Key Points of Answering Thinking Questions in Outline of Modern and Contemporary History of China
1. Why is the Opium War the starting point of China's modern history?
The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history for four reasons:
First, the social nature of post-war China has undergone fundamental changes, from a backward, closed but independent feudal country to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Second, the development direction of China has changed. Before the war, China was a declining feudal country, with a decaying feudal system and gradually developing into a capitalist society. Without external interference, China will eventually become a capitalist country like western powers. After the Opium War, China's national capitalism could not develop normally, China could not develop into a mature capitalist society, and finally chose the socialist road.
Third, the main social contradictions have changed. The main contradiction in China before the war was the contradiction between the peasant class and the feudal landlord class, and the main contradiction after the war included the contradiction between the peasant class and the landlord class, and the contradiction between the Chinese nation and foreign colonial aggressors, that is, the main contradiction in society was complicated.
Fourth, the revolutionary task has changed. The original revolutionary task was to oppose domestic feudal forces. After the war, the task of opposing foreign colonial aggression was added, and the nature of the revolution changed from the traditional peasant war to the old nationalist revolution.
2. How to understand the main contradictions, social nature and basic characteristics of modern China?
(1) The principal contradiction in contemporary China
The contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation; The contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people is the main contradiction in modern China. Two pairs of principal contradictions in China's modern society are intertwined, and the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation is the most important contradiction.
(2) Social nature: semi-colonial and semi-feudal in nature.
China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society is a deformed social form subordinate to the capitalist world system, which was gradually formed by the invasion of foreign capitalist forces and the combination with China's feudal forces in modern times.
Before the Opium War, China was a feudal society. After the Opium War, with the invasion of foreign capital-imperialism, the social nature of China has undergone fundamental changes: independent China has gradually become a semi-colonial China; Feudal China gradually became semi-feudal China.
(3) Basic characteristics
First, the invasion of capitalist imperialism not only gradually manipulated China's financial and economic lifeline, but also gradually controlled China's politics, becoming a decisive force dominating China.
Second, China's feudal forces are declining day by day, colluding with foreign aggression forces and becoming the social foundation and ruling pillar of capitalist imperialism's oppression and enslavement of China people.
Third, although the natural economic foundation of China has been destroyed, the land ownership of feudal landlords, the foundation of feudal exploitation system, is still maintained in vast areas, which has become a serious obstacle to China's modernization and democratization.
Fourth, although China's emerging national capitalist economy has emerged and played a certain role in political and cultural life, under the oppression of imperialist feudalism, its development is very slow and its strength is very weak, and most of it is related to foreign capital-imperialism and domestic feudalism to some extent.
Fifthly, because modern China was under the struggle and indirect rule of capitalist imperialist powers, the economic, political and cultural development in modern China was extremely unbalanced, and China was in a state of disunity for a long time.
Sixth, under the double oppression of capitalist imperialism and feudalism, the broad masses of people in China, especially farmers, are increasingly poor, bankrupt in large numbers, and live a life of hunger and cold without political power.
China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and its characteristics were gradually formed with the expansion of imperialist aggression and the deepening of the combination of imperialism and China's feudal forces.
3. How to understand the two historical tasks of modern China and their relationship?
(1) Two Historical Tasks of Modern China:
First, strive for national independence and people's liberation; Second, make the country rich and the people rich.
(2) The relationship between the two historical tasks in modern China:
The two historical tasks of striving for national independence, people's liberation and realizing national prosperity and people's prosperity are both different and closely related.
First, because the decadent social system has hampered the development of productive forces and hindered the progress of economy and technology, we must first change this system, strive for national independence and people's liberation, create the premise and open the way for realizing the prosperity of the country and the prosperity of the people. History since modern times shows that the struggle for national independence and people's liberation needs an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolution.
Second, it is the ultimate goal and inevitable requirement of national independence and people's liberation to realize the prosperity of the country and the prosperity of the people.
Chapter I Fighting against Foreign Aggression
1. What did the invasion of capital imperialism bring to China?
First, the invasion of western capital imperialism caused poverty and backwardness in modern China.
Modern capital-imperialist powers launched a series of wars of aggression against China, forcing the China government to sign an unequal treaty, extorting a large amount of war reparations and directly occupying a large territory of China. Establish concessions, seize leased land and divide spheres of influence. The great powers have seriously damaged the territorial integrity of China. Seriously damaged the sovereignty of China.
The powers directly gave orders to the Qing government through their envoys in Beijing, undermined China's judicial sovereignty through consular jurisdiction, and directly intervened in China's internal affairs and diplomacy by controlling China Customs. They also trained and bought agents to oppose imperialism and feudalism by suppressing the people of China, thus turning those in power in China into their own agents and tame tools.
Through the privilege of unequal treaties, the powers forced China to open its trading ports and negotiate tariffs, leaving China in a position of being trampled upon by others in foreign trade. Coupled with large-scale commodity dumping and capital export, China has gradually become a commodity sales market and raw material plundering place for foreign invaders, manipulating the main economic lifeline of China.
The great powers also infiltrated the culture of China. Some missionaries put on the cloak of religion and carried out aggressive activities. They also advocate "the theory of racial superiority and inferiority" and "the theory of yellow peril" to create public opinion for imperialist aggression.
Therefore, the aggression of capitalist imperialism and the oppression of the people by domestic feudal forces are the fundamental reasons for China's backwardness and poverty.
Second, the invasion of western capital imperialism has hindered the process of China's modernization.
Although, when foreign powers invaded China, they also acted as an unconscious tool of history, bringing western capitalism and its technology into China and stimulating the occurrence of capitalism in China. But subjectively, I don't want China to become an independent, prosperous and modern country. Therefore, they always try their best to suppress the development of Chinese national capitalism and obstruct and destroy the progress of China society. History has proved that only by overthrowing the rule of imperialism and feudalism in China can China embark on the road of independence and prosperity.
2. What is the significance of China's modern anti-aggression war?
First, the anti-aggression war launched by the people of China in modern times has dealt a heavy blow to the imperialists' ambition to invade China and shattered their plot to carve up China and turn China into a complete colony.
The imperialist powers launched wars of aggression against China again and again, not only for the sake of trade, but for the purpose of plundering and expanding the colonies and for their own colonial expansion interests. Every war is accompanied by bigger dreams and more benefits. However, every invasion was resisted by the people of China, which made their arrogance and ambition impossible. It is the heroic struggle of the people of China that shows the indomitable patriotism of the people of China, and also gives foreign invaders a heavy blow and profound lesson, making them realize more and more clearly that China is an invincible country. Although they can force the Qing government to sign one unequal treaty after another, they can never turn China into their complete colony. Especially after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, people from all walks of life in China made great efforts to explore and struggle for survival, which made the invaders see the unyielding great power hidden among the people of China and had to give up the policy of carving up China.
Second, the anti-aggression war waged by the people of China in modern times has educated the people of China, inspired the national spirit of the Chinese nation, inspired the people's fighting spirit against imperialism and feudalism, and greatly improved the national awareness of the people of China.
Imperialist aggression has brought great disasters to the Chinese nation, but there is no great historical disaster that has not been compensated by historical progress. The war of aggression against China launched by foreign powers and the failure of China people's anti-aggression war have educated the people of China from the opposite side and greatly promoted the people of China to think, explore and catch up.
After the Opium War, advanced China people began to learn from their mistakes, pay attention to understanding the international situation, study foreign historical geography, sum up the lessons of failure, and look for ways to save the country and defend the enemy, which led to the idea of learning from foreigners and mastering foreign skills.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, when the Chinese nation was facing life and death, stimulated by the imperialist carve-up frenzy and national crisis, the whole nation began to have a general awakening of national consciousness, and the idea of saving the nation from extinction was rising day by day.
It is this sense of crisis of national subjugation and extinction that enhances the national identity and cohesion of the Chinese nation and becomes the foundation for the Chinese nation to stand on its own feet and stand forever in the world.
3. What are the root causes and lessons of China's failure in recent anti-aggression wars?
First, the corruption of China's social system in modern times was the fundamental reason for the failure of the anti-aggression war.
After 1840, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty, from the emperor to the powerful, were mostly ignorant, ignorant of the general trend of the world and ignorant of defending the enemy. Due to political corruption, backward economy and conservative culture, on the one hand, the ruling class of the Qing dynasty was closed and self-controlled, arrogant and extravagant, and blindly attacked; On the other hand, the rulers and commanders of the Qing army have no ability and mentality to deal with war, which is not suitable for modern warfare. Many generals are afraid of dying and running away, and some even betray the interests of the country and the nation. The Qing government was particularly afraid of the masses, fearing that mobilizing the masses would endanger its rule, so it dared not mobilize and rely on the strength of the masses.
A series of compromises, concessions and surrenders by the ruling clique in the Qing Dynasty in foreign wars made him lose the reason for his existence in China. Without overthrowing him, it would be impossible to win the war against aggression.
Second, the backwardness of economy and technology in modern China is another important reason for the failure of the anti-aggression war.
At that time, Britain had experienced the industrial revolution, and the capitalist productive forces advanced by leaps and bounds, while China remained at the feudal level of the natural economy. The backwardness of economy and technology directly leads to the backwardness of military equipment, and military commanders do not understand modern military tactics, which leads to the low quality and combat effectiveness of the army.
Economic and technological backwardness is an important reason for the failure of the anti-aggression war, but it does not mean that economic and technological backwardness will definitely fail in the anti-aggression war. It was precisely because the China government at that time could not organize the anti-aggression war well, mobilize and utilize the people's strength, or even suppress the people, that its failure was inevitable.
(3) Lessons from the failure of China's previous anti-aggression wars: The people of China must combine the national struggle against imperialism with the class struggle against feudalism in order to accomplish the task of China's modern revolution. Exploring the way out of the country at an early stage p44
1. How to understand the significance, failure reasons and lessons of the peasant war in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?
The Significance of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1) Peasant War
Although the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed, it has indelible historical achievements and great historical significance.
First, the Taiping Uprising dealt a heavy blow to the feudal ruling class, strongly impacted the ruling foundation of the Qing government, and accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty.
Second, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement is the peak of the old peasant war, which has new historical characteristics different from the previous peasant war.
Thirdly, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement also attacked the loopholes and orthodox authority of Confucian classics and weakened the spiritual pillar of feudal rule to some extent.
Fourth, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement also effectively cracked down on foreign aggression and taught the invaders a proper lesson.
Fifthly, in the Asian national liberation movement in the middle of19th century, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement was the one with the longest duration, the largest scale and the greatest influence. It merged with the national liberation movements of Asian countries and impacted the rule of western colonialists in Asia.
(2) The reasons for the failure of the peasant war in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
First, subjectively:
First, the peasant class is not new, but the representative of productive forces and relations of production. They can't overcome the inherent class limitations of small producers, so they can't fundamentally put forward a complete and correct political program and social reform plan. It is impossible to stop and overcome the growth of corruption in the leading group itself, nor can it maintain the unity of the leading group for a long time, which weakens the centripetal force and combat effectiveness of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Second, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom mobilized the masses with religious organizations, but worshipping God was not a scientific ideological theory. Not only did it not guide the war correctly, but it also brought harm to the peasant war.
Third, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom failed to treat Confucianism correctly.
Fourthly, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom can't distinguish the invaders from the masses in western countries, and it still lacks a rational understanding of the western aggressors.
B, objectively speaking:
Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
(3) Lessons from the failure of the peasant war in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom:
The Taiping Rebellion and its failure show that farmers have great revolutionary potential in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China. However, it can not shoulder the heavy responsibility of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal victory, and a simple peasant war can not complete the historical task of striving for national independence and people's liberation.
2. How to understand the nature of Westernization Movement and the reasons and lessons of its failure?
(1) Nature of Westernization Movement
The Westernization Movement was a self-help reform movement carried out by the Westernization School in the feudal ruling class of the Qing Dynasty in order to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. It was progressive, backward and conservative.
(2) Reasons for the failure of Westernization Movement
First, the Westernization Movement was feudal. The guiding ideology of the Westernization Movement is "learning as the body" and "learning from the West for use". The Westernization School tried to maintain and consolidate China's feudal rule by absorbing modern western production technology without changing China's inherent system and morality, which seriously restricted the development of the Westernization Movement.
Second, the Westernization Movement depended on foreign countries. Based on various privileges, western powers stepped up their aggression and control over China politically and economically. They don't want China to be really rich and strong, and the Westernization School relies on foreign countries everywhere in an attempt to obtain wealth from itself, which is tantamount to getting the eggs from the tiger skin.
Third, the management of westernization enterprises is decadent. Although westernization enterprises have a certain capitalist nature, their management is indeed feudal, and there are corruption phenomena such as embezzlement, misappropriation of public funds, extravagance and waste.
(3) Lessons from the failure of Westernization Movement: The landlord class could not shoulder the historical responsibility of China's modernization.
3. How to understand the significance of the Reform Movement of 1898 and the reasons and lessons of its failure?
(1) Significance of the Reform Movement of 1898
First, the Reform Movement of 1898 was a patriotic national salvation movement. At the critical moment of national peril, the reformists held high the banner of saving the nation from extinction and demanded that China develop capitalism through political reform to make it rich and strong. The political practice and ideological theory of the reformists not only run through the strong spirit of patriotism, but also promote the awakening of the Chinese nation.
Second, the Reform Movement of 1898 was a bourgeois political reform movement.
Third, the Reform Movement of 1898 was an enlightenment trend of thought.
Fourthly, the Reform Movement of 1898 not only created a new situation in ideological enlightenment and cultural education, but also put forward many new ideas in social customs.
(2) The reasons for the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898.
The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 was mainly due to the limitations of the reformists themselves and the opposition of the powerful conservative forces headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. The limitations of the reformists themselves are highlighted in:
First of all, I dare not deny feudalism. Politically, they dare not fundamentally deny the feudal monarchy. Economically, although they demanded the development of capitalism, they did not touch the feudal economic base-feudal land ownership.
Secondly, I have illusions about imperialist newspapers. They clamored to save the country and survive, but fantasized that western powers could help them reform and transform. As a result, they hit a wall everywhere.
Third, fear the people. The activities of reformists are basically confined to the small circle of bureaucrats, scholars and intellectuals. They are not only divorced from the people, but also afraid and even hostile to them. Therefore, the movement failed to gain their support.
(3) Lessons from the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898.
The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 not only exposed the weakness of the national bourgeoisie in China, but also showed that in semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China, it was not feasible to try to improve the top-down road by rule. In order to strive for national independence, democracy and prosperity, we must overthrow the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social system under the joint rule of imperialism and feudalism by revolutionary means. The third chapter is the Revolution of 1911 and the end of absolute monarchy. How does the debate between revolutionaries and reformists discuss the necessity, justice and progress of revolution?
During the period from 1905 to 1907, revolutionaries and reformists took People's Daily and Xinmin Congbao as the main positions of public opinion, and launched a big debate on whether China should adopt revolutionary means or improved methods. The revolutionaries discussed the necessity, justice and progress of the revolution in the debate.
First of all, the Qing government is the "eagle dog" of imperialism, so patriotism must be revolutionary. Only through revolution can we "avoid the disaster of partition" and realize national independence and social progress.
Secondly, there are sacrifices in carrying out the revolution, but the people of China will not be spared the pain and sacrifice without carrying out the revolution and tolerating the rule of the Qing Dynasty in China. Although the revolution is inevitably bleeding, it can "save the world and save people" and is a good medicine for treating society.
Third, people's efforts and even sacrifices in the revolutionary process are compensation for historical progress. The revolution itself is for construction, and destruction and construction are two aspects of the revolution.
2. Why is the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen causing great historical changes in modern China?
The Revolution of 1911 was a bourgeois-led revolution, aiming at opposing absolute monarchy and establishing a bourgeois republic. It was a relatively thorough bourgeois-democratic revolution. In modern history, the Revolution of 1911 was a milestone for China people to save the nation and revitalize China, which brought about historic changes in China.
First, the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the political representative of feudal forces and the agent of imperialism in China, dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary forces at home and abroad, and made the reactionary rulers in China lose their political foothold.
Second, the Revolution of 1911 ended the feudal autocratic monarchy that ruled China for more than two thousand years, and established the first bourgeois * * * and government in the history of China.
Third, the Revolution of 1911 brought people an ideological emancipation.
Fourth, the Revolution of 1911 brought about new positive changes in social economy, ideological habits and social customs.
Fifth, the Revolution of 1911 not only dealt a blow to imperialist aggression to a certain extent, but also promoted the upsurge of national liberation movements in Asian countries.
Why did the Revolution of 1911 fail? What does its failure show?
(1) Failure reason:
First of all, fundamentally speaking, it is because in the era of imperialism, in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, the capitalist plan to build a country was not feasible. Imperialism colluded with big landlords, comprador, old bureaucrats and constitutionalists represented by Yuan Shikai to stifle the revolution from outside and inside.
Secondly, subjectively speaking, its leader, the bourgeois revolutionaries, has many weaknesses and mistakes.
First, there is no thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary program.
Second, we cannot fully mobilize and rely on the people.
Third, a powerful revolutionary party cannot be established as a powerful core to unite all revolutionary forces.
(2) Lessons:
The failure of the Revolution of 1911 shows that the bourgeois national plan failed to save China, and the advanced China people need to make new explorations and seek a new way out for China. Abstract: p73 has been upside down for 30 years.
1. In what era and international environment did China's new-democratic revolution develop? What impact does this have on China's revolutionary cause?
(A) the era conditions and international environment of China's new-democratic revolution.
(1) World War I and the October Revolution
A. 19 at the end of the 20th century, western developed countries entered the stage of monopoly capitalism, namely imperialism.
B. World War I broke out from 19 14 to 19 18. After the war, Europe went into decline, and the United States and Japan rose. Japanese aggression has become the biggest threat to China.
C19171kloc-0/October The October socialist revolution broke out in Russia, which opened a new era in human history.
D,1919 In March 2009, the * * * production international led by Lenin was announced, which helped the advanced elements in some countries, including China, to establish the * * * production party.
People in Asia, Africa and Latin America gradually woke up and started the national liberation movement against imperialist oppression.
(2) The world anti-fascist war and its victory.
A 1929- 1933, a serious world economic crisis broke out in capitalist countries, which intensified various contradictions in capitalist society, contradictions between imperialist countries and colonial and semi-colonial countries, and contradictions among imperialist countries, which led to major changes in the international pattern.
B From 193 1 to 1945, three fascist countries, Germany, Italy and Japan, launched the Second World War. China was the first country to wage an anti-fascist war, and the people of China opened the main battlefield against Japanese fascism in the East, and finally won the anti-fascist war.
(2) What impact does this have on China's revolutionary cause?
(1) The victory of the anti-fascist war had a far-reaching impact on world history. First, Germany, Italy and Japan were completely defeated, Britain and France, the victors, were severely weakened, and the United States became the hegemon of the capitalist world; Second, the Soviet Union has passed the test of war and become a world-class power that can compete with the United States. Socialism breaks through the scope of one country and many countries win. Third, in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the South Pacific, which account for two-thirds and three-quarters of the world's population, the national liberation movement flourished and the colonial system collapsed sharply.
(2) The great change in the post-war world situation is that the traditional international pattern centered on maintaining the balance of power among European powers in the past 300 years has been replaced by the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union. On this basis, the opposition between the two camps of imperialism and socialism led by the United States and the Soviet Union gradually formed. The United States tried its best to expand to the world, helped Chiang Kai-shek to oppose * * * and control China, which became an important part of the global strategy of the United States after the war. This is a serious obstacle to the development of China's revolution. Correctly formulating policies and strategies to deal with the United States is an extremely important condition for the successful development of the China Revolution.
2. Why does China's new-democratic revolution have to target imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism? (See page 63-68 of the textbook)
Imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism are the three great mountains that weigh on the people of China. During the rule of Beiyang government and Kuomintang government, the semi-feudal and semi-colonial nature of China society remained unchanged. Not only did feudal oppression continue to exist, but the degree of semi-colonialism in China further deepened. The new-democratic revolution must aim at them.
(1) Opposing imperialism and breaking the control of foreign capital are the primary tasks that China's new-democratic revolution must achieve.
(2) Opposing feudalism and thoroughly reforming the land system are the basic tasks of China's new-democratic revolution.
(3) Opposing bureaucratic capitalism and confiscating bureaucratic capital from new-democratic countries is an important task of China's new-democratic revolution.
3. How to understand the three national plans of modern China and the fate of two China? Why did China's party building plan finally become the unanimous choice of China people?
(1) 1949 Before the founding of New China, there were three major political forces in China:
First, the landlord class and the comprador big bourgeoisie (post-bureaucratic bourgeoisie). They are the targets of reactionary forces and democratic revolution. Its political representative is now the Beiyang government, and later it was mainly the Kuomintang ruling group. The second is the national bourgeoisie. They are the middle forces and one of the forces of the democratic revolution. Its political representatives are leaders of some democratic parties and some independents. Third, the working class, the peasant class and the urban petty bourgeoisie. They are progressive forces and the main force of the democratic revolution. Its political representative is China * * * Production Party.
(2) The three major political forces put forward three different plans for nation-building:
The first is the plan of the landlord class and the comprador big bourgeoisie. It advocates continuing the military dictatorship of the landlord class and the comprador big bourgeoisie, so that China can continue to follow the road of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
The second is the national bourgeoisie's national bourgeoisie founding plan. They want to establish a veritable bourgeois republic, let capitalism develop freely and fully, and make China an independent capitalist society.
The third is the plan of the working class and other progressive forces. They advocate that under the leadership of the working class and its political parties, a new bourgeois democratic revolution, that is, a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution, should be carried out first to establish a people's Republic led by the working class, that is, a people's democratic dictatorship; And through this people's Republic, gradually achieve socialism and capitalism.
The above-mentioned plan for nation-building is before the people of China, who must make a choice in their own political practice. However, fundamentally speaking, because the bourgeois plan to build a country is unrealistic, the people of China mainly have two choices: to continue the semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China or to create a new-democratic China.
(3) The founding plan of China * * * Party has finally become the same choice for China people;
The reason why the plan of the bourgeoisie and China didn't work was determined by the conditions of the time and the class relations in China. First, bourgeois republics already exist in foreign countries, but China can't, because China is a country oppressed by imperialism, and they can't tolerate the establishment of bourgeois republics. Second, the strength of the national bourgeoisie is too weak. He did not have the courage and ability to lead the people in a thorough revolutionary struggle against imperialism and feudalism, thus clearing the way for the establishment of a bourgeois republic.
In a word, the plans of the landlord class and the comprador big bourgeoisie were spurned by the broad masses of people because they violated the fundamental interests of the people of China, and their reactionary rule was fundamentally overthrown. The plan of the national bourgeoisie is divorced from the reality in China and has not been supported by the broad masses in China. Even most people who put forward this plan finally admitted that it was not feasible. Only the plan of establishing the People's Republic put forward by China's * * * production party gradually gained the support of workers, peasants, urban petty bourgeoisie and even national bourgeoisie, and became the * * * choice of the broadest masses in China. The fourth chapter is an epoch-making event.
1. Why and how did China's advanced elements choose Marxism?
(1) Struggle Practice-China's choice of Marxism is the inevitable result of the historical development of advanced China people exploring the truth of saving the country and the people from the west in modern times. The efforts of the peasant class, the Westernization School, the reformists and the revolutionaries failed one after another.
(2) Ideological enlightenment-the result of the ideological enlightenment of the May 4th New Culture Movement; Three debates finally established the guiding ideology position of Marxism in China Revolution.
(3) Class foundation-The growth and struggle of the working class around the May 4th Movement provided class foundation and realistic demand for China to choose Marxism.
(4) External influence-the influence of "World War I": "World War I" fully exposed the internal contradictions of the capitalist system, and Chinese people had doubts about the capitalist plan; The promotion of the October Revolution in Russia: The October Revolution showed the people of China a new ideal goal and a national plan, that is, to follow the Russian road and build socialism.
2. Why is the establishment of the China * * * production party an "epoch-making" event?
First, the establishment of the * * * production party in China has given the China Revolution a strong core of leadership and the affected people in China a reliable organizer and leader. Since then, the revolution in China has continued to develop, from the democratic revolution to the socialist revolution.
Second, the establishment of the China * * * Production Party has given the China Revolution a scientific guiding ideology. China * * * Production Party took Marxism as the guiding ideology, combined Marxism with the concrete practice of China revolution, formulated the correct revolutionary program and struggle strategy, and pointed out the goal and the road to victory for the people of China.
Third, the establishment of China's * * * production party has endowed China's revolution with a new revolutionary method, communicated the connection between China's revolution and the world's proletarian revolution, and provided an objective possibility for China's revolution to obtain extensive international assistance and avoid capitalism.
3. What are the new features of the China Revolution after the establishment of the China * * * Production Party? Why?
China * * * production party was established, the China revolution has a new look:
First, the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program was put forward for the first time, which pointed out a clear goal for the people of China.
The second is to mobilize the workers and peasants to carry out revolutionary struggles, which set off the first climax of the workers' movement in China. At the same time, the China * * * Production Party began to mobilize farmers, and the peasant movement flourished.
Third, the cooperation between countries played a leading role in the cooperation, which set off the climax of the Great Revolution and overthrew the rule of the Northern Warlords.