The first paper on the employment situation of college students
Reflections on "the employment situation of college students"
Employment is a problem that everyone and families have to face, and it is the foundation of people's livelihood. With the expansion of colleges and universities, the change of social and economic conditions and the continuous upgrading of industrial structure, the employment problem of college students in China has become increasingly prominent. Aiming at the information asymmetry between college students and jobs, this paper first introduces the function and source of graduates' employment information; Then, it analyzes the reasons for the great employment pressure of graduates; Finally, this paper puts forward measures and ways to alleviate the employment pressure of college students from four aspects: country, society, schools and individuals.
Keywords college students' employment; Channels; measure
I. Importance of employment information
From the research on educational methods and solving employment problems at home and abroad, it can be seen that most of the research focuses on the cultivation of ability in the direction of higher education, while ignoring the cultivation of professional skills, social adaptability and communicative competence. This practice usually takes a long time for students who have just left campus to adapt to the complex and changeable society. Therefore, in order to avoid this situation, university education and social needs should be combined. To do this, timely and effective employment information is particularly important.
First of all, colleges and universities can establish a good cooperative relationship with enterprises, and understand what kind of talents the society needs through the employment information provided by enterprises, so as to flexibly adjust the education model. In this way, the society can effectively and quickly absorb the talents exported by colleges and universities. [1] Zhu Jiguang (2009) suggested that schools and enterprises should strengthen contact and cultivate college students' employability. First, strengthen school-enterprise cooperation, so that colleges and universities can understand the types of talents needed by employers and the requirements for graduates' employability; Second, strengthen exchanges and communication with students, so that college students can understand the needs of employers as soon as possible; Employers should provide more internships and internship opportunities for college students. In addition, college students themselves should be clear about their future development direction, understand the social development trend and pay attention to the current employment trend. According to the employment requirements of enterprises, find their own shortcomings, so as to update their knowledge in time and make up for their own shortcomings. At present, there are several ways for college students to obtain employment information:
1, campus job fair. Campus job fairs are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, many of which are private enterprises.
2. Employment information released by the school campus network. The employment information on campus network is of great reference value.
3. Social talent recruitment fair. Social talent recruitment club involves many positions and has extensive information, which is an ideal channel to obtain effective information of various positions.
4. Newspapers or news media. The information obtained in this way is generally cumbersome and lacks pertinence.
5. Information provided by relatives, friends and parents.
Second, the root causes of employment difficulties for college students
Since the reform and opening up, China's education has achieved excellent results, but the educational concept has not been fundamentally reversed. In recent years, major universities have expanded their enrollment year after year, and the employment market for graduates has gradually changed from a buyer's market to a seller's market. In addition, due to the increasingly fierce competition, enterprises have higher and higher requirements for high quality, high ability and high level.
The impact of relevant national policies and reforms
Although China has changed from a planned economy to a market economy, the household registration system, social security system and personnel management system are still not perfect. Due to the dislocation of economic development speed and social system reform, it also brings difficulties to college students' employment. For example, because big cities have relatively developed economies, large development space and good entrepreneurial environment, many college students focus on those relatively developed cities after graduation. However, many college students can't apply for loan funds to start their own businesses because of the hukou problem, and their dreams are shattered. In addition, many enterprises, especially private enterprises, can't provide college students with a good guarantee of five insurances and one fund like state-owned enterprises, which leads to many graduates unwilling to work in private enterprises or small enterprises, resulting in a mismatch between supply and demand.
(B) the impact of college enrollment expansion and education model
In recent years, major universities have continuously expanded the enrollment scale, resulting in a serious imbalance in the graduate employment market. The traditional view that college students are treasures has withdrawn from the historical stage, but it has become an indisputable fact that college students are difficult to find jobs. Since 2000, the number of college graduates in China has increased year by year, and its growth rate is far from the jobs that society can provide.
With the increase of college enrollment, the number of graduates is also increasing. According to the growth rate of enrollment and graduates, it can be seen that the annual growth rate is positive, and the enrollment and graduates of colleges and universities both exceeded 7 million in 20 13 years. This is far beyond the scope of jobs that society can provide.
In addition, the conventional education mechanism in some colleges and universities is also a factor that causes college students' employment difficulties. In the era of rapid updating of knowledge, colleges and universities should flexibly change the education mode according to the employment situation and cultivate comprehensive talents with new knowledge and new skills. In short, [3] colleges and universities, as producers of talents, should pay attention to cultivating students' learning ability. The economic laws of the new century have shown that the future workplace competition will no longer be the competition of knowledge and professional skills, but the competition of learning ability.
(3) Enterprises are demanding and blindly pursue high education and diplomas.
With the rapid increase of the number of graduates year by year, enterprises have mastered the initiative and right to speak in the graduate employment market. In the recruitment process, they often take advantage of the characteristics of oversupply in the graduate market to raise the employment standard, and disdain the resumes of ordinary undergraduate colleges and junior colleges. Under the slogan of "absorbing high-level talents", they focus on a few famous universities and ignore the graduates of other ordinary universities. This phenomenon often makes graduates of ordinary colleges feel inferior, so they are unwilling to compete with graduates of famous universities for the same job.
(D) College students' employment concept is backward, their ability is insufficient, and their job-seeking methods are unreasonable.
Employment concept has a great influence on college students' employment choice, and reasonable employment values are the key for college students to make correct choices. On the one hand, newly graduated college students often expect too much of themselves and are bent on pursuing a well-paid, well-paid and environmentally friendly workplace. At the same time, working in economically underdeveloped areas and grass-roots departments is skeptical, which leads to the imbalance of supply and demand structure. Therefore, the status quo of "no one is employed and some are unemployed" often appears in society. On the other hand, some students indulge themselves because of their poor self-restraint ability after entering the university. After four years in college, my ability has not been improved. In addition, the correct job search method is also the key to get the ideal job. As the saying goes, all roads lead to Rome, and there is often more than one road to success, and the way to apply for a job is not absolute. Generally speaking, job hunting methods mainly include job fairs, online job hunting and telephone job hunting. However, different job nature requires different job hunting methods, and different job hunting methods have different ways and means. [2] Third, ways to ease the employment of college students.
Facing the asymmetry between the number of graduates and jobs, it is urgent to solve the current employment problem of graduates. In order to alleviate the current situation of college students' employment difficulties and find a solution as soon as possible, the state, society, schools and college students should take active actions and work together to finally establish an employment mechanism based on "market demand-oriented, government regulation as a supplement, school recommendation as an intermediary, and two-way choice between students and employers".
1, national aspect
First of all, the state should provide a good employment environment for college students. The government should stick to the active employment policy for college students. For college students who actively respond to the "three supports and one support" and the western plan, the government should provide good social security and encourage them to hone themselves in poor and remote areas. Second, establish a standardized human resources market. The government should strengthen the supervision of the human resources market to ensure that the recruitment process is open, fair and just. Third, improve and perfect the policy of self-employment and self-employment. The state should encourage college students to start businesses and provide them with a good platform for starting businesses. For example, in order to realize the transformation of college students from employment competitors to employment pioneers, the state can provide them with loan funds and legal aid by establishing college students' entrepreneurial bases. This practice enables entrepreneurs not only to solve their own employment problems, but also to create more employment opportunities. Fourth, improve the education system and adjust the training structure. The state should formulate a reasonable enrollment plan and perfect teaching mode according to social needs, and timely convey the corresponding indicators and policies to colleges and universities.
2. Social aspects
The change of socio-economic conditions has a great impact on the employment of college students, and the impact of current socio-economic conditions on employment has become an urgent theoretical and practical problem. With the reform of China's economic system, the structure of the three major industries has changed, and the employment potential that the last three industries can absorb is also changing year by year. Therefore, coordinating the labor allocation among the three industries has become an important factor to ease the employment of college students.
The total number of employees is increasing every year, but the number of employees in the primary industry is decreasing, while the number of employees in the secondary and tertiary industries is increasing year by year, which shows that jobs are shifting from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries. As can be seen from Figure 2, the primary industry has dropped from 44.8% in 2005 to 33.6% in 20 12, a decrease of about 1 1 percentage point; The secondary industry rose from 23.8% in 2005 to 30.3% in 20 12, an increase of about 7 percentage points, and it is the fastest growing industry. The tertiary industry rose from 3 1.4% in 2005 to 36. 1% in 20 12, an increase of 5 percentage points, and exceeded the proportion of the primary industry for the first time in 20 1 1 year.
3. Institutions of higher learning
Due to the lack of social experience and correct orientation, students who have just stepped out of campus and entered the society often hit a wall everywhere in the process of job hunting. Therefore, colleges and universities, as the cultivators and exporters of talents, should guide college students to establish a correct outlook on employment and help them make appropriate career plans. First of all, career planning should be regarded as a compulsory course in universities, so that all students can have a brand-new understanding of the career planning course and understand the significance and importance of offering this course for their future employment. In addition, colleges and universities should adopt flexible teaching methods so that students can really participate in the course. In class, teachers can use case analysis and some successful cases to stimulate students' learning motivation. In addition, for students with different backgrounds and experiences, colleges and universities can choose targeted teaching methods, which can not only improve students' learning efficiency, but also make students interested in the subject. On the other hand, if all colleges and universities adopt the same teaching mode, it is easy for students to have resistance, and the result can only be counterproductive. Finally, students should learn how to adjust their career plans in the face of major changes in social environment and national policies. Career planning is not static, everything is changing, and no method or skill is always effective. Therefore, colleges and universities should provide students with scientific and effective guidance according to their own characteristics, so that they can have a dynamic grasp of career planning. In fact, in order to let students know more about career planning, career planning can be divided into internal career planning and external career planning. There are some differences and connections between them, as shown in the following table.
The relationship between the concepts and differences of career planning.
Internal career planning is the combination of knowledge, concept, psychological quality, experience, ability, physical health and other factors needed for occupation and its changing process. Internal occupation is the premise of external occupation, which drives the development of external occupation.
Career planning outside is usually recognized and given by others, but it is also easy to be denied and taken back by others.
Internal and external career planning has its own characteristics, scope and methods. But they are interrelated and complementary. Therefore, when guiding students to make their own career planning, colleges and universities should let them know the knowledge of career planning at home and abroad so as to use career planning flexibly.
4. College students.
Faced with fierce competition and severe employment pressure, college students need to make plans for their future in advance. First of all, we should enhance our sense of independence and innovation. Nowadays, many college students are very dependent, and they have to ask their parents or friends about everything, lacking their own opinions. But for the students who leave school, it is a period of daring to fight, dare to fight and dare to fight. They should use their thoughts and wisdom to pursue their dreams and do what they want to do. As a new generation of young people, they also need to be innovative. Innovative consciousness can enhance people's internal motivation. Innovation essentially summarizes a new talent standard, which contains an important message: society needs energetic people, people with pioneering spirit, people with new ideological and moral qualities and modern scientific and cultural qualities. It can stimulate people's initiative, enthusiasm and creativity, thus greatly enriching and expanding people's own connotation. Jiang Zemin once said, "Innovation is the soul of a nation and an inexhaustible motive force for a country's prosperity." Second, we should be competitive. Competition is a kind of ability, which can make people feel the existence of life and make people's life full and meaningful. If a person lacks a sense of competition, it means that he has no motivation to struggle and progress, so he can't escape the fate of mediocrity and elimination after all. Therefore, college students in the new era should be brave and be good at competition. Third, we should establish correct values. Values play a guiding role in motivation, and the motivation of people's behavior is also dominated and restricted by values, which have an important influence on motivation patterns. [5] Values are the cornerstone of life and the premise of success. Having the right values means that a person can make the right choice on the right and wrong issues, which means that a person with morality, honesty and responsibility is a trustworthy and trustworthy person. As a qualified college graduate, having correct values is not only the basis of his successful employment, but also the stepping stone to his life.
refer to
[1], Zhu Jiguang. Training mode of British college students' employability and its enlightenment. World Education Information, 20 10.
[2] Richard? Nelson? Boris: What color is your parachute? CITIC Publishing House, 2002.
[3], a line: "The Law of Wolf Nature", China Times Economic Publishing House, 2005.
[4], Li Junsuo, Wang: Employment Guidance for College Students, People's Posts and Telecommunications Publishing House, 20 12. 9.
[5], Kai-fu Lee: The Course of Success, China Commercial Press, 20 10.
The second paper on the employment situation of college students
Cause analysis and countermeasures of college students' employment difficulties
Abstract: In recent years, the problem of difficult employment for college students has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life. So, what are the reasons for the current employment difficulties of college students? This paper first briefly explains the current situation of college students' employment, then analyzes the objective and subjective reasons, and finally puts forward some countermeasures to solve the current employment difficulties.
Keywords: current situation; Difficult employment; Countermeasures
First, the analysis of the employment situation of contemporary college students
From 2005 to 20 14, the number of college graduates in China increased from 3.38 million to 7.27 million in 10, which more than doubled, and the employment pressure of college students followed. In this regard, many people blame the employment difficulty on the policy of expanding enrollment, and believe that the expansion of enrollment leads to the depreciation of college students, and the supply exceeds demand. Education Outlook 20 12 published by OECD shows that the proportion of the population with higher education in the United States is 42%, that in South Korea is 40%, and that in Canada ranks first in the world, reaching 5 1%. However, in the fifth census, the proportion of people with higher education in China was less than 5%. According to the goal of the national education plan, even by 2020, the proportion of China's main working-age population with higher education will reach 20%, which is still very low compared with other countries. In fact, the social demand for college students is still very strong. At present, the employment problem of college students is essentially a structural contradiction between talent cultivation and social demand, which is not only an educational problem, but also a social problem. It is a concrete manifestation of the deep-seated contradictions in China's economic system, education system and social system, involving deep-seated problems such as institutional mechanisms, policy systems and ideas, and related to the government, universities, employers, college students and society. Therefore, to solve the employment problem of college students, we must strengthen overall consideration, strengthen overall management, mobilize all forces and form a strong joint force.
Second, the causes of contemporary college students' employment difficulties
1. Structural contradiction and dislocation of supply and demand. Investigation and empirical research prove that the "employment difficulty" is not an oversupply, but a staged social phenomenon caused by the prominent structural contradiction of employment: First, the specialty setting in colleges and universities is misplaced with the rapidly changing market demand. Second, the talent structure is unbalanced and the contradiction between supply and demand is increasing.
2. Blind enrollment expansion in colleges and universities. The enrollment scale of colleges and universities in China has been greatly expanded year after year. Although the transformation of China's higher education from elite education to popular education has been realized, it has also brought about problems such as the decline of the quality of higher education. The main manifestations are: the hardware in colleges and universities is insufficient, and books, teaching equipment and teachers can't keep up; Students' experimental conditions are simple; The expansion of teaching scale and the aggravation of teachers' teaching tasks directly lead to the improvement of their own ability and the shortage of scientific research time; The environment of students' study and life can not be improved in time. In particular, some local colleges and private colleges and universities have poor school conditions, insufficient teachers, low teaching level, prominent contradictions in disciplines and specialties, and chaotic management, which eventually leads to the decline of the quality of college students' education and the lack of social recognition.
3. Dislocation of majors in colleges and universities. Some colleges and universities have great blindness in specialty and curriculum setting, and the phenomenon of specialty convergence is very serious, which leads to a serious situation of oversupply. Some schools still follow the traditional teaching methods of exam-oriented education, and some students have high scores and low ability. Many schools have too fine a division of majors to keep up with the pace of market changes. Some higher vocational colleges and higher vocational education majors lack characteristics, and the theoretical basis of students is not systematic and their practical ability is not strong. However, employers put forward higher and higher requirements for practical operation ability and ability to adapt to changes in working environment.
4. Poor employment channels for students. At present, the employment channels are nothing more than school recommendation, acquaintance introduction, campus and social job fairs, talent or employment websites, applying for civil servants, serving the west and so on. However, the school recommendation is generally only for student cadres or outstanding achievements; The application for civil servants is restricted by their major, interest and whether they are from party member. These only apply to specific groups. For most people, websites and job fairs are the main employment channels and cannot meet the needs of graduates.
5. Students' employment expectations are too high. There are also some misunderstandings in college students' employment view, such as "being a clerk in a foreign company is not as good as being a backbone in a small and medium-sized enterprise", "starting a business is not as good as getting a job" and "getting a job is not as good as taking the postgraduate entrance examination". In addition, according to the employment survey report of college students in 2006, at present, 60% of college students expect a monthly salary of less than 2,000 yuan. However, nearly 80% of employers believe that college students still have high expectations, mainly in salary, region, personal development opportunities, job requirements, industry requirements, holiday requirements, professional counterparts and so on. However, many college students feel aggrieved. Because low wages can't meet their basic survival needs, they often can't form enough work incentives for him. In this way, it will inevitably lead to multiple choices of employment and employers' vigilance against college students.
6. There is a gap between employability and employers' needs. Under the new situation, a diploma is not enough to be a passport to employment. Employers put forward higher and higher requirements for professional knowledge and skills, practical innovation ability, teamwork ability and adaptability. The existing practice proves that the ability of college students in these aspects is not satisfactory.
7. The concept of employment has not been rapidly adjusted. Under the condition of market economy, the employment market for college students has quietly changed from a seller's market to a buyer's market. However, for this change, college students did not respond and adjust in time. On the one hand, the employment expectation remains unchanged, and most of them choose the southeast coastal areas, while the central and western regions are not considered; On the other hand, it is required to be close to home, with high salary and easy work. Pay too much attention to the work area and salary, but ignore the standardization and development of yourself and your career.
Third, the countermeasures to solve the employment difficulties of contemporary college students
(A) Employment guidance education
The educational direction of college students' employment guidance should shift from basic employment theory teaching to more basic employment practice teaching, and change students' employment concept and work concept. At present, the employment guidance courses in China include the concept and importance of employment. However, the actual employment skills, employment methods, self-orientation and employment situation are not involved in the important courses and information of college students' employment, so the reform of college students' employment guidance should be more thorough, and the curriculum arrangement should not be taught as a course, but should be in line with reality.
(B) Social employment environment
In terms of social employment environment, it is necessary to adjust the industrial structure to increase the number of jobs in China, increase the demand for high-tech and high-quality talents in China's employment gap, and turn the demand for general talents back to the demand for high-quality talents, which can also promote China's economic development. What needs social support again is to implement college students' internships and try to mobilize enterprises to provide students with relevant internship opportunities.
(C) government policy stimulus
The government's policy stimulus is very important in the reform. First of all, the government should do a good job in the diversion of college students and explore new ways of diversion on the basis of postgraduate entrance examination and going abroad. To carry out entrepreneurship to the end, if the country has the ability, it should encourage college students to start their own businesses. China can set up some national secondary training institutions for college students or encourage private professional skills schools to carry out secondary education for college students. In this way, unemployed college graduates can receive more professional education after leaving school. In fact, there are also some private vocational education schools in China, which are different from traditional technical schools and colleges. They are all aimed at college students and provide more professional employees for specific enterprises, and the teaching content of these schools is closer to practical work. These schools have provided a large number of professionals for many enterprises. However, the coverage and professional ability of these schools are not enough and are not formal enough. Therefore, the state should support some more formal and standardized private vocational schools, provide opportunities for college students to change careers, provide more employees for unpopular industries, and reduce the unemployment of college students.
(D) University system reform
The reform of college system can be said to be the most important link to solve the employment problem of college students. First of all, for the education of students, university education must be greatly changed. We should change the education mode of emphasizing theory over practice, develop the education mode of combining education with practice, and set up some universities for practical technical education when conditions permit, so as to reduce the emphasis on theoretical education. Although such reform will inevitably reduce the number of theoretical research talents in China, such system reform can provide more choices for students, meet the social demand for technical talents, and reduce the current situation of college students' employment difficulties. Furthermore, the school's professional curriculum should meet the actual needs of society. Schools can no longer blindly set up majors, but should analyze job requirements at any time and set up schools' majors reasonably. Only in this way can university education reduce the structural imbalance in training talents, reduce the fierce competition among college students caused by over-concentration of majors, and a large number of people in the same position have no job opportunities. Finally, China University should pay attention to the blind enrollment expansion. Indeed, the expansion of enrollment has obviously improved the average quality and overall quality of our population. However, if we continue the process of enrollment expansion, the employment problem of college students in China has not been effectively alleviated, and it will still cause serious social instability, which cannot be solved by improving quality. Therefore, universities should be more cautious in expanding enrollment. On the premise of calculating the actual number of college entrance examination students and the number of school-age students in China, the number of students to be enrolled in colleges and universities should be reasonably determined. Only in this way can we effectively control the number of college students entering the employment stage and alleviate the employment pressure. (Author: Inner Mongolia Business Vocational College)
References:
[1] Yao Peiling. Analysis on the causes and countermeasures of college students' employment difficulties [J]. Shang, 20 14
[2] Zhang Fang. Analysis of the causes of college students' employment difficulties and countermeasures [J]. Journal of Changchun Institute of Education, 20 14
[3] Kantian. The present situation and countermeasures of college students' employment difficulties [J]. Journal of Yangtze University (Social Science Edition), 20 14