zuo qiu ming

Date of birth and death: about 502 BC-about 422 BC

Time: Spring and Autumn Period

Native place: Feicheng, Shandong Province

A Review of Lu Historians in the Late Spring and Autumn Period

The life of the character

The world is left as history.

According to later records and related textual research, Zuo Qiuming is the grandson of Taigong XXI, Taigong Shaozi Yin (Mu Gong) XX, the grandson of Chu Zuoshi, and the son of Qi Wang after the establishment of Lu Taishi. His theory may be based on early genealogy, which cannot be completely believed and should not be easily denied. However, according to Zuo Zhuan, it is impossible to call Zuo Qiuming the grandson of Chu Zuoshi.

It is in line with historical facts and facts to say that the left world is left history, and it is in line with the official system of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and it should also be related to this. Zuo Qiuming attacked Taishi Gong, a well-educated group who once followed Confucius? For example, Zhou, read Zhou Shi? And determined to explain the Spring and Autumn Annals for Confucius, indicating that the relationship between Confucius and Confucius should be the relationship between teachers and friends. It is precisely because of Qiu Ming's knowledge, experience and position that he can calmly do the work of Chunqiu Zuozhuan.

participate in the deliberation and administration of state affairs

Zuo Qiuming once served as an official with Confucius, and their relationship was that of teachers and friends. The two men respected each other. Confucius said that they had the same likes and dislikes as Qiu Ming, and Zuo Qiuming once fully supported Confucius politically.

According to records, Duke Lu intended to appoint Confucius as Si Tuleideng, so he called Ji Sun and Uncle Sun Sanhuan to discuss it and told Zuo Qiuming about it. Zuo Qiuming directly remonstrated:? Confucius, that's a saint. Ruled by sages, people who commit crimes will lose their power. Even if you want to plan with the three companies, but the fault of the three companies does not meet this situation? Duke Lu still doesn't understand its meaning. So Qiu Ming made a metaphor to further explain:? Someone in the Zhou Dynasty liked fur coats and delicious meat, but he wanted to make fur coats and discuss with foxes about their fur, and also wanted to hold a rich sacrifice and discuss with sheep about their meat, so foxes and sheep quickly hid deep. So, the man waited for a long time, but he couldn't finish the fur coat and the rich sacrifice. Why? This man's plan in the Zhou Dynasty caused problems. Now you have to discuss with Sanhuan to appoint Confucius as Stuart, and it is the same reason to discuss with foxes to make fur coats and with sheep to make sacrifices. ? Therefore, Duke Lu appointed Confucius as Stuart without consulting with Sanhuan.

Zuo Qiuming knew Confucius, but did he know Confucius? Strong office, weak personal? His political opinions and advice to Duke Lu were the strong support for Confucius' political career.

Compile history and biography

Lu, a Duke of Zhou, preserved a complete ritual and music culture and a large number of historical documents. As a teacher Lu, Zuo Qiuming can naturally wander among them, accumulate profound education, and lay a solid foundation for future writing. Later, I traveled around Zhou with Confucius and consulted the archives in Zhou Taishi, so I became more familiar with the history and anecdotes of various countries and further deepened my friendship and mutual understanding with Confucius. Because of Zuo Qiuming's knowledge, experience and special relationship with Confucius, he can be familiar with historical events and anecdotes of various countries, especially Confucius' theory, thoughts and propositions, and deeply understand the connotation and implication of the Tao in Confucius Chunqiu. Therefore, it is natural for Zuo Qiuming to interpret Chunqiu.

Zuo Qiuming's interpretation of Spring and Autumn Annals, unlike other people's annotations and explanations, focuses on combining the narrative of historical events in the Spring and Autumn Period and inventing Confucius' way of Spring and Autumn Annals. Proceeding from this purport, Zuo Qiuming's Biography of Zuo's Family in the Spring and Autumn Period is not only an important work to explain the Spring and Autumn Period, but also a basic document about the history and culture of the Spring and Autumn Period.

In addition to Zuo Zhuan, Zuo Qiuming also compiled Mandarin. This book should have been written after left blindness, and its materials are complementary to Zuo Zhuan, both of which are classics about ancient history and culture.

Perhaps Zuo Qiuming died shortly after the completion of Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu, about before the middle of the 5th century.

Personality achievement

Zuo Qiuming and Confucius lived in the same era. Confucius shared his likes and dislikes and called him a gentleman. He is a noble and respectable Confucian and saint. Zuo Qiuming's works and academic thoughts are an important part of Confucian culture. Zuo Zhuan is an informative and incisive chronicle with high historical and literary value. It is also a famous military work and one of China's historical classics.

Literary works

Zuo Qiuming is said to have two literary masterpieces, Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu. Zuo Chunqiu Zhuan explained Chunqiu with historical facts. It began in the first year of Luyin (722 BC) and ended in the twenty-seventh year of Lu Aigong (468 BC). It is mainly based on notes, with detailed sentences and vivid and concise words, which fully reflects the social and historical features at that time. It is not only an important Confucian classic, but also the first complete chronological history book in China, which has a high position in literature. Guoyu recorded the historical facts of the Zhou royal family, Lu Qijin, Zheng Chu and wuyue from the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period (about 967 BC-453 BC), and concentrated on the words of the monarch and his ministers. It is the earliest national history book in China. Working day and night, it took more than 30 years, and a biography of Zuo Shi in the Spring and Autumn Period, which lasted more than 200 years and had more than 654.38+0.8 million words, was finally finalized. Its historical, literary, scientific and military value is immeasurable, and it has been highly praised by historians and literati in past dynasties. [1-3] Zuo Zhuan's annotations are quite detailed, and historical events are generally complete from beginning to end. In addition, Zuo Zhuan also absorbed the advantages of other historians and organized their historical materials in chronological order, which made the chronological history books reach a basically mature level. Therefore, Zuo Zhuan is China's first truly chronological historical work. Not only that, in the compilation of history, Zuo Zhuan also expanded the capacity of chronicle history books: the overall pattern of chronicle is full of changes, sometimes deliberately writing the whole story of a historical event, and sometimes focusing on the experience and activities of a historical figure. This not only expands the capacity of chronicle history books in writing and remembering people, but also helps to make up for the shortcoming that a historical event is separated by other historical events in related years. In addition, in terms of compilation, Zuo Zhuan is the first? Gentleman? Column one. ? Gentleman? Sublimating historical events in the form of discussion provides a garden for the authors of history books to express their opinions and becomes an excellent historical tradition.

Ideological proposition

Zuo Qiuming attached great importance to the function of ceremony. He believes that courtesy is the basis and means of governing the country, stabilizing society and benefiting the people, right? Gentleman? Norms that must be followed; As a gentleman, we should first put propriety and righteousness in the most important position. When a gentleman moves, he thinks of courtesy.

As the saying goes, not for profit, not for sin? ("Zuo zhuan? Thirty-one years of Zhao Gong). It means: think of courtesy when thinking about problems, consider righteousness when doing things, lose your ambition for profit, and feel guilty for injustice. Many ceremonies embodying etiquette should also be combined with righteousness, and rude behavior should be resolutely criticized.

Influenced by the thought of valuing ceremony, Zuo Qiuming paid special attention to personal moral cultivation. These accomplishments include loyalty, filial piety, faith, righteousness and surrender. He believes that loyalty is a person's most beautiful moral character, and the primary meaning of loyalty is loyalty to the monarch: Chu's capsule does not forget to add a good name to the monarch after his death, and he does not forget to defend his motherland when he dies, which he thinks is loyalty; King Xiang of Chu, who was threatened with a weapon, admitted that he had committed a crime and cut off his foot. He thinks this is loyalty, too. Be loyal to the king and filial to your parents. Zheng Zhuanggong put her mother under house arrest because she helped her brother rebel and vowed never to meet again. Uncle Yingkao helped Zheng Zhuanggong mediate the relationship between her mother and son. Zuo Qiuming praised Uncle Yingkao, saying that he could love his mother and pass this love on to Zhuang Gong, right? Pure filial piety? . Faith is a gentleman's moral standard, which is not only reflected in personal morality, but also between countries. If the alliance between countries is not based on faith, then even the alliance is meaningless. A noble gentleman should not only write letters, but also give lectures. Dish, a doctor who was loyal to his family, executed his son who participated in the rebellion. Zuo Qiuming spoke highly of it, calling it? Jun Chen? . Jean is humility and an important part of the ceremony. If a country can form a good humble social atmosphere, then it can maintain long-term stability. In addition, a gentleman follows good and does not follow evil, knowing that good can't be lost and evil can't last long, so that he can follow good advice. For those who trample on loyalty, filial piety and faithfulness, and have bad conduct, Zuo Qiuming expressed his deep hatred.

Zuo Qiuming believes that the monarch must also pay attention to moral cultivation: to govern the country well, the monarch must first be wise, honest and selfless, broad-minded, know people and be good at their duties; To govern the country, it is also necessary to combine moral politics with punishment, to govern the people with morality, to punish the good and evil, to let the people live and work in peace and contentment, and to eliminate all evils.

Zuo Qiuming believes that we should also attach importance to the role of morality in the military: we must make full preparations before the war, otherwise we should not start work. These preparations include: to have virtue, that is, to consider whether one's virtue can win the support of the people; Do what you can, that is, correctly evaluate the comparison between the enemy and ourselves; Kissing, that is, trying to unite the people you love to get the maximum support; Expropriation, that is, there must be sufficient reasons to participate in the war; Finding guilty means finding the guilty target. Except the second one? Do your best. In addition, the other four articles are all related to morality and justice.

Historical evaluation

Zuo Qiuming won the respect and love of the world. Confucius regarded him as a gentleman, respected him as Zuo Qiuming, said he liked him, but also said he didn't like him. Records of Feicheng County (11th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty) contains: Le Zhengzi, Spring Moon:? The child is healthy and overweight. Fat is a gentleman. ? Known as Zuo Qiuming in Historical Records. Junzilu? , Feicheng also got it? City of gentlemen? Good name.

Zuo Qiu-ming is knowledgeable and virtuous. Confucius used Zuo Qiuming as an example to talk about his principles of being a man, and Confucius said he was ashamed of it. Say: Clever words, color, full respect, Zuo Qiuming shame, autumn shame; Zuo Qiuming is ashamed of it, and Qiu is ashamed of it. ? ("The Analects? Gongye Chang ") that is to say, sweet talk, slanderous flattery, servile, this attitude, Zuo Qiuming think shame, I also think shame; It is shameful for Zuo Qiuming to hide his resentment and pretend to be friendly, and so is Confucius. Confucius' evaluation of Zuo Qiuming reflects that Zuo Qiuming is an upright, honest and frank person with excellent moral quality, which is consistent with the cultural spirit of the historians of Chunqiu.

Confucius praised Zuo Qiuming many times? Gentleman? Style. For example, once Confucius went to Qi State and passed by Fei Yi, exclaiming: Fat is a gentleman. ? It shows that there is an admirable gentleman here, and his admiration for Zuo Qiuming is beyond words. Besides, The Analects? Yongye:? Quality is better than literature, literature is better than history, gentleness, and then gentleness. ? Wen Sheng's quality can be regarded as a pen of history, and his gentleness can be regarded as a gentleman. He also seems to respect Zuo Qiuming. If Gongye Chang is praising Zuo Qiuming's noble character, Yongye is praising Zuo Qiuming's historian writing style.

Hanshuzan:? Since ancient times, historians have written books and said that there is no limit to merit and wealth. Go to the stirrup of the hole, break on the top, and Qin Miao break on the bottom. Although there were posthumous title before Tang and Yu, the words were useless, so they were not clear about Huangdi and Zhuan Xu. Confucius wrote Chunqiu because of Lu's Historical Records, while Zuo Qiuming thought it was passed down by compiling his skills. The similarities and differences were named Guoyu. ? [6]

After the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Qiuming? Gentleman? Good name has been used all the time. Sima Qian, a famous historian of Han Dynasty, was named Zuo Qiuming? Junzilu? , visible Zuo Qiuming? Gentleman? The far-reaching influence of reputation. [ 1-2]

In the 21st year of Tang Zhenguan (647), Li Shimin granted Zuo Qiuming? Master? A stone square was built in front of the tomb.

Kim Xiahou Zhan wrote poems praising Zuo Qiuming:? The chaos in the world wins, and the scholar is worried. Qiu Ming is a saint and is interested in Chunqiu. Whispering and fleeing, the side line does not flow. A few gentle, eager to train. ?

Ding Wei, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, also praised Zuo Qiuming in his poems. Zuo Shi, King Wen Daosu. According to the classics, use it slightly. Words have a aftertaste, and people are bound at the end of light. Celebrate the sealing of tin soil and expand the Shandong side. ?

Li Xi, a scholar of Yuan Zhen, and Academician Zhang Qiyan both praised Zuo Qiuming's poems, or called them? The law of article historiography? , or call it? Who can't see his eyes but can't see his heart? .

In the 9th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1530), Zuo Qiuming was granted by Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty? Confucius? .

In the 15th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1642), Zhu Youjian granted Zuo Qiuming? Sage? .

Zuo Qiuming's hometown still has many cultural relics about him. ? Du Jun Zhuang? The name of this hometown, which means gentleman's residence, vividly reflects Zuo Qiuming? Gentleman? Style. Zuo Qiuming's life story is really full of? Gentleman? The reputation of.

Loyalty to history is the bounden duty of historians. It is this good historian's cultural and truth-seeking spirit that has cast Zuo Qiuming's noble moral sentiment and won wide acclaim. Gentleman? Fame.

Commemoration of future generations

Before Republic of China

Zuo Qiuming's character and great contribution to human history have been respected and admired by the world. Shortly after Zuo Qiuming's death, people called the place where he wrote? Zuo zhuan Jing she? , to protect and repair.

Was Feicheng built in the county seat in the early Han Dynasty? Zuo zhuan Jing she? And immediately rebuild the monument to ambition.

Gong Xue was first established in Zuo Zhuan during the reign of Emperor Ping of Han Dynasty (1-6).

During the Jianwu period of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-56), Zuo Zhuan was re-established.

In 637, in the twenty-first year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign, Li Shimin awarded the imperial edict of Confucius Temple to Zuo Qiuming and other 2 1 people, and named Zuo Qiuming? Master? , from Confucius Temple. Zuo Qiuming's descendants planted Huai trees to commemorate this, saying? Thank you? .

In the first year of Xiangfu in the Song Dynasty (1008), Zuo Qiuming was posthumously named Qiu Bo with a towel as the main sacrifice, and was given the 47th generation to Sun Fangqiu. The following year, Pingyin County ordered Wang to rebuild? Zuo Zhuan Jing She? And set up a monument to record the hunting process of seals in detail.

In the first year of Zhenghe, Song Huizong (111), Zhao Ji made Zuo Qiuming the capital of Zhongdubo.

In the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (137 1), Qiu Siqi, a descendant of Qiu Ming in Feicheng County, rebuilt it? Zuo Zhuan Jing She? .

In the ninth year of Jiajing of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty (1530), why did Zhu Hougui chase Zuo Qiuming? Confucius? , build a tomb gate square to kiss books? The tomb of Confucianism? .

In the fifteenth year of Chongzhen in Zong Yi (1642), Zhu Youjian appointed Zuo Qiuming as? Sage? . Feicheng county magistrate, the sixty-fourth generation grandson of Zuo Qiuming, specially ordered Zuo Zhuan Jing She Zhi. Zuo Zhuan Jing She Zhi consists of five volumes, including portraits, biographies, monuments, essays and genealogy. Addendum to the six years of Qing Qianlong (174 1), now in the archives of Qufu Cultural Relics Management Committee.

Zuo Qiuming's sixty-eighth generation Sun Qiu Xingjian and sixty-ninth generation Sun Qiu Yujie donated more than 7,200 yuan to rebuild the county towns of Gong Xue and Yangmen, and Emperor Xianfeng gave books? Dunchong Zoroastrianism? , to show his line. Inscription for the Duke of Feast and Kong Guangqi, the 70th grandson of Confucius? Cheng xianwei said? A plaque.

In the third year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1725), in order to avoid Kong Qiu's taboo, the imperial edict was revoked? Four Books and Five Classics? Outside, on every hill? Hey? What department? Qiu? Qiu Zi by Tyumen and his descendants was rewritten as? Qiu? . In the early years of the Republic of China, Chou He, a descendant of Qiu family in Minhang, and Qiu, a scholar of Qing Dynasty in Taiwan Province, thought Yongzheng was unfair and called for going? Hey? Reply? Qiu? , is also the original surname of ancestors. Qiu clan people responded in succession and resumed? Qiu? Last name, and you still use it if you haven't heard of it? Qiu? So much for words. Therefore, Qiu and Qiu Ben are descendants of Zuo Qiuming. In the 16th year of Qianlong reign in Qing Dynasty (175 1), the Ministry of Rites of the Qing court reconfirmed that Qiu Zhisun was born to worship the world and gave him a land of worship 18 mu.

After the Republic of China

Located in Yuheng Village, Shi Heng Town, Feicheng, Shandong Province. Zuo Qiuming's tomb, monument, memorial arch, etc. All of them have been restored to a high standard and a high starting point in the scenic area, which is grand and spectacular. The main scenic spots are Zuo Qiuming Tomb and Zuo Qiuming Cultural Memorial Hall, with a large number of precious cultural relics, which are of great historical value to the study of Zuo Qiuming's history and culture.

Qiuming high school

20 1 1 On the morning of May 20th, Feicheng Mining Area Middle School was renamed as? The hill

Ming middle school? The unveiling ceremony was held, and Feicheng City, Feikuang Group and all walks of life participated in the grand event. In the original mine, changed its name? Tyumen Middle School? It reflects the local government and people's respect for Shi Sheng and Zuo Qiuming, and is an important measure to promote Zuo Qiuming's ideological and cultural work. The name of the school was inscribed by Qiu En, President of the International Zuo Qiuming Cultural Research Association. [ 1 1]

Zuo Qiuming Culture Research Institute

20111216, Tyumen Middle School in Feicheng City, Shandong Province was established? Zuo Qiuming Cultural Research Association? On the same day, the first issue of the magazine was studied and published. The establishment of the seminar has been strongly supported by Qiu clan relatives at home and abroad and all walks of life. Yan Tiejun, president of Tyumen Middle School, introduced at the opening ceremony of Zuo Qiuming Cultural Research Association. Carrying forward Zuo Qiuming culture means inheriting ancient Confucianism? Respecting morality, courtesy, protecting the people and being cautious about punishment? I think that if you don't study national history, you can't master the national spirit; If you don't understand Zuo Qiuming culture, you can't understand the complete Chinese studies. As an educator, facing the heavy responsibility of inheriting the national spirit and carrying forward Zuo Qiuming culture, Qiu Ming Middle School is in the forefront, which is the responsibility and glory of Qiu Ming Middle School. ?