The records in this almanac are as follows:
The Duke of Bruen inherited/his principality/he is a branch of the genealogy/the other is the Duke of Otto/I hope/the record I read is correct/it started from the Duke of Bruen/the city called Brunswick today/and the edge of the castle/city called Dankvaldrod.
Original text:
I hope we can see his picture, I hope we can see his picture.
Herman Bott, who used Middle Low German, recorded this legend in great detail in his World Almanac of Brunswick written about 1500 years ago.
According to Bert's records, Bruno and Dankwald (probably a branch of Rudolf-Otto), two brothers of the Saxon dynasty, left their hometown of Heim, Gandas, so that their brother Otto could inherit the inheritance. They came to a ferry on the banks of the Oak River. It is said that Charlemagne destroyed a village here in the Saxony War. Dankwald built Dankwald Roderburg and a church here to commemorate the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul. Bruno built a house in the egg market in the old town of Brunswick today and a church in memory of St. Jacob. According to Bert, the name Brunswick was changed from Bruno.
Bert finally wrote in his record:
Brunswick is getting stronger and stronger, and the palaces of Brunswick and Brunswick and Luneburg have become the crown and example of Saxony. (Original: Brunswick is from von Jiang Sida to Jiang Sida, Von Jahlen to Yarambet, Stark, Mechtier Gwendern is from Ene Krone Ondein Spegel Deslan to Sassende de Fursten to Brunswick and down to Lu Nebor. )
There have been many different and even contradictory theories about the origin of the name Brunswick in history. These theories are all based on different credible or unreliable historical materials, and some of them are derived from the lack of credible historical materials.
What is the earliest spelling in Brunswick? According to the above legend, Brunesguik, Brunswik or Bruneswiek, etc. The former part comes from the name of the founder Bruno and the latter part comes from the Germanic suffix-wik. Another way of saying this is that the former part of Bulun came from the German Brandrodung, which means that the residential area was originally opened up by fire farming. Others believe that the root of the word Brun comes from the original Indo-European language, meaning "eyebrows" or "the edge of a hillside". This view holds that a highland in Brunswick is the real source of this name.
There are also many explanations about the suffix wik. Some people think it means "market", while others think this explanation is groundless. In the ancient Saxon epic Savior, wik means "fence", from which the meanings of "place surrounded by fence" and "holy land" are derived.
Initially, of the five settlements that make up Brunswick today, only the one on the right bank of the Oak River belonging to Galbershtadt contains the suffix wik. It is not clear how this suffix was later extended to the settlements on the left bank of hildesheim and became part of the whole city name.
The source of today's text
The current German writing in Brunswick is Brunswick, which first appeared in 1573. It came into being when Brunswiek in Middle Low German was rewritten into standard German. Today, linguists generally believe that this rewriting is very unsuccessful. In a word, this name has no etymological or semantic relationship with German words Braun and Schweigen. Modern research holds that Bert's description in the Brunswick World Yearbook is unreliable. Because there is no other similar historical record and proof, it is generally believed that this legend has no historical basis today. So far, there is no evidence to prove that the cornerstone of Brunswick was indeed laid in 86 1 year.
The earliest reliable reference on the name of Brunswick is a document handed down in 103 1, which confirmed the official opening of St. Magney's Church in Brunswick, and wrote that the church is located in Jike, bruns. During the reign of Duke Henry the Lion, Brunswick was very powerful. At that time, Brunswick was divided into five districts, which were independent of each other, and each district had its own municipal government and church. In addition, there is an autonomous monastery area and Henry's own castle area.
Henry made Brunswick his capital. He expanded the original Dankwald Roderburg, burned down the old church built at 1030, and began to build a new cathedral on the original site at 1 173. The cathedral was completed shortly before his death and officially opened on1226 65438+February 29th. Today's Brunswick Cathedral is a Lutheran church.
Henry was so powerful that he chose the lion as his badge. About 1 166 He cast a bronze lion statue and stood in the castle square, which is the earliest open-air bronze statue north of the Alps. Today, it is a symbol of Brunswick and an animal on the city emblem.
Since then, Brunswick has developed into an important shopping center by virtue of its geographical location, and became a member of the Hanseatic League in the13rd century. 1235, the grandson of Henry the lion was made Duke of Brunswick-Lombard. Since then, due to the distribution of heritage, the Principality has been divided into many small territories (but still collectively referred to as the Principality of Brunswick-Lombard). In the14th century, the branch of Brunswick-Wolfen Butre has emerged from these small principalities. 1430 or so, Brunswick was able to get rid of the weakened duke and become a free city. Duke of Brunswick-Wolfen Butre (his title is still Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg) moved his capital to nearby Wolfen Butre. Due to internal power overthrow and political conflicts, urban unrest occurred frequently, and Brunswick was the most unstable city in Europe in the late Middle Ages after Ghent and Paris.
167 1 year, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfen Butre regained control of Brunswick. 1753, they moved their capital back to Brunswick. The palace in Brunswick was also built at this time.
The most important duke in the Baroque era was Anton ulrich, who built a baroque palace with a beautiful garden in Salz Darum near Wolfen Beattre. Today, the Anton ulrich Museum in Brunswick, which has many precious paintings, also started from him.
Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, was a Prussian marshal in 1806. He was killed and Brunswick was occupied by the French. July 1807 to June 18 13 10 belongs to the oak province of Napoleon Westphalia. 18 14 After the Vienna Conference, the Principality of Brunswick was established. The welf family, which was originally in power in Brunswick-Wolfen Butre, was re-elected as duke.
1866 Before the Puo-Austria War broke out, the Principality of Brunswick decided to fall to Prussia at the last minute, thus avoiding the fate of being annexed. The neighboring kingdom of Hanover was ruled by another branch of the Welf family and was annexed by Prussia after supporting Austria's defeat. 187 1 year, the Principality of Brunswick became one of the federal states of the German Empire. 1884 After Duke William's childless death, Prussia pressured the Federal Parliament to sign a decree forbidding the rival Hanover branch, the Welf family, to inherit the Duke of Brunswick, and Prussia sent a consul to manage the principality. It was not until May 24th, 2003 that Ernst August of the Wilf family married Victoria Lewis, the daughter of William II, that this situation was changed. Ernst August finally succeeded to the title of Duke of Brunswick. Time:1918165438+10 to1965438+May 2009.
Historical correlation
At the end of World War I, the German Empire was plunged into an unprecedented economic, social and political crisis. 1918165438+19, riots broke out in Berlin and William II was forced to abdicate. Philipp Scheidemann declared Germany the Republic of * * *, with friedrich ebert as the Prime Minister. At the same time, Karl Liebknecht announced the establishment of the "German Free Socialist Republic". 165438+1October 1 1 World War I ended.
The duke abdicated.
Ernst August, the last Duke of Brunswick, abdicated under the pressure of members of the German Independent Social Democratic Party.
Socialist Republic of Brunswick
After the Duke abdicated, Brunswick was ruled by the Workers and Soldiers Committee. The Committee announced the establishment of the "Socialist Republic of Brunswick" and authorized the independent Social Democratic Party to form a one-party government.
19 19 spring
1919 65438+1October 15 Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were killed in Berlin, and 65438+1October 20th, 30,000 people demonstrated in Brunswick. On February 22nd, the Independent Social Democratic Party and the German Social Democratic Party formed a coalition government. At the same time, the state legislature of Brunswick passed the interim constitution, and the parliament gained all the rights of the state government.
1965438+April 2009: Freedom Corps settled in.
1965438+At the beginning of April 2009, the situation in Brunswick deteriorated sharply. On April 9, members of the Spartan League announced a general strike in the Palace Square and made unattainable demands. Brunswick is located on the east-west railway trunk line in Germany. The general strike caused the railway operation to be blocked, the supply of grain and coal in most parts of Germany could not be completed, the timetable of the whole German railway network was disrupted, and the German railway entered a state of chaos. Government employees, businessmen and craftsmen in Brunswick also went on strike to protest against the strike of the Spartan Alliance. Since April 1 1, the public life of the whole city has been paralyzed.
For Germany as a whole, this situation is unbearable economically and politically. German military minister gustav noske ordered George m, general of the Freedom Corps, to rebuild the city order. The German government declared a state of emergency in Brunswick.
Ten thousand people from the Freedom Corps settled in Brunswick. They didn't encounter any resistance, and there was no conflict in the whole process. The militia was dissolved, the original government was abolished and the workers' committee was dissolved.
Soon public order was restored. I negotiated with Heinrich Jasper to form a new government. The state legislature elected a new government composed of Social Democratic Party, Independent Social Democratic Party and German Democratic Party, with Jasper as governor.
With the unexpected rapid and peaceful settlement of the situation in the city, the Freedom Army withdrew from Brunswick. The state of emergency has been cancelled. Hitler became a German citizen.
One of the most important events in Brunswick during the Weimar Republic was Adolf Hitler's naturalization as a German citizen. Hitler was originally an Austrian and became stateless from 1925. 1932 on February 25th, was accepted by the government of Brunswick as the government consultant of the Bureau of Culture and Survey, and thus obtained German nationality. Theoretically, his scope of work is to work in the representative office in Brunswick, Berlin. So, it was actually Brunswick, not Brunswick, that made Hitler a German citizen.
19 At the end of the 20th century, Brunswick was highly industrialized, and the whole city became a heavy industrial city, so the residents in the city were mainly workers and the political atmosphere was mainly socialism. During the German Empire and Weimar Republic, Brunswick was famous for its "red color". Before March 1933, the Nazi Party had no role in the city government of Brunswick. But in Brunswick, things are different. Besides Brunswick, Brunswick also includes many rural areas, where farmers and ranchers who tend to be conservative and nationalist are the main political forces. Bad Hartzburg, Minden, holz, Zesen and Wolfen Butre were the earliest bases of the Nazi Party. Therefore, as early as 1930, the Nazi Party became one of the ruling parties in Brunswick. In Weimar and China, Brunswick was the only state where the Nazi Party participated in the government.
For Hitler at that time, if he wanted to gain political power in Germany, he had to obtain German nationality first. Therefore, the Central Committee of the Nazi Party ordered party member Dietrich klages, Minister of Interior and People's Education of Brunswick and the Nazi Party, to naturalize Hitler. 1February 4, 932, Goebbels wrote in his diary: "We intend to appoint the leader as distinguished professor of Brunswick."
Professor Hitler
At first, klages tried to offer the course "Politics and Social Organization" in Brunswick Institute of Technology, and later hired Hitler as distinguished professor. The matter soon spread to the public, and university leaders and citizens immediately opposed it, because "famous universities in Brunswick cannot hire unemployed postcard painters who have dropped out of school as professors". The failure of this plan damaged Hitler's reputation and made him the laughing stock of Brunswick. Later, klages was snubbed by Hitler.
Hitler's adviser
Later, a member of the German People's Party suggested offering Hitler a position in the representative office in Brunswick, Berlin. The plan succeeded. 1932 On February 26th, Hitler was sworn in and obtained German nationality, so that he could participate in the presidential election of 1932. This is obviously his only job in the representative office in Brunswick, Berlin. On March 1, the Brunswick State Assembly voted to increase this post, and Hitler's naturalization was formalized.
What Hitler did for Brunswick in this position is not recorded. 1932 10 10, applied for indefinite leave because of "constant political struggle and no time to complete duties". The opposition in the Brunswick parliament has repeatedly asked the government to report what Hitler, the government adviser, did for Brunswick and what benefits he brought. Four days before Hitler was appointed as German Chancellor (1933 65438+1October 26th), the financial inspection department in Brunswick decided to inspect the salary paid to Hitler and his work. Hitler, a former German chancellor, sent a short message to the Brunswick government, asking him to resign. The state government approved it immediately.
Some historians doubt whether Hitler legally acquired German nationality, but in retrospect, this discussion is often only of academic value. Ironically, according to German law at that time, the President of Germany could appoint a person without German nationality as Prime Minister.
Hitler seldom went to Brunswick before 1932, and then he only went to Brunswick once in July 1935. The ancient city was destroyed.
During World War II, the Royal Air Force and the United States Air Force bombed downtown Brunswick for more than 40 times. At first, these bombings were mainly aimed at military enterprises (aircraft manufacturing, tanks, precision optical instruments), but since 1943, the bombing area and severity have gradually increased, and the city center has also been heavily bombed.
At first, the downtown of Brunswick was dominated by wooden truss buildings. There were more than 800 such buildings in the city center before the war, and only 80 buildings remained after the war (the destruction rate was over 90%). Some residential areas and streets were completely destroyed. The face of the post-war city is completely different from that before the war.
1944 65438+ 10/0/5 air raid
The most serious air strikes were 10/944 to 14 to 10/5 in October. The whole city center and almost all the churches were destroyed. In this carpet bombing, the British Air Force dropped about 200,000 incendiary bombs, white phosphorus bombs and explosive bombs. The fire storm that attacked the market burned for two and a half days. Hundreds of truss buildings were burned down. It happened that the cathedral, which was regarded as a "national shrine" by the Nazis, was not destroyed. About 23,000 people were stuck in the bomb shelter of the fire. On the morning of June 5438+05, the fire brigade rescued them by organizing a hose, so the total death toll in this air raid was only about 1000. During the whole war, about 3,500 people in Brunswick died in air strikes, of which more than 40% were foreigners. rebuild
1946 June 17 Brunswick officially began to clean up the ruins. The total amount of ruins in the city is estimated to be 3,670,500 cubic meters. To this end, the citizens laid several rails in the city center to transport the ruins. This work lasted for 17 years, and it was not until 1963 that the municipal government officially announced the completion of the clean-up work. In fact, there has been a small-scale clean-up since then.
Because the city is in urgent need of housing and needs to rebuild its infrastructure,1The reconstruction speed was very fast in the 1950s and 1960s, because the old city was completely destroyed, the urban design was completely new, and the urban layout paid special attention to the use of cars. As a result, some old buildings that could have been repaired were also demolished, including some medieval, baroque and classical buildings. Especially in the southwest, which suffered less damage in the war, it was hit harder in this process.
1960, the central railway station in Brunswick moved from the south of the original city center to the southeast about 3 kilometers away from the city center. Due to the contract signed between Deutsche Bahn and Brunswick as early as 1937, the city is obliged to build a tram track to connect the railway station and the city center. This is why the tram lines in Brunswick have been preserved. The tram gauge in Brunswick is 1 100 mm, which is the only tram in Europe that still uses this gauge.
1960, after heated discussions, the damaged Brunswick Palace was demolished despite the protests of many citizens. 1Lower Saxony, a newly established state in the mid-1950s, ordered Brunswick to either demolish the ruins or rebuild them completely. Finally, the city government decided to dismantle them. By 2005, there was a park on the original site of the palace. After another heated discussion, the municipal government decided to partially rebuild the palace: a huge shopping center was combined behind the front of the original palace. According to the plan, the front of the palace was completed in autumn 2006, and the whole building was completed in spring 2007. 1946, Brunswick was revoked and Lower Saxony was established. The original state of Brunswick in West Germany was changed to Brunswick, including the unincorporated city of Brunswick and a county of Brunswick.
1977 Lower Saxony reformed its administrative divisions and abolished Brunswick County. Some villages and towns in the county were merged into Brunswick, and some were placed in neighboring counties. The scope of Brunswick was also changed in 1978, and the administrative level of this area was completely abolished in Lower Saxony in 1 in 2005. The population of Brunswick exceeded 50,000 in 1867, 0,000 in 1890, 0,000 in 1939, and reached its peak in 1974, with 2712 residents in the city. According to the data of the municipal government, at the end of June 2005, there were 245,895 residents in this city.
The data before 1833 in the following list are generally estimated values, and the data after 1833 are mainly data of census and municipal government or statistical department. The data before 1843 were also investigated in different ways.