Nanjing Ming City Wall was built in the 26th year of Yuanzhi ZhengZheng Zheng (1366) and completed in the 26th year of Ming Hongwu (1393), which lasted for 28 years. It was used in the Ming Dynasty 1 unit, 3 bathrooms, 5 provinces, 37 states and 162 counties.
Ming city wall
As we all know, even special materials such as cement and concrete will have a shelf life, and houses will collapse after Nanjing Ming City Wall reaches a certain service life.
However, after more than 600 years of wind and rain, the Ming city wall still stands. Why?
First, strict supervision system, clear division of labor, responsibility to people.
When building city walls in the Ming Dynasty, bricks were naturally used, and materials were shipped from all over the country. Many people will naturally cheat a lot of money with fake and inferior goods when they see that it is profitable.
In order to prevent anyone from profiting from it and put an end to this phenomenon, Zhu Yuanzhang asked that any wall bricks sent in the future should be written with the names of brick burners and supervisory officials.
The name is engraved on the wall brick.
Once a brick has a problem, it must be investigated layer by layer, and anyone with a name on it will be beheaded. Under this strict supervision system, the completed city wall will naturally not collapse, and there will be no so-called tofu dregs project.
Second, the double-layer reinforcement of rammed earth and bluestone brick is enough to resist the attack of artillery fire.
According to historical records, the wall bricks used to build Ming city walls are different from the red bricks used in modern times, using bluestone bricks and rammed earth.
Rammed soil is used for interior walls. Tamping soil is to compact the soil with tools and make it into extremely strong clay, which is harder than bricks and stones.
The outer wall is wrapped in bluestone bricks, which is strong enough to resist artillery attacks.
Third, the special adhesive has high strength and good toughness.
Although there was no cement and concrete needed for building houses in the Ming Dynasty, there was a special adhesive, that is, glutinous rice.
"Heavenly Creations" once recorded in detail the Ming City Wall of Nanjing: "Some ash mixed with river sand, some loess, glutinous rice walnut juice. After being built, it will never be damaged, so it is called triple soil. "
The "three soils" mentioned in it are "super adhesives" made of glutinous rice juice and walnut juice. It is not only strong, but also tough, even better than the current concrete.
How to calculate the size of Nanjing Ming city wall brick? The specifications of the brick are 1 ft, 2 inches, 8 minutes and 5 centimeters (equivalent to 40 centimeters), 6 inches, 4 minutes and 5 centimeters (equivalent to 20 centimeters) wide and 3 inches and 2 minutes thick (equivalent to 10 centimeters).
Zhu Yuanzhang adopted a naked quality traceability system, Nanjing Ming City Wall, and each brick has the name of the relevant person in charge, from the position and name of the brick maker in the county to the names of Li Jiachang, brick farmers and kiln workers at all levels.
Once there is a quality problem with the city bricks, these people are unlucky.
The total length of Nanjing Ming City Wall is 35.3km, and the existing length is 25km.
Zhu Yuanzhang built such a strong wall, mainly to guard against artillery and counterweight trebuchet.
It took 28 years to build this "world's largest" city wall, and 350 million city bricks were used. Welcome to share and reprint in Jiangsu/Lao Wang.
There are many unsolved mysteries in the world, such as the Ming City Wall in Nanjing, which can't be explained by our current technology. There are also many world miracles, which are recorded in history, but they are incredible to us. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are very famous in China, and this miracle has also become a city card of Xi in Shaanxi. Many tourists have come here to enjoy the magnificent mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and everyone's face is shocked.
In fact, besides the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty, there are many shocking buildings in China. Today, I will introduce you to a "world's largest" city wall-Nanjing Ming City Wall. Nanjing Ming City Wall is located in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, including four walls, creating a number of the best in the world, not only the largest wall in the world, but also the longest and best-preserved ancient wall in the world. There was no such advanced technology in ancient times, and the manpower and material resources needed to build such a wall are terrible figures.
Nanjing Ming City Wall was built in 28 years, and the project was huge, involving migrant workers in many places in China at that time. The total number of migrant workers is about 280,000. During the 28-year construction period, 280,000 migrant workers used 350 million city bricks, and finally completed the construction of Nanjing Ming City Wall. Nothing can stop the destruction of time, and Nanjing Ming City Wall is no exception. There are signs of ruin in many places, but a large part of the city walls are still well preserved.
The Great Wall is a must for many people to go to Beijing. It cannot be said that the Great Wall is not a hero. To a certain extent, the Great Wall is also our business card in China. Nanjing Ming City Wall is a magnificent building next to the Great Wall in China, and it is the most typical representative in the construction of ancient capital. The fortification technology represents the peak moment of fortification technology in the history of China. Nanjing Ming City Wall not only has a name that makes people lament, but also has high historical value, archaeological value and architectural design value, which is of great significance.
Nanjing Ming City Wall is a 5A-level tourist attraction in China, which is open to tourists free of charge. Of course, there are also some special attractions that need to be charged. Visitors who come here for the first time can consider paying to enjoy all the beautiful scenery here, so that they can know more about this magnificent building and feel the profound historical heritage of our country for 5 thousand years.
Selected previous issues
Shenzhen's "high-value" village in the city, two kilometers of beautiful wall, absolutely do not want to leave.
Shanghai Village in the City: The Last White Wall and Black Tile of the Old Shanghai City, which is about to become a "Black and White Photo"
Guangzhou, a village in the city, is known as the "city of ants", bearing the dream of 100,000 vagrants.
A "large-scale" park in Jilin became popular, known as "the top of the river" and a famous urban forest park.
Another park in Suzhou, the "city of 100 gardens", is on fire, and it is in the city center. 0 yuan tickets are well received.
The historical evolution of Nanjing Ming City Wall was from the 13th year of Yuan Dynasty to (1353). Zhu Yuanzhang took a long view and adopted the suggestion of General Feng Yi, Jinling, to build the capital.
Three years later, it captured the Ming City Wall in Nanjing, Qing Ji, and changed its name to Yingtianfu.
In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1357), Zhu Sheng proposed that Nanjing Ming City Wall should be built high and rich in food, and gradually become king, and the construction of Nanjing Ming City Wall officially kicked off.
Nanjing Ming City Wall is the only unified dynasty wall in the history of China, which was built in the south of the Yangtze River.
Nanjing City in the Ming Dynasty was built and expanded on the basis of the establishment of Kangcheng in the Six Dynasties. It is connected with Stone Town in the east, Qinhuai in the south and Xuanwu Lake in the north, with a circumference of 35.267 kilometers, including Nanjing, the capital of all previous dynasties. It is not only the largest city wall in China, but also the largest city wall in the world.
In August of the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1September of 366), a new palace, Nanjing Forbidden City, was built in the south of Zhongshan (that is, Zijin Mountain) in response to the reconstruction of Tianfu City. This is the first phase of the project.
In the twenty-seventh year of Yuan Dynasty and the first year of Wu Dynasty (1367 September), the first phase of the project was completed.
In the second year of Ming Hongwu (1369), the second phase of the project started, focusing on the construction of a new city and widening the old city northward to the Yangtze River.
In the sixth year of Ming Hongwu (1373), the second phase of the project was completed, and the third phase of the project started immediately.
In the 19th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1386 65438+ February), the third phase of the project was completed, and the main gates of Jubao, Sanshan and Tongji, as well as Houhu City and main streets were built.
Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, spent more than 20 years mobilizing more than 200,000 craftsmen from Yi, Sanwei, Five Provinces, Twenty-eight States and 152 County to build the city wall, and at the same time fired bricks from five provincial capitals, with a built-up area of 43 square kilometers and a total length of 35.267 kilometers, of which Jiankang City in Six Dynasties and Jinling City in South Tang Dynasty were 14-26 meters high.
In the 23rd year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1390), after the capital was established, Zhu Yuanzhang boarded Zhongshan with his ministers and the princes of the three armed forces to watch the battle, and the fourth son Judy raised the potential concern of "shooting at the Purple Mountain and aiming at the Forbidden City".
At the same time, Yuhuatai in the south of Nanjing and Mufu Mountain in the north stay outside the city, which is extremely unfavorable to the defense of the capital.
Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the construction of Waiguo City Wall to make up for the lack of Beijing City Wall. Waiguo is 180 Li, and each brick part adds up to about 40 Li. The outer tucheng is about 8 8- 10/0m high and 6-8m wide.
In the 26th year of Ming Hongwu (1393), all the walls of Nanjing Ming City Wall were completed.
In the fourth year of Ming dynasty (1402), the Ming city wall of Nanjing faced the crisis of war damage for the first time, and Judy, the prince of Yan, went south to attack Nanjing city.
"At Jinchuan Gate, Gu Sui and Li Jinglong opened the door, and the capital surrendered."
This time, opening the door to welcome guests saved the Ming city wall from a catastrophe.
During the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing was "the place where the ancestors took root and the seat of the Southeast General Association", and the city wall was highly valued by the central authorities at all levels. More than 40 large-scale wall repairs were recorded on the road alone.
Especially when Feng Cheng Hou Lixian, who is experienced in repairing the city, served as Nanjing garrison, the repair of Nanjing city wall was quite complete.
/kloc-Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary who arrived in Nanjing three times in the middle of the 0/6th century, said, "This city has surpassed all other cities in the world with its open walls in Nanjing."
In Matteo Ricci's Notes on China, he recorded a story told by the local people: Two people rode in opposite directions of the city, and it took a whole day to meet. The scale of the Nanjing city wall can be imagined.
In the Qing Dynasty, Nanjing was the seat of the Governor-General of the Two Rivers and the political and military center city in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, although the protection of the Ming city wall tended to weaken.
However, it is still an era of combining cold weapons with hot weapons, and the maintenance of Nanjing city walls is still guaranteed.
Wu, a writer in the Qing Dynasty, lived on the Qinhuai River in Nanjing for many years. In The Scholars, he wrote: "Today Nanjing is the capital of Emperor Mao, with 13 inner gates and 18 outer gates, passing through the city for 40 miles and circling the city for more than 120 miles", which clearly described the origin and scale of the Nanjing City Wall.
In the 18th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1892), the gate of Shence Gate in Nanjing was restored and rebuilt according to the style of Huai 'an House. Its scale is smaller than that of Ming dynasty, and it is divided into two floors, with double eaves and resting on the top of the mountain, all of which are made of city bricks.
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1908), the authorities reached Qinhuai River Wharf conveniently for transportation needs.
Between Liangqingmen and Dinghuaimen in the west of the city, there is a grassland gate with a single-hole arch coupon structure. The gate is about 20 meters deep and 6 meters wide.
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1908), Duan Fang, then Governor of Liangjiang River and Minister of Nanyang Trade, ordered a lecture on Nanyang. In order to facilitate Chinese and foreign guests to visit Xuanwu Lake, he decided to open a city gate on the wall near the lecture venue.
The project has not been completed, and the ending party has moved. The next year, he succeeded Zhang, who was called "Fengrunmen" because of his rich native place in Hebei.
In the third year of Qing Dynasty (19 1 1), in response to the Wuchang Uprising, Jiangsu and Zhejiang allied forces were allowed to attack Nanjing from Chaoyangmen, and Wengcheng at Chaoyangmen was destroyed.
In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), Yuan Shikai sent the Beiyang Army to retake Nanjing City and attacked Chaoyangmen and other important places with heavy artillery. The next day, Nanjing City was broken.
In the tenth year of the Republic of China (192 1), with the support of Han, then director of the Civil Affairs Department of Jiangsu Province, the wall was broken on the southwest wall of Yifeng Gate, and the road from the entrance of the city gate to the riverside pier was built from the Bazishan borrow yard in the city gate, filling Xiaonan River (now Rehe Road) with a foundation of 27,000 square meters.
The new single-hole city gate was opened, thus shortening the journey from Xiaguan River to the city.
Because Han was from Taizhou (Han was from Hai 'an and belonged to Taizhou at that time), Taizhou was called Hailing in ancient times, so the gate of Nanjing was named Hailing Gate.
In the Republic of China 16 (1927), after Nanjing was made the capital, the state proposed that "in order to meet the needs of the new capital construction, the walls and foundations of Nanjing will be sold by tender", and it was planned to demolish all the walls of Nanjing.
It was strongly opposed and condemned by the cultural circles. Xu Beihong and others published articles in the newspaper to criticize, and the city wall was finally spared.
In July of the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), in order to rectify the atmosphere in Beijing, the National People's Congress * * ordered the Nanjing City Gate to be renamed.
Chaoyangmen is the Sun Yat-sen Gate (in memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's achievements), Yifeng Gate is the Zhong Xing Gate (meaning to revitalize China), Hailing Gate is the Yijiangmen Gate (because it is close to the Yangtze River), Toilet God Gate is the Peace Gate (meaning world peace), Feng Runmen is the Xuanwu Gate (because it is close to Xuanwu Lake), Jubao Gate is the Zhonghua Gate (meaning to China), and Zhengyang Gate is the Guanghua Gate.
In the same year, the National People's Congress converted the single-hole Chaoyang Gate into a three-hole Zhongshan Gate, and the inner urn was removed, while the outer urn was still there.
In the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930), Zhang Qiyun analyzed in "Geographical Environment of Capital City" that the reason why the city wall was not demolished was that "building bricks to demolish the city was too expensive, and the wages were not worth the candle". Of course, it's not that simple.
Objectively, it is its inherent military defense value that kept Nanjing Ming City Wall from 1930 until liberation.
In the twentieth year of the Republic of China (193 1), in order to facilitate the traffic in the north of Nanjing, the national * * * broke the wall at the intersection of the central road leading directly to the north and the Ming city wall 500 meters west of Shencemen, and named it the central gate.
In the same year, in order to meet the needs of Nanjing road modernization, Zhonghua East Gate and Zhonghua West Gate were opened on the east and west sides of Zhonghua Gate, which met the traffic from south to north.
In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), in order to open up Hanzhong Road, Sanpiaomen, a western-style archway, was newly built on the city wall, named Hanzhong Gate, between Qingliangmen and Hanximen.
In the same year, a gap in the original Ming city wall was transformed into a city gate, named Wudingmen.
In the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), the city gate was opened in the north of Nanjing, located to the west of Jinchuan Gate, and now the new Xinmin Gate is built to the west of the moat at the west end of Xinmin Road.
At the same time, a moat was filled with earth. In order to keep the river flowing, a single-hole cement bridge with a deck length of about six meters and a span of about four meters was built.
In the same year, Gu, commander of Nanjing garrison, put forward the "Nanjing City Defense Proposal", which included the Ming city wall in the city defense plan and protected it.
In the 25th year of the Republic of China (1936), Yuhua Gate was opened on the basis of Nanjing Ming City Wall to connect the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway in Nanjing with the Jiangnan Railway in Yanghu Lane, and to connect with the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the small railway was gradually abandoned.
1September, 948, the "Nanjing city wall and moat fortifications rectification meeting" made nine resolutions to repair the city wall and related fortifications.
However, this time the defense function was not realized.
1954, Taicheng, located at the foot of the Arctic Pavilion Mountain, was close to the "Houhu City Wall", with convenient internal and external transportation, which opened a door for air defense evacuation. It is a single ticket gate, located in the south of Xuanwu Gate, west of Taiping Gate, northeast of Jiming Temple and south bank of Xuanwu Lake.
Around the 1950s and 1960s, the demolition movement that swept across the country spread to Nanjing. Like other ancient city walls, the restoration and protection work has gone through a tortuous course.
Due to the historical limitations and the influence of the "Left" trend of thought, the Nanjing City Wall was in danger of being completely demolished several times. Fortunately, Mr. Zhu, then deputy director of the Jiangsu Provincial Bureau of Culture, immediately made an urgent suggestion to the leaders of Nanjing, ordered to stop destroying the city, and ran around to unite people from all walks of life to appeal.
At the same time, it sent a telegram to the Central Ministry of Culture, calling for the protection of the Ming City Wall.
With the repeated efforts of Mr. Zhu _ and others, some citizens wrote letters to the city * * * to "criticize", and finally the Nanjing City Wall survived.
1984, Nanjing established the Zhonghua Gate Cultural Relics Protection Center and the Victory Memorial Hall for Crossing the River to protect the inherent cultural relics and show the historical features.
1988, the whole section of Nanjing Ming City Wall was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit. In the same year, Nanjing City Wall Management Office was established. As a professional organization for the protection, maintenance and management of Nanjing City Wall, the protection of the whole section of Nanjing Ming City Wall began to receive attention.
199 1 Nanjing * * * In order to meet the needs of urban construction and urban traffic, Zhonghua Road was opened and Qing Ji Road was widened. With the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Professor Pan from the Department of Architecture of Southeast University was invited to design and build the jiqingmen. The city wall has the style of "lintel gate" in the Song Dynasty, which is the first even gate on the Nanjing city wall, meaning that the number of gates is even, which is the first of its kind.
1992, Nanjing Ming city wall protection plan was officially released.
1September, 1993, Nanjing City Wall Management Office was attached to Nanjing Cultural Relics Bureau.
1995 ~ 1996, wall restoration project from Jiefangmen to Xuanwumen.
1In April, 1996, Jiangsu Provincial People's Congress passed the local regulations formulated by Nanjing for the protection of Nanjing Ming City Wall, the Measures for the Protection and Management of Nanjing City Wall.
During the period of 1997, in the master plan of Nanjing approved by the State Council, it was clearly proposed to strengthen the protection of Ming city walls.
1996 ~ 1997, wall restoration project of Shichengmen Fucheng.
1997 ~ 1998, wall reinforcement project of Houbiao camp section.
During the period of 1998, the emergency door section of the city wall was reinforced. On May 24th of the same year, Nanjing Ming City Wall History Museum was formally established. Together with the Nanjing City Wall Management Office, it undertakes the task of maintaining and protecting the Nanjing City Wall, each with its own emphasis.
1998 ~ 1999, wall rescue and reinforcement project in the west section of Jiuhua Mountain.
On March 2, 2000, KLOC-0, the research group of the Feasibility Report of Nanjing Ming City Wall was established, which marked the official start of the application for the World Heritage.
From 2000 to 200 1 year, the wall of jiqingmen section was repaired.
In 200 1 year, the site of Xihuamen in Nanjing was excavated, and only three gates were left, namely Sumitomo Gate and Masonry Paved Gate, which completely confirmed the phenomenon that Xi 'anmen was mistaken for Xihuamen for a long time.
From 2002 to 2003, the wall of Shicheng section was restored.
From 2003 to 2004, the walls of the east-west trunk line, Hongshan soil section and Shencemen Wengcheng were repaired.
Since 2004, Nanjing has promulgated the protection and construction plan of the scenic belt of Ming city wall from 2005 to 2007.
Won the "Best Living Environment Model Award" issued by the Ministry of Construction.
In 2006, Nanjing City Wall, xi 'an City Wall in Shaanxi Province, Jingzhou City Wall in Hubei Province and Xingcheng City Wall in Liaoning Province were included in the China World Heritage List.
20 10, "Nanjing famous city protection plan" was issued, which clarified the height of the first-line buildings of the Ming city wall.
From June 2065438 to June 2005, the Regulations on the Protection of Nanjing City Walls was promulgated, including the outer city walls with a total length of more than 60 kilometers in addition to the walls of Nanjing Capital (inner city), Imperial City and Miyagi City.
2065438+August 2005, Nanjing Planning Bureau and Southeast University organized and compiled the Urban Design along Nanjing City Wall, which has been approved by Nanjing.
According to the planning, Nanjing Ming city wall is divided into five sections, which are distributed in a ring shape. For the missing parts without walls, green plants will be used to fill them.
Some city walls and gates will also be rebuilt in the future.
From September 2065438 to September 2005, the abutment site of Dinghuaimen City Wall was discovered in the widening project of Nanjing Mo Fan West Road. With the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, the Municipal Institute of Archaeology is carrying out archaeological work according to the requirements of the National Bureau.
Nanjing City Wall was built in Ming Dynasty, commonly known as Ming City Wall. It took 265,438+0 years to build, and did not follow the old system of square or rectangle in ancient capital. It has unique design idea, exquisite construction technology and magnificent scale. It winds between the beautiful mountains and rivers of Nanjing in Zhong Ling, with a length of 35.3 kilometers, while the perimeter of the outer city of Nanjing Ming City Wall is more than 60 kilometers. I have sorted out the information about the Nanjing city wall for you, hoping to give you some reference and help.
Nanjing Ming City Wall is not only the largest city wall in China, but also the largest city wall in the world. It was once selected as the largest city wall in world record association. Nanjing Ming City Wall is a masterpiece of China's ancient military defense facilities and wall construction technology. No matter its historical value, ornamental value, archaeological value, architectural design, scale and function, the city walls at home and abroad can not be compared with it. It is another historical wonder of China after Qin Changcheng.
The capital of China in the early Ming Dynasty should be Tianfu City Wall. In Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. It was founded in the 26th year of Yuan Zheng Zhi (1366) and completed in the 19th year of Ming Hongwu (1386). In the 23rd year of Hongwu (1390), Jianwai Guo was established. Nanjing City Wall is the largest ancient city in the world, which was built according to the geographical conditions and the needs of military defense. 1988 People's Republic of China (PRC) * * * and the State Council were announced as national key cultural relics protection units.
The perimeter of the city wall 1954 is actually 33.676 kilometers, and the existing area is 2 1.35 kilometers. The wall is 14 ~ 18m high, 7 ~ 12m wide at the top and10 ~/8m wide at the bottom. The city wall is made of masonry. Stone is about 60 ~120cm long, 90cm wide and 35cm thick. There are generally three specifications of city bricks: one is 36 cm long, 0/6 cm wide and 8 cm thick; One is 44cm long, 20cm wide and10cm thick; One is 54cm long, 24cm wide and12cm thick. Bricks are printed with the names of brick-making counties, officials and craftsmen in charge of firing, as well as the year, month and year. According to statistics, city bricks are fired by the Ministry of Industry and Beijing Health Center in Nanjing, and made of white porcelain mud in Yuanzhou, Jiangxi, which is firm and delicate and has the best quality.
In the era of cold weapons, the city wall is undoubtedly the most important fortification of the country. Whether the city wall is strong or not not not not only reflects the prestige of the kingship, but also directly relates to the national security. Therefore, the highest decision-makers in the past dynasties always regard the quality of the project as the top priority when building the city wall, and dare not slack off at all. However, the vicissitudes of life, once magnificent, most of the city walls failed to stand the test of years and were eventually annihilated by gunfire or wind and rain. Among the ancient city walls in China, the Ming wall supervised by Zhu Yuanzhang was not only the longest wall in the world at that time, but also one of the strongest walls in the world so far. After more than 600 years of wind and rain, it is still indestructible. The secret of Anruoyan in Ming City Wall lies in strict quality control in the construction process. From the perspective of modern enterprise management, the Ming City Wall is a model of excellent quality management.
Because of the different terrain and location of each section, the building structure used to build the city wall is also different. Cheng Nan and the eastern and western cities in the southern section face plains and rivers, and there is nothing to defend. Apart from the river, the wall building is the strongest. The surface layer of the inner and outer walls of the wall is made of large stones, and the inner layer is filled with large stones to form the inner and outer walls with a thickness of about 3 meters, all of which are grouted with glutinous rice juice and lime. Loess and flaky are filled between the inner and outer walls, and the interlayer is compacted. In some areas, there are also practices of laying bricks with stone strips between internal and external walls, or filling them with bricks, loess and stones.
Wall Writing in Nanjing/Sun Jian
Nanjing City Wall is a magnificent poem erected by Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of Ming Dynasty.
The biggest secret of this poem standing up to now is the words that were burned and cast on every city brick. From the local officials in charge to the craftsmen who burn bricks, names are cast on bricks. It is clear which brick is broken and whose head is cut off. As a result, with the Nanjing city wall standing tall, it has been ups and downs for more than 600 years!
Of course, the construction method of the city wall is also very important. Just talk about responsibility, and don't let loose sand gather into a tower. Most of Nanjing's city walls are based on granite or limestone strips, and then the inner and outer walls and tops are made of big bricks. Bricks, gravel and loess are often compacted between the inner wall and the outer wall. On the top of the city wall and in the cracks between the inner and outer wall bricks, a kind of "slurry clamping" is poured. This kind of pulp is made of lime, glutinous rice juice (or sorghum juice) or tung oil. Strong adhesion after curing makes the city wall durable.
Zhu Yuanzhang must have made up his mind to be king in Nanjing for generations. The wall he built is 14 m wide, 14 to 2 1 m high, and the top width is also between 4 and 9 meters. This is how the ambition to be king from generation to generation was established. Until today, Nanjing still failed to fill Zhu Yuanzhang's urban planning!
In order to facilitate defense, the top of Nanjing city wall is paved with bricks to form a "crib" (referring to the serrated low wall on the outside of the top of the city wall). In order to prevent rainwater from leaking, a stone drainage trough is used to drain rainwater. There are also drainage holes on the foundation of the city at regular intervals to drain the accumulated water in the city wall out of the city. Therefore, the foundation engineering and protection engineering of Nanjing City are relatively solid, so it can stand for more than 600 years. The existing city wall is 2 1.35km, which is still the largest brick city in China and has been designated as a national key cultural relic protection unit. History has always been created by quality! Now, the Nanjing city wall has been repaired, connected and connected, and you can travel around the city.
The existing Ming City Wall in Nanjing is Yingtianfu City, namely the capital city, 13 gate and two water gates. There are also 136 16 cribs on the city wall, and 200 bunks are used for military defense. There are also bell tower and drum tower in the city center.
This 13 gate has towering towers, and Jubao Gate is the most magnificent. The three gates of Jubao, Sanshan and Tongji each have four city walls, and the space between each two is called "Wengcheng", which can be used for wartime defense. Jubao Gate is the strongest of these gates. The lower part of the tower is basically intact, and there is a special facility called "Tibetan Army Cave". In fact, the "Tibetan Army Cave" is a brick door with a closed inner end, which can be used for soldiers to rest and store military supplies in wartime. There are two layers of *** 13 "Tibetan Army Cave" on the southernmost wall of Jubaomen, and there are seven layers on the lower part of the left and right walls, totaling 27 layers. It is said that each cave can accommodate 100 soldiers, and * * * can hide more than 3,000 soldiers. This facility was extremely rare in other big cities in ancient China.
Every city gate has two doors, inside and outside, and the outside is a "thousand-pound gate" descending from the top of the city, which has a solid defensive role; There are two doors made of wood and iron inside. Usually, pedestrians, cars and horses all pass through the hole in the city gate. An excellent soldier and a chess piece, but who is Chen Libing?
Water intake and drainage in big cities are indispensable, and the safety measures of Nanjing waterway are also extremely strict. Dongshuiguan and Xishuiguan were built at the entrance and exit of Qinhuai River respectively. Shuiguan has three gates, two wooden doors in front and back, and an iron gate in the middle to prevent the enemy from sneaking into the city. There are also 33 urn holes in Dongshuiguan, which are divided into three layers (the upper two layers are hidden soldiers' holes) and the lower layer (the middle hole can be filled with water). In addition, there are many culvert gates, such as Jinchuan River Gate, Tongxin Dam of Xuanwu Lake (namely Wumiao Gate), Banshanyuanmen of Qianhu Lake, Pipa Gate of Biwa Lake, etc. These culverts are all equipped with copper, iron pipes and copper gates, so they can only enter water but not people. They are ingenious in design and reasonable in structure. It can be said that it is painstaking to prevent people from harming others!
But even this solid and almost unbreakable city was breached by Zhu Yuanzhang's son Judy shortly after his death. In the face of such historical upheaval, Zhu Yuanzhang's ambition immediately appeared too defensive and too jealous of the villain's heart. It is also fulfilling the famous saying of Yasheng: the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as people.
Didn't Zhu Yuanzhang know that unity is strength? Or did you forget to discipline your children when you were busy building the city wall? An immortal city built with heart, an unbreakable mourning city standing on the cover of history, touched many people and made many people lament!
Missed the poem!