1, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, was founded in 258 (1902 transformed into a modern school and developed into a modern university in the early 1920s).

2. Azhar University, established in 988 (1960s developed from a religious college into a modern university).

3. Bologna University, Bologna, Italy, founded in 1088.

4. Oxford University, Oxford, England, was founded in 1096.

5. Paris University of Paris, France, founded in 1 150 (currently divided into 13 independent universities).

6. Modena University in Modena, Italy, founded in 1 175.

7. Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, founded in 1208.

8. University of Salamanca, Spain, founded in 12 18.