The origin of university and its definition of knowledge "University" first appeared at the end of the 8th century, which is the way for the society to find all-round knowledge. The Latin name of "University" Uni-versitas is a combination of Trend and Unum One, which means e pluribus unum. Confucius at that time
People who know foresight realize that the long-standing trend of "cultivating scholars" can certainly gather "intellectuals", but how to gather "knowledge"? How much "knowledge"? How can we acquire all-round knowledge? At that time, people with high wisdom interpreted the triple blessing of man in Genesis of the Old Testament. First of all, the human soul is the portrait of God; The second is that Adam was given a "companion"; Third, God left the birds flying in the sky, the animals walking on the ground and the fish swimming in the water in the hands of mankind, and mankind became the "master of all things". According to these three blessings, scholars at that time thought that knowledge should include people and themselves, people and things, thus defining the unified knowledge of "universities", and thus forming the charters of three universities: humanities college, social college and science college. However, scholars have found that in the trend of human history, there are still two major industries that are not among the "universities", namely "priests" and "doctors". The former cares about the human soul, while the latter cares about the human body. Therefore, in addition to the humanities, social sciences, theological seminaries and medical schools, it has become a model of comprehensive universities. /kloc-At the beginning of the third century, when the universities of Paris, Oxford and Salamanca were founded, the "initial stage" of the first and second grades was mainly humanities. Therefore, the three departments of literature, history and philosophy in the College of Humanities are the "general history" of the university, and all students are "compulsory". "Advanced" in the third and fourth grades means that students can go deep into their favorite subjects. University: dà xué English: University French: University Russian: университе1090/. Higher education institutions that provide teaching and research conditions and authorize the conferment of degrees. Usually there are many majors, and then several similar majors form a department. Specialty here refers to specialties, such as medical university, agricultural university, forestry university, pharmaceutical university, business university, high-tech university and so on. The concept of modern university comes from British universities (universities are institutions where students study for degrees and conduct academic research). It was originally an article in the Book of Rites. According to legend, it was written by Ceng Zi, and many scholars in modern times thought it was a Confucian work in Qin and Han Dynasties. This paper comprehensively summarizes the moral cultivation, moral function of pre-Qin Confucianism and its relationship with governing the country and calming the world. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean were also called "Four Books". 3. [Ancient]: A group of people gathered in a specific place to spread and absorb advanced knowledge.
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The significance of university
University is a national institution of higher education, which provides comprehensive teaching and research conditions and authorizes the conferment of degrees. It's the graduation ceremony of the university.
Universities generally include a graduate school that can award master's and doctoral degrees, several professional colleges, and an undergraduate school that can award bachelor's degrees. Universities also include colleges (higher vocational schools). Universities are often compared to IvoryTower. IvoryTower, according to the ancient test, the wise and rich king Solomon of Israel wrote 65,438+0,005 poems, of which the song of songs is a love song. In the fifth song, the groom praised the bride like this: "... your neck is like an ivory tower. Your eyes are near the gate of Bartrabbi in Heshbon, like a pool ... (... your neck is like an ivory tower; Your eyes are like a pool near the sliding door of Heshbon Patna; ……)。 Obviously, the "ivory tower" here is only used to describe the beautiful neck of the bride. Later, the word was gradually applied to all aspects of social life, mainly referring to "an isolated fantasy, a paradise to escape from real life, and an isolated place". In Chinese, the extended meaning of ivory tower mainly refers to "the metaphor of the small world of writers and artists who are divorced from real life". Universities and graduate schools are such places.
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China
In ancient and feudal times, the word "university" not only refers to "university", one of the four classics of Confucianism, but also refers to institutions that gather in specific places to sort out, study and disseminate knowledge in advanced fields. According to documents, universities, as institutions with higher education functions, can be traced back to Cheng Jun and Shandong during the Five Emperors. Dong Zhongshu said, "When the prestigious schools of the Five Emperors become evenly matched, it will be unbearable to itch. ".Yu Shunshi established Shangdong, meaning" institution of higher learning "; Zheng Xuan: "Shangdong is a university, in the western suburb of Wangcheng. "Later, the Eastern Preface of Xia Dynasty, Zhuan Xu of Shang Dynasty and Biyong of Zhou Dynasty were the highest institutions of learning in the capital at that time. From the imperial era to the Han Dynasty, the central government established Imperial College as the highest institution of higher learning, and local governments began to set up local government-run institutions of higher learning for students of the same age, such as county schools, state schools, official schools and county schools, which were equivalent to public universities of different classes. Students who do well in low-level universities can enter higher-level universities. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, imperial academy was changed to imperial academy, and academies appeared after the Tang Dynasty. Academies can be divided into undergraduate departments and junior departments, some of which are not strictly distinguished, some are government-run, some are private, and many are privately run by the government. Bailudong Academy, Yuelu Academy, Yingtianfu Academy, Songyang Academy, Shigu Academy and Maoshan Academy are all representatives of famous academies. Traditional schools in China mainly train officials and scholars who serve the public and political affairs, with emphasis on Confucian humanistic education. In addition, there are specialized discipline departments or specialized higher education institutions. In the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, there were museums of Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history. After the merger, it is divided into five parts: Confucianism, Taoism, literature and history, Yin and Yang. There was a law school, a calligraphy school and an arithmetic school in imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, there was an overflow pavilion dedicated to training diplomatic translators. In addition, there are specialized scientific research and application service institutions with talent training functions, such as Taiyiguang in the medical field, Si or Qin in the astronomical calendar field, etc. There are also comprehensive academic research institutions, such as Hualin Research Province established in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, which is equivalent to the later Academia Sinica.
China University
In ancient China, institutions of higher education similar to universities included Sinology (imperial academy, imperial academy) and later institutions of higher learning, which gathered in a specific place of the university emblem (China) (20 pieces) to sort out, study and disseminate advanced knowledge. The ancient institutions of higher learning in China can be traced back to more than two thousand years BC. For example, in Yu Shun, it means "going to school" or "going to school". However, there are differences between ancient universities in China and modern universities in the west. Government-run schools, in particular, mainly train government officials and literati engaged in cultural education, and natural science subjects are particularly lacking. Therefore, the whole traditional education system is facing changes and innovations in modern times. Since the communication with the west in modern times, the early western "universities" have been translated into "academies". /kloc-At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, veterans of the Revolution of 1911 and founders of modern education in China, such as He Ziyuan and Qiu, successfully introduced western learning (American education) and established new schools, and brought civilian education into the vision of the Qing court. Under the pressure of this situation, the Qing government had to carry out educational reform. At the end of 1905, a new academic system was promulgated, the imperial examination system was abolished, and new schools were popularized throughout the country. Western learning has gradually become the main form of school education. The new academic system divides schools into primary schools, secondary schools, colleges and universities. In the year of Xuantongyuan (1909), after the local imperial examination stopped, modern education in China developed rapidly. Japanese schools became the main reference objects of government institutions at that time. Beiyang Western Learning School (now Tianjin University) is the bud of the first university in China's modern history, which was founded in 1895. The Republic of China was founded in 19 12, and changed to imitate the American university system, which continues to this day. After the Republic of China, "University" became a formal title. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, education was Soviet-style. 1978 After the reform and opening up, the road of the Republic of China was gradually restored, making the American university education model the main reference for China.
occidental
In English, the word "university" comes from the predecessor of the word "universe". The predecessor of "Universe" is "universus" in Latin, which consists of "unus" which means "One" and "Universus" which means "along a specific direction", so "Universus" literally means "along a specific direction". "Universum" is the neutral singular form of "universus". When used as a noun, it means "the universe". Similarly, the derivative word "universitas" also refers to "a group of individuals and associations". In the Middle Ages, Latin was used in government, religion, education and other fields, and the word "universitas" was used to refer to universities in Europe composed of teachers and students in the new Middle Ages.
Associations in Salerno, Paris and Oxford. This kind of consortium is the embryonic form of today's university. Today, the word university can be traced back to Latin. The earliest record is around 1300, which was used to refer to this kind of consortium. Earlier, Plato, a Greek philosopher, founded a "Academy" in 387 BC in Akkadmos near Athens to teach philosophy, mathematics and physical education, which was regarded by some as the pioneer of European universities. Medieval universities in Europe developed from schools run by the church similar to guilds, which combined instruction with apprenticeship. In the 1 1 century, the words "university" and "guild" were also used to describe trade associations, but in the13rd century, the word "university" was used to refer to a student group. There were three main forms of universities in medieval Europe: missionary universities, where students and teachers formed a closely coordinated group under the leadership of the president, such as universities in Paris, Oxford and Cambridge. Public universities, such as Bologna and Padua, have presidents elected by students and are responsible for school affairs. National universities were established by the emperor with the approval of the Pope, such as the University of Naples founded by Frederick II of Sicily, and the teaching scene in European universities of 1350.
The University of Salamanca was founded by Ferdinand III of Castilla. The University of Bologna, 1088 was founded in Bologna, Italy, and is considered as the first university in Europe. This school was organized by students before recruiting teachers. Paris University, known as the "mother of European universities", was organized by teachers before enrollment. 18 10, william von humboldt established the Berlin university which combines research and teaching, and established the principles of university autonomy and academic freedom, which is considered as the beginning of modern universities. This model was first imitated by Johns Hopkins University in the United States and is now widely adopted by universities all over the world. Since the modern communication between China and the West, the so-called western universities (English: University, French: Université, German: Université? T) Early translated into "Academy" and later renamed as "University".
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Taksila, an ancient city 30 kilometers northwest of Islamabad, Pakistan, was officially listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980, because it was the earliest institution of higher learning in this area as early as the 7th century BC.