A complete collection of graduation English papers 1
On the mental journey of old sailors —— Thoughts on reading Ode to a Bitter Ship
[Abstract]: Ode to a Bitter Ship is a long poem written by Coleridge, a poet of Lake Poetry School in the 9th century in England/KLOC-0. The whole poem is a voyage story full of fantastic beauty. The whole poem discusses the crime and punishment of life. The poet combines pantheism and the idea of loving the universe, and publicizes the idea of benevolence and Christ. In the poem, the psychological activities of sailors are described in detail. The sailor's killing of the albatross means that he refuses the gift given to him by society. He got rid of the things that love him deeply and represent the supernatural, which means he got rid of his feelings for the world. Finally, the sailor's heart changed and he treated nature with a new attitude, so he could be free. [Keywords:]: old sailor; Morality; Guilt; Pain; Song of the old sailor is one of samuel taylor coleridge's works? A masterpiece. This is a long poem, telling a story in the form of a ballad. This poem can be regarded as a dream trip to another field, a story about sin and disclosure, or a quiet essential expression of an isolated modern individual. 1. Introduction to Samuel? Taylor? Samuel taylor coleridge (1772 1 01October 21) was born in a family of rural priests in Devon, southwest England. At the age of 9, he lost his father and was sent to the Christian Charity School in London to study Greek and Roman literature. /kloc-entered Cambridge University at the age of 0/9 and met Southey. At that time, both of them sympathized with the French Revolution, but they were both afraid of revolutionary violence, so they envisaged going to the United States to establish a utopian society. After the plan failed, Coleridge moved to the Lake District in the west of England, concentrated on writing poems, and became close friends with Wordsworth. He hated the capitalist urban civilization and the cold money relationship, so he stayed away from the city and lived in the lake district of Cumberland, caring for the scenery or remembering the medieval patriarchal society. They write poems to praise nature or beautify the patriarchal rural lifestyle to resist the ugly capitalist reality. Therefore, he is called "lake poets". From 65438 to 0798, they jointly published a collection of famous lyric songs. In the same year, he and Wordsworth went to Germany to study, and he was attracted by Kant's philosophy and Jena's poetry theory and creation. After returning to China, he continued to live in the Lake District and kept in touch with Wordsworth. Coleridge suffered from rheumatism and other diseases when he was young. In order to relieve pain, he was addicted to opium for a long time, so his health was greatly damaged. Poor and sick in his later years, he died in Haite on July 25th, 1834. Coleridge's works depict supernatural mysteries with real details, which makes people willing to believe them without considering common sense for the time being, and gain enlightenment or conscience awakening while enjoying a strange beauty. Coleridge's creative practice and theoretical construction not only influenced his contemporaries, but also influenced Byron, Shelley and Keats who disagreed with his political attitude. But also has important reference value for today's poetic art explorers. He occupies an important position in the history of English literature and is an important representative of romanticism.
Secondly, a brief introduction to Ode to a Bitter Ship.
Ode to a Bitter Ship is Coleridge's only complete long poem. The minister's 625-line ballad is a mysterious and horrible romantic story: an old sailor told his terrible story to a guest who went to a wedding reception. The guest wanted to go away for dinner, but was attracted by the special expression in the old sailor's eyes and had to stand there and listen to the story. The old sailor and his companions went out to sea by boat. Have a safe trip. Then there was a storm. After the storm, sailors shot an albatross for no reason, which was regarded as a symbol of good luck by sailors. Therefore, bad luck has come again. The ship sailed into the sea of tranquility, where there was no wind or waves; The sun is shining. Sea water and green land are full of rot. The ship stopped, and the old sailor was regarded as the cause of this bad luck. The sailors were dying of thirst, as if a ship had come to save them and then disappeared. It was a magical ship, and the sailors died on the deck one by one. Every dead man's eyes are destined to stare at the sailor who killed the albatross. Of all the people on board, only he is not dead. Later, he regretted the bad things he had done. So the angels sympathized with his sorrow, let the body stand up and continue to be a sailor. They set sail. Although there is no wind, the ship is still moving slowly. So the ship sailed all the way to the old sailor's hometown. A pilot left the shore and came out to meet him. But before he got to the boat, it suddenly sank, leaving the old sailor to fight death in the low waves. He was saved by the pilot. Later, when I remembered the untold pain I suffered at that time, I couldn't bear it. His heart burned inside him, and he didn't feel comfortable until he told the terrible story.
Third, analyze the psychological course of the old sailor.
Freedom, equality and fraternity are important norms of bourgeois morality. The slogan of "freedom, equality and fraternity" was put forward during the bourgeois revolution. It is not only a political proposition of the bourgeoisie, but also an important content of bourgeois morality. This slogan not only played a role in promoting historical progress in politics, but also made great progress in the history of human moral development, because it denied personal attachment and affirmed personal freedom; Denying hierarchical privilege and affirming human equality; Denied the inhuman idea of fraternity that regards people as human beings. In a word, it affirms human dignity, value and personal pursuit of happiness. Therefore, it has played a great revolutionary role in the publicity of personality and the development of self-awareness, and in getting rid of the shackles of asceticism, obscurantism and hierarchy. Western pantheism advocates that God is everywhere and everything is the appearance of God. This proposition holds that God is equal to everything; Any individual thing is God; Everything in the world is actually nothing. Under the domination of these two thoughts, the author regards albatrosses as _ _ _ Christians. The old sailor shot the albatross for no reason, which showed that he refused the gift from society. He got rid of what he loved deeply and represented the supernatural, and also got rid of his feelings for the world. The old sailor shot an innocent albatross against God's will and the laws of nature, and was doomed to be punished. Then, disaster came: the wind stopped, the ship could not move forward, the sun was hot, and the sailors were thirsty. At this time, someone accused the old sailor of "how dare you shoot birds!" " It is it that attracts the south wind. "At this time, the old sailor began to realize the mistake of his behavior. So he began to feel guilty constantly. Psychology believes that shame is one of the elements in the moral emotional system. After Pythagoras asked people to reflect on their words and deeds, they should feel ashamed, sad and afraid of despicable behavior. Rejoice in good deeds. Shapu Ciboli believes that moral good and evil mainly depends on the sense of shame in the emotional system. He said: "Everything done out of unjust feelings is unjust, evil and negligent; "If emotion is just, sound and kind, and the content of emotion is beneficial to society, and it is implemented in a way that is beneficial to society, or it is moved, this will definitely constitute what we call fairness and integrity in any action." Injustice, evil deeds and negligence will all cause people's sense of shame. Shame is the expression of a person's self-moral consciousness, which expresses his inner experience when condemning his behavior, motivation and moral quality. Conscience is the main mechanism of shame, which is often manifested as anxiety, shame and guilt. Moral anxiety is a complex emotion. Among them, pain and fear are the main "factors". But it only aims at avoiding external punishment. External punishment is a low-level form of shame, but it is also the basis of shame. So, what is the real function of shame? It is guilt. Only guilt is the product of high subjective consciousness, which activates potential thinking and strength, focuses on regret and regretful behavior of mistakes, and promotes individual psychological maturity. If individuals lack guilt, they will disdain morality and fail to reach the understanding of "knowing shame and being brave". At the same time, shame should be based on self-esteem. A person who has no self-esteem will not be ashamed, let alone blame himself. Self-esteem reflects the closeness to self-social discourse. Without the defense of self-esteem, there can be no self-reproach consciousness and behavior. The old sailor felt ashamed, ashamed and regretful for his immoral behavior. Because of conscience, the old sailor really felt the mistake of his behavior, so he lived in fear all day and constantly blamed himself.
The situation has further developed. Under his confession and prayer, the bird hanging around his neck fell, but all the sailors in the same trade died one by one because of lack of water, and only the old sailor was still alive. This seems to be another punishment of God. On the one hand, he felt that his crime was serious, which led to the death of other sailors; On the other hand, in the vast sea, he is alone in a boat. So his heart went through another test of pain and fear. Conscience is everyone's own internal moral evaluation, and it is all psychological reaction activities such as his own understanding, cognition, judgment, attitude, feelings, experience, intention, will and motivation. The old sailor always blames himself for waking up. The basic factor of conscience is emotion, which is the experience of need and the motive force of psychology. On the one hand, it produces the cognitive factors of conscience, which pushes them to judge the moral value of their actions; On the other hand, it also produces factors of conscience and will, which pushes them to make good choices. After the behavior happens, conscience has the function of influencing and evaluating the consequences of behavior. It is convenient to self-condemn the influence and behavior that has fulfilled moral obligations and produced good consequences, which makes people feel guilty, ashamed and regretful. This kind of self-condemnation can often form a force to urge people to correct their behavior.
Later, the old sailor prayed devoutly that the sea snake would break the magic, and he was rescued home. It is human nature to make mistakes. Moral mistakes will inevitably occur in life. Moral introspection is to encourage people to take new moral behaviors to remedy the moral misfortune caused by regretting moral faults, and to provide a compass for moral behaviors that will begin by awakening moral faults. The essence of moral reflection lies in the critical analysis of the moral choices made by the subject, which is the profound reflection of the subject on his own heart after experiencing the mistakes of his own moral behavior. Through reflection, we can provide new routes and plans for future behavior, and we can make up for it when we understand it. In the course of future actions, thousands of times of compensation should be used to replace the original losses; Through reflection, the subject will have a deeper understanding of the system of self-development, self-need and social morality.
At the end of the story, the old sailor went home So the opening scene appeared: he tried to hold the people who went to the wedding banquet and let them listen to him tell this bizarre story. He wants to find an audience, admit his mistake, tell his story, relieve his inner pain and make amends. Although the old sailor has sincerely repented, he still feels guilty and longs for understanding and venting to eliminate his inner pain. So is life. When we encounter difficulties and pains, don't shut ourselves up, find a loyal listener and tell him our troubles. This is a good way to release stress.
In a word, Coleridge's poems are famous for their mystery and grotesque, and their psychological descriptions are exemplary! Poetry explores philosophical issues such as crime and punishment, good and evil, life and death, and publicizes the theory that all living things are created by God. However, the real value of poetry lies not in the story itself, nor in the philosophy it contains, but in the fact that it creates a magical ocean picture for readers with the accuracy of plastic arts and the sense of flow of music: sometimes it is calm, quiet and peaceful; Sometimes the storm suddenly rises and is very noisy. When writing this poem, Coleridge was not familiar with the sea, but he could interweave the real scene with the imaginary scene by imagination, and integrate ordinary details with poetic symbols, which fully showed his magnificent and peculiar imagination. In the art of poetry, long poems combine the freedom of English folk songs with the preciseness of classical literati poems, and extract a lively and natural poetic style suitable for expressing romantic feelings. The beauty of rhyme and rhythm of long poems also shows the poet's ability to sing words.
Reference: Selected Reading of British and American Literature published by Tianjin University Press.
A Brief History of English Literature is published by Henan People's Publishing House.
Moral Psychology is published by Central South University Press.
Model essay on graduation English thesis II
Cultural Contrastive Analysis and Translation of the Number "Nine" between East and West
I. Introduction
"Numbers are generated by symbols in order to meet the needs of social production activities when human thinking develops to a certain stage." (Su, 19 9 1) "Numbers are a special field in linguistics. In the scientific digital world, its function is calculation, with strict order and clear function, and it is a real number; In the digital world of human mind, its function is to express meaning, and many numbers become "mysterious numbers", "imaginary numbers" and "days" after being deified. They have extremely rich extensions and connotations. " (Wang Bingqin, 1998) Influenced by the cultural traditions, religious beliefs, language worship and geographical environment of the East and the West, there are differences in the deification of numerals between the East and the West, but there are also characteristics and laws of * * *. All ethnic groups have something in common in the worship of the number of spiritual objects. Orientals have their own concept of "number of days", while western Renye Fang has its own concept of "number of gods". The evolution law of mysterious numbers will generally experience "deification? Generalization? Fuzzy process. " (Wang Bingqin, 1998)
There are many monographs and papers about digital science in the East and the West, such as T? Danzig's The Language of Mathematical Science (Commercial Press, 1998), by Englishman Lunrad? Farah's The Source of Seven; There are also many scholars in China who have written books and papers on numbers for academic discussion. For example, Professor Wang Bingqin titled "Comparison and Translation of the Semantic Range of Numbers" in the sixth chapter of his New Theory of Language and Translation. Su Zeng wrote Worship of Numerals (440 pages of Language, Society and Culture, Language Press, 199 1, 1) and so on. At the Second Annual Meeting and the Third Academic Seminar of China English-Chinese Comparative Research Association hosted by Nanchang University from 65438 to 0998, members of the English-Chinese Cultural Contrast Committee had a heated discussion on the Cultural Model of Three Roads of Chinese and Western Literature written by Mr. Wu from the School of Foreign Languages of Central South University of Technology. I think the number of days in the East, especially in China, is "nine" instead of "three", and it is not entirely because "nine" is a multiple of "three".
Second, the cultural comparative analysis of the number "nine" between the East and the West
In China, people regard "Nine" as the "number of days" and the most colorful number in their minds, because the symbolic meaning of "Nine" can be said to last the longest and cover the widest range in China. As a number, "Nine" was regarded as a mysterious number in ancient China. At first, it was a dragon (or snake) totem character, and later it evolved into the meaning of "sacred". Therefore, in order to show that their sacred power is a godsend, the emperors in ancient China tried their best to associate themselves with "Nine". If the sky is divided into nine layers, it will be extremely high. The day of birth is the ninth day of the first month, and the son of heaven worships heaven nine times a year. More interestingly, even the palace buildings are related to the "Nine". For example, there are nine doors in Beijing, and the door in Tiananmen Square is a nine-square lattice, and the doors are decorated with nine nails (that is, each door has nine rows of doornails). In Chinese vocabulary, "nine" is often used to describe the titles of emperors and generals, such as "imperial throne". Calling the monarch whose official position is second only to the emperor "nine thousand years old" and so on.
According to the relationship between yin-yang, five elements and number, the root of everything is number, and so is the universe. Numbers start at 1 and end at 10, and the five elements are also numbers. According to the traditional theory of five elements, 1 and 2 are wood; 1 is Gong Mu, and 2 is mother wood. Take 3 and 4 as fire: 3 as yang fire and 4 as yin fire. Take 5 and 6 as soil: 5 is positive soil and 6 is negative soil. Use 7 and 8 as gold: 7 is positive gold and 8 is negative gold. Use 9 and 10 as water: 9 as yang water and 10 as yin water. This is to combine "image" and "number" with the five elements to deduce changes, thus showing the internal relationship between the development and changes of things. From this perspective, "nine" is the largest positive number, symbolizing the sky. It is said that in ancient China, talents were divided into nine grades, and grade nine heaven was the highest place in the sky. In Chinese, there are some related words, such as "nine-day cloud" (referring to the extremely high sky, "beyond the cloud", "holding the moon for nine days" and "the land of nine days". In addition, as a place of worship in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Temple of Heaven embodies the symbolic significance of "Nine" everywhere. In folklore, there is also the story of "Nine-headed Birds".
China people regard "nine" as a large number, and Liu wrote in the book Doubtful Cases of Ancient Books: "Anyone who refers to its extreme number can be called" nine ";" Su Wen said: "The number of heaven and earth begins with one and ends with nine." Therefore, there is a saying in Chinese that "99 returns to one" or "99 returns to the book". Because the number of "nine" leads to the limit of life, "bright nine" or "dark nine" is the hurdle of life, avoiding the age of "nine" For example, "the old lady is a dark nine, because she will be eighty-one years old next year." "(A Dream of Red Mansions). Japanese generally believe that "Nine" is a symbol of "bad karma and suffering", and because "Nine" and "suffering" are homophonic, "Nine" is taboo. However, Foreign Languages and Foreign Language Teaching once reported that a domestic scholar counted thousands of surnames and names of telephone numbers in a certain place in Japan by "all-selection method" and found that only a few people took "nine" as their surnames (about 0.35%), while many people took "nine" as their names (about 35%). It seems that the Japanese taboo "nine" is not absolute.
In addition, the etymology says: "Nine: Virtual refers to the majority." When using "nine" to solve imaginary numbers, it is a semantic ambiguity phenomenon of numbers. In Modern Chinese Lexical Dictionary, "nine" has three meanings: (1) number, eight plus one; (2) From winter, every nine days to Sunday is a "nine", counting from one "nine", two "nine" and three "nine". Practice three or nine in winter and three volts in summer; (3) Most or many times: Jiuquan, three bends and nine turns, etc. Therefore, there are many idioms related to "Nine" in Chinese. Such as: Niu Yi's Nine Hairs, A Narrow Death, The Dickens of a job, Nine Guests, etc.
In China, the number "nine" covers the widest range of all numbers. Words with the number "nine" are also rich. For example, "Kyushu" refers to the ancient administrative divisions of China, which was later used as a synonym for "China". Therefore, TV programs in some countries are named "Kyushu Fiona Fang"; "Nine-level kinship: they range from a person's great-great-grandfather and father to a person's great-great-great-grandson; Or four generations under one roof, three generations with the same mother and two generations with the same wife), there was a cruel criminal law in ancient times called "killing nine families"; According to the ancient legend, "the dragon gave birth to nine children, and each of them benefited." Therefore, in the ninth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions, "one dragon gives birth to nine kinds, which are different" is used to describe a large number of Jia adults, mixed dragons and snakes, mixed good and bad, and all kinds of people. And "kowloon cup" and so on. In addition, in entertainment and sports, the number "nine" can be seen everywhere. For example, many songs begin with "Nine": Nine Sisters, Sunny September Day and 999 Roses. There are also "nine-tone gongs" in musical instruments; In sports activities, "Jiuzhuxi" uses "Jiujiebian" as a weapon [but this is not exactly the same as "Kyubi no Youko Opera" in western culture: it is a punishment instruction composed of nine ropes that make up Kyubi no Youko Opera]. Some place names begin with nine, such as Jiuzhaigou, Jiuhuashan, Jiujiang and Jiulong. In addition, China people often regard "nine" as one of the auspicious numbers. People are more willing to pay more when applying for a phone number.
Buy lucky numbers with a mantissa of "8" or "9". Biru, the number of "Happy Hotline" of Hunan Cable TV Station is "168999 19". In the west, the number "nine" is also one of the "divine numbers" in people's minds. For westerners, the symbolic meaning of "Nine" is "Divinity" and "Most Holy". The meaning of "nine" in Webster's Ninth Edition New University Dictionary and Webster's Third Edition National Dictionary is more than that in Modern Chinese Dictionary:
1) one to eight, three three, three squared; 2) Nine units of objects (nine in total); 3) a: a countable quantity represented by Arabic numeral 9; B: the number 9; 4) Compare clocks and watches at nine o'clock and illustrate the time; 5) The ninth size in the set series: as a; A sports team of nine people, especially a baseball team; B:/kloc-the first 9 holes or the last 9 holes of the 0/8 hole golf course? .
Among them, there are nearly 20 words and idioms related to "Nine". Commonly used are:
Nine-day miracle (an object or event that produces a temporary feeling)
_ _ _ _ Those political discourses? It was a miracle that lasted for nine days until a new miracle appeared. Nine times out of ten (very often)
Dress up beautifully (for formal occasions)
She dolled herself up for the party.
In the Nine Holes: Maurice of the Group of Nine: Maurice plays with nine counters in a difficult situation. A cat has nine lives: a cat can move so fast and jump so slowly that it seems that he has escaped being killed many times.
From the above explanation, we can also find a rule: the number "nine" and its multiples are also widely used in western entertainment and sports activities. For example, the ninepins in bowling is "nine"; There are eighteen holes in the golf course: nine holes on each side of the striped board; In ancient England, there was also a dance in which nine people danced together. From this point of view, the number "nine" is also favored by westerners.
In a word, in eastern and western cultures, the number "nine" contains the following main features:
1) most people in the east and west regard the number "nine" as a mysterious number, and its symbolic meaning is "sacred".
2) In eastern and western cultures, the number "nine" can refer to the majority in vain.
3) The number "nine" is widely used in sports events.
I am afraid that the individuality of the number "nine" in eastern and western cultures mainly lies in: for China people, its magical color is stronger than that of westerners; Its symbolic history is longer in eastern culture than in western culture; Its coverage is wider in eastern culture than in western culture.
Third, the translation of the number "nine"
Cicero of Rome said: "Translation is not to match words with sentences, but to preserve the overall style and strength of the language." Translate words by weight, not by quantity. The number mentioned here refers to the imaginary number that is deified, generalized and blurred, and the translation of "real number" is not in this case. According to this theory, combined with the * * * and individuality of eastern and western cultures, we can adopt the following translation methods and follow the following translation principles.
The translation methods that can be adopted mainly include:
(1) Keep the original number.
When our cat fell off the roof, we thought it would die. He didn't. He used up one of his nine lives.
We think our cat will die if it falls off the roof. It didn't die, just lost one of its nine lives. This translation is easily accepted by people, because people are already familiar with the idiom "a cat has nine lives", which can promote the integration of eastern and western cultures.
(2) Convert into numbers that all ethnic groups like.
Nine days of miracles, nine times out of ten? It can be translated as "a flash in the pan", which deepens the understanding of Nida's "equivalence" and Newmark's "transformation" translation theory.
(3) surplus figures
For example, "a narrow escape" can be translated into "a narrow escape; Survival after many obstacles "; Another example is "99 is one, or what he said is right." All things considered, what he said is right. Its translation abandons numbers and translates its image meaning instead.
The principles to be followed mainly include:
Nationality principle
For example, in Chinese, the Chinese-English Dictionary (FLTRP, 1996) has three translations: "strain yourself to the limit; Try one's best; Make great efforts. The author thinks that the second translation method is more in line with the principle of nationality, and successfully transforms the figurative meaning of this idiom in eastern culture into the figurative meaning in western cultural language.
(B) the customary principle
For example, "Superman Kuang seems to have seen the fairy of Yao Palace, and Chang 'e is under the moon, and her soul has gone to heaven." (The Scholars), translated as "Kuang feels that he is publishing a book in front of a goddess, and his spirit has fallen to heaven." This translation follows the "idiom principle" and fully embodies one of the most fundamental principles of human communication, that is, the economic principle of language symbols.
(3) the principle of visualization
When numbers are used in a vague sense, they generally lose quantitative meaning and have image meaning. In translation, we must transcend its rational meaning and capture the image meaning produced by its combination with other words.
For example: "The flying stream is 3,000, and it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days (Li Bai)." The image of "nine days" in this poem means "extremely high sky", so it can be translated as "it descended to Kara with three terrible feet of a sheep? Like a silver river [the Milky Way]. Road] fell from the sky! "
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