Cars, like other modern advanced and complicated tools, such as computers, were not invented by a person sitting there. At the beginning of the invention, cars were not like this, and the development of cars also had a long process. Generally speaking, the development of automobile has gone through several stages: the birth of steam automobile, internal combustion engine automobile, mass production of automobile, diversification of automobile products, low price of automobile products and transfer to developing countries.
First, the birth of the steam car.
Man's understanding of nature is gradually deepening. From the initial human and animal power to the later hydropower and wind power. 1705, newcomen first invented a practical steam engine that does not rely on people and animals to do work, but relies on machinery to do work. This kind of steam engine was used to drive machinery, resulting in the epoch-making first industrial revolution. With the birth of steam-driven mechanical cars, human society began an endless history of automobile development.
1, the first real steam engine
The initial goal of the development of mechanical power plant is not to use vehicles, but to pump water for mines. As the mine is dug deeper and deeper, groundwater has become the enemy of the mine and miners. In order to dig tunnels and ensure safety, the groundwater must be drained as soon as possible. 17 12 years, Thomas Newcomen, an Englishman, invented a steam engine to drive a water pump to pump water from a mine. Known as the newcomen steam engine. Newcomen steam engine introduced steam into the cylinder, and then injected water into the cylinder to cool it. After cooling, the internal pressure in the cylinder drops, and the piston in the cylinder moves upward under the push of atmospheric pressure, driving the water pump to pump water. The piston can only move 10 times per minute, but it greatly improves the efficiency of pumping water.
1757, james watt, a carpenter, was hired as a laboratory technician by the University of Glasgow, England, and had the opportunity to contact the steam engine in newcomen, and became interested in the steam engine in newcomen. 1763, when he was repairing the steam engine model, he found that newcomen's steam engine only used the pressure difference of air, but did not use the tension of steam, so it had low thermal efficiency and high fuel consumption. He is determined to improve newcomen's steam engine. First of all, he thinks that sending the steam in the cylinder to another container for cooling can not only obtain a vacuum that can do work, but also lower the temperature in the cylinder a little, which can greatly improve the thermal efficiency. In addition, in order to prevent air from cooling the cylinder, the tension of air must be used as power. 1769, Watt and Bolton jointly invented the steam engine with condenser. 1 774165438+1October, they cooperated to build a real steam engine (figure1). The steam engine promoted the development of machinery industry and even society, and laid the foundation for the development of steam turbines and internal combustion engines.
2. The birth of the steam car
1769, the Frenchman Juno made the world's first steam-driven tricycle (Figures 2 and 3). This car is named "Caboret", with a length of 7.32m and a height of 2.2m There is a pear-like boiler on the frame, with a front wheel diameter of 1.28m and a rear wheel diameter of1.50m. When moving forward, the direction is controlled by the front wheel, every12 ~1. Later, during the trial operation, it hit a stone wall and was damaged. Although Zhu Niu's invention failed, it is a watershed between ancient means of transportation (driven by people, animals or sails) and modern means of transportation (driven by power machinery), which is of epoch-making significance.
1786, American John Fitch invented the steam-powered ship.
By 1804, Devitik had designed and manufactured a steam car, pulled 10T of goods and traveled 15.7km on the railway.
1808, the British Richard Trawick invented the railway steam locomotive.
1825, Svaty Garner, a British personality, built a steam bus with 18 seats and a speed of 19km /h (Figure 3), which started the earliest bus operation in the world.
183 1 year, Swatch Guller of the United States put into steam transportation, and there is regular transportation service between Gerst and Che Luo Teng Hamm, with a distance of 15km.
1834, the earliest bus transportation company in the world-Scottish Steam Automobile Transportation Company was established. At that time, the driver sat in the front of the steam car operated in Edinburgh, England, and the middle part could accommodate 20 ~ 30 passengers. There is a fireman at the position and rear of the boiler, and the steam engine cylinder is located under the floor in front of the rear axle to drive the rear wheel forward. However, these vehicles range from 3 ~ 4t to 10T, which are bulky and slow, and often hit unpaved roads, causing various accidents.
1865, Britain promulgated the world's earliest motor vehicle regulations, the so-called "red flag regulations". It is stipulated that the maximum speed of a car should not exceed 6.4km /h, and a special person must wave a red flag when driving to warn pedestrians and carriages on the road. Ironically, due to the implementation of this law, Britain lags far behind other industrial countries in making cars.
1883, the French invented the steam-powered airship.
3. Invention of practical internal combustion engine
The invention of internal combustion engine began with reciprocating piston. The working principle of this internal combustion engine is that air and fuel are inhaled, the mixture is compressed and ignited, the fuel does work, and the exhaust gas produced after combustion is discharged. These are carried out continuously in a certain marching order.
1794, streeter, an Englishman, first put forward the idea of mixing fuel and air to form a combustible mixture for combustion.
180 1 year, French Leben put forward the principle of gas engine.
1824, French thermal engineer sadi carnot revealed the theory of "Carnot cycle" in his book "Research on Firepower and Internal Combustion Engine".
1860, etili mayor made the internal combustion engine.
186 1 year, French railway engineer Rorschach published the theory of four-stroke engine with equal volume combustion of intake, compression, work and exhaust. This theory later became the basis for the development of internal combustion engines. He was granted a patent by the French authorities on 1862 65438+ 10/6, but his patent failed because Rorschach owed patent fees.
1866, German engineer nikolaus otto accidentally read a report about Lenova internal combustion engine in the newspaper, and made up his mind to improve it, and studied Rorschach's paper on four-stroke internal combustion engine, and successfully trial-produced an epoch-making vertical four-stroke internal combustion engine in the power history. 1876 trial-produced the first practical piston four-stroke gas internal combustion engine. This single-cylinder horizontal gas turbine has a power of 2.9kw, a compression ratio of 2.5 and a rotating speed of 250r/min. This kind of internal combustion engine is called Otto internal combustion engine (Figure 4). Otto obtained the patent on August 4th, 877 on/kloc-0. Later, people have always called the four-stroke cycle Otto cycle. As the founder of the internal combustion engine, Otto went down in history, and his invention laid the foundation for the invention of the automobile.
4. The birth of the first diesel engine
Both Ben Ci and Daimler invented the gasoline engine. At that time, people tried to use gasoline as fuel, but they also tried to use other fuels as fuel.
1897, Rudolph diesel engine in Germany (1858 ~ 19 13) successfully trial-produced the first diesel engine (Figure 5). It has been 20 years since the diesel engine was conceived and turned into reality. At the risk of life, trial-produce diesel engine in the voice of accusation. Dissel didn't live to see the day when diesel engines were used in automobiles, but he saw with his own eyes that his invention was used in shipbuilding and replaced the steam engine with absolute superiority. Rudolf Dissel was born in March 1858. Because my father was a German immigrant and was deported by the French authorities, life at home was quite embarrassing. /kloc-returned to France at the age of 0/2 and entered the local technical school after graduation. Two years later, he won a national scholarship and was admitted to Munich Polytechnic, the most famous university in Germany at that time. During the research, Dissel came up with the idea of developing a new type of economical engine. After graduation, I became a refrigerator. In order to develop an economical engine, Dissel used his spare time to start experiments with his own equipment in some small workshops. In an ammonia experiment, there was an explosion and he almost died.
From 65438 to 0892, the theory of compression ignition diesel engine was put forward after years of painstaking research.
1893, the first test prototype was manufactured. Through experiments, the diesel engine decided to make some modifications to the patent obtained by 1892, one of which is not to use pulverized coal as fuel.
1 On February 7th, 894, the second test prototype ran for1min and made 88 turns.
Dissel wrote in his diary: The first one won't work, the second one won't, and the third one will be fine.
Diesel engine of Diesel was born in 1897. The appearance of diesel engine not only finds a place for diesel, but also is more fuel efficient, more powerful and less polluting than gasoline. Unfortunately, Dissel, who made great contributions to the diesel engine, ended his life on a ship from Antwerp to England on September 29th, 929.
Rudolf Dissel's invention changed the whole world. In memory of him, people call diesel engines diesel engines.