calligraphy school and an arithmetic school in imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, there was an overflow pavilion dedicated to training diplomatic translators. In addition, there are specialized scientific research and application service institutions with talent training functions, such as Taiyiguang in the medical field, Si or Qin in the astronomical calendar field, etc. There are also comprehensive academic research institutions, such as Hualin Research Province established in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, which is equivalent to the later Academia Sinica.
In ancient China, institutions of higher education similar to universities included Sinology (Gong Xue, Xia Ji, Taixue, imperial academy).
And later colleges and universities and so on. , refers to the organization gathered in a specific place to sort out, research and disseminate knowledge in advanced fields. The ancient institutions of higher learning in China can be traced back to more than two thousand years BC. For example, in Yu Shun, it means "going to school" or "going to school". However, there are differences between ancient universities in China and modern universities in the west. Government-run schools, in particular, mainly train government officials and literati engaged in cultural education, and natural science subjects are particularly lacking. Therefore, the whole traditional education system is facing changes and innovations in modern times.
Since the communication with the west in modern times, the early western "universities" have been translated into "academies".
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, He Ziyuan and Qiu, the founders of modern education in China and veterans of the Revolution of 1911, started the trend, eliminated the interference of stubborn conservative forces, successfully introduced western learning (American education), established new schools, and brought civilian education into the vision of the Manchu court. The Qing government had to open the door for educational innovation. At the end of 1905, a new academic system was promulgated, the imperial examination system was abolished, and new schools were popularized throughout the country. Western learning has gradually become the main form of school education. The new academic system divides the school into several levels, including primary school, middle school, higher school and university, all of which belong to higher education. In the year of Xuantongyuan (1909), after the local imperial examination really stopped, modern education in China developed rapidly.
Beiyang Western Studies (now Tianjin University) is the first university in China's modern history, founded in 1895. 19 1 1 The Republic of China was founded and changed to imitate the American university system, which continues to this day. After the Republic of China, "University" and "College" became official titles.
In the early days of the People's Republic of China, education was Soviet-style. 1978 After the reform and opening up, the road of the Republic of China was gradually restored, making the American university education model the main reference model in China.