I. Basic assumptions
Second, the cost of college entrance examination
Third, the income analysis of graduate students after graduation
Four. conclusion
First, the basic assumptions 1 basic assumptions of economics.
Since the costs and benefits of postgraduate entrance examination are discussed from the perspective of economics, the basic assumptions of economics are applicable here. The details are as follows:
A. rational person hypothesis. People are always rational, people seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, and people always want to get the maximum benefit at the least cost, which is reflected in the fact that they will choose the most favorable direction for themselves when taking the postgraduate entrance examination, including majors and schools, and there is no loss caused by improper choice.
B. complete information hypothesis. It is assumed that undergraduate graduates' information collection for postgraduate entrance examination and work is complete, and there is no so-called search cost.
C. resource scarcity hypothesis. The main reason here is the scarcity of educational resources. Quality education resources are scarce. Undergraduate graduates want to get better graduate students, which leads to the competition for high-quality educational resources. 2 Ignore time cost, risk cost and psychological cost. Postgraduate entrance examination often faces other costs besides economic expenditure, which are often difficult to calculate. These costs and benefits are ignored here for the convenience of research. The cost of postgraduate entrance examination is calculated according to the major of the examination. In reality, the postgraduate entrance examination not only refers to the postgraduate entrance examination of this major, but also faces the postgraduate entrance examination of cross-majors. Of course, the cost of cross-professional postgraduate entrance examination is higher, but only the postgraduate entrance examination of this major is considered here, and the cross-professional postgraduate entrance examination is ignored. 4. It is assumed that the preparation time for postgraduate entrance examination is one year and the educational system is three years. In addition, it does not take into account the publicly funded funds for postgraduate studies, scholarships, grants, etc.
Second, the cost analysis of graduate students First, from the perspective of economic costs. According to the viewpoint of economics, the budget cost has two meanings:
The first is to measure the ability to pay; The second is to predict costs and benefits. Therefore, it is meaningless to talk about economic costs when the postgraduate entrance examination has the ability to pay, and it must be combined with economic benefits. Because the cost is relative to the income. Therefore, the economic costs we are discussing here include basic costs, including preparation costs, registration fees, tuition fees, living expenses and other necessary expenses. And the decrease of opportunity income and the increase of opportunity cost caused by graduate students.
1. According to the general situation of postgraduate students, it is estimated that the time for preparing for postgraduate entrance examination is one year. Assume that the basic expenses for undergraduates preparing for postgraduate entrance examination are as follows: about 500 reference books and about 500 remedial classes; Living expenses, one month 600 yuan (average), one year preparation; 7200; Total transportation fee 500/ year:. 89002. Direct cost of graduate study. At present, the national regulations are as follows: (1) the tuition fees for non-directional graduate students in the plan are all provided by the state and schools; Unplanned graduate students can be divided into entrusted training and self-financing according to different sources of funds. Commissioned to train graduate students, the funds shall be borne by the entrusted training unit, and the amount shall be stipulated by the admissions institution according to the relevant provisions of the state. For example, the master's degree in Tsinghua University is 8,000 yuan per person per year, and the doctoral degree is 1 10,000 yuan per person per year. Such graduates will return to work in the entrusted unit after graduation; Self-funded graduate students will no longer enjoy the national general scholarship. As can be seen from the fee schedule, domestic colleges and universities generally charge more than 5,000 yuan, with an average level of about 8,000 yuan. The fees of popular majors are generally higher than those of unpopular majors, and remain above 1 10,000 yuan. However, we also see that the fees are not high or low because of the brand of the school. For example, Tsinghua, Sun Yat-sen University and Southeast University only charge about 5,000 yuan a year, and Northwestern Polytechnical University also charges more than 6,000 yuan. Different regions have different levels of economic development and different fees. For example, Fudan University in East China charges less than 1 10,000, while Sichuan University in Southwest China charges more than 8,000. At the same time, the fees will not be different because of different students in different economic development regions, and all students will be treated equally in colleges and universities. A survey in ChinaHR.com also shows that people are still used to "free lunch". In the survey of 2328 people, 45% people think that the cost of postgraduate education should be borne by the state; 8% people kick the ball to the school and think that universities and departments should raise funds by themselves; Only 1 1% people are in favor of students paying tuition fees. But it is worth noting that 36% people think that student loans are the best choice. It seems that the concept of studying by loan has been accepted by most people, and relevant commercial banks should invest more energy in developing graduate loans to study. (Quoted from Baidu Know/Question/13213412.html) Tuition fees for graduate students in some domestic universities (unit: RMB, source: /t2497005p 1)
Xi jiaotong university 19000
Xidian university 12000
Sun Yat-sen University 18000 (three years)
China Southern Airlines 15000
Beihang 27000
Harbin Institute of Technology 6000
Southeast 15000
Northwestern Polytechnical University 18000
South China Institute of Technology 36000 (three years)
Wuhan University 30000 (three years)
8000 miles a year
According to our previous assumption, the postgraduate education system is three years, assuming that the annual interest rate of residents' one-year deposits is 2.5%. According to the above data, the average tuition fee for graduate students is 12000 yuan/year, accommodation fee is 1200 yuan/year, and living expenses are 600 yuan/month. The direct cost of graduate students in 7200/ year is 20400 yuan/year, which is converted into present value. The direct cost in the first year is 20400 yuan, the second year is 19890 yuan, and the third year is 19392.75 yuan. 3. The opportunity cost of graduate students refers to the maximum benefit that I can get if I don't make this choice after making a choice. When my investment can get more benefits elsewhere, most of us are now faced with the choice of postgraduate entrance examination and work. Estimating the opportunity cost of postgraduate entrance examination may help us make the right choice according to our actual situation. We consider the input and output of education. The opportunity cost we study here is the so-called hidden cost, including investment income and employment cost.
(1) Investment income If the tuition fees paid by students are not used for education investment, but for other investments, the income constitutes a part of the opportunity cost. According to the above calculation, if the three-year tuition fee of a fresh graduate is 36,000 yuan as the main investment fund, the calculation of investment income depends on the industry, and there are certain risks. Here we only consider the situation of savings. We can simply calculate the interest income of RMB 36,000 yuan after deducting interest tax from bank deposits (assuming the deposit interest rate is 20%): p = 3,600 (65,438+0+2%) 3-36,000 * (65,438+0-20%) = 65,438+0043.30003888886 Nevertheless, we know that most of this year's graduate students are outstanding graduates from key universities or other undergraduate colleges. If you are directly employed after graduation, your monthly income should be higher than 1700 yuan. It doesn't seem too much for us to set the monthly income of these graduate students at 2000 yuan. Excluding the daily necessities consumption of about 25,200 yuan in three years, the income of fresh graduates in these three years is about 46,800 yuan. This income constitutes the hidden cost of graduate students. The sum of explicit cost and invisible cost can be calculated above, that is, the total opportunity cost of individual economy is between 80,000 -654.38+ 10,000 yuan. This figure can only approximate the monetary performance of the opportunity cost of postgraduate study this year. It can be seen that the opportunity cost of a three-year master's degree for a fresh undergraduate is at least 80,000. For some graduates with tight majors and applied majors, the opportunity cost of direct graduate study will only be higher. (Reference: Analysis on the Opportunity Cost of Undergraduates' Master Degree) 4. Time cost Although this study ignores the time cost and psychological cost of postgraduate entrance examination, it is undeniable that a very important part of the cost of postgraduate entrance examination is time cost and psychological cost. Let's briefly analyze it. The postgraduate education system is generally three years, and most candidates are 23-26 years old, which is the most critical golden age in life. Did you improve your knowledge structure, become more mature psychologically, or surpass yourself and many undergraduates in comprehensive competitiveness during your graduate study? Still standing still, or even falling behind others in career development? If you choose to take the postgraduate entrance examination, you may lose many good opportunities in society. After three years of postgraduate entrance examination, young people's fighting spirit may not be as strong as it was three years ago with the passage of time, which all belong to the increase in the time cost of postgraduate entrance examination. Three years as a graduate student is actually the implementation and continuation of an established policy-to improve one's ideals by upgrading one's academic qualifications. Therefore, if the goal is not achieved or is smaller than expected after graduation, it will become a kind of "precipitation cost", that is, the related costs that have been paid before, but must continue to be paid in the future to achieve the benefit effect, and should also be included in the time cost category of graduate students. In addition, the cost of work experience can not be ignored. Which is more important, three-year working experience or three-year master's degree? The students who graduated three years ago may already be one of the business backbones of a company, but they are still new college students. The most embarrassing situation is that the students who graduated from the same class later became their own interviewers, or the superiors and subordinates joined the same company. This situation is particularly common in some technical enterprises, and the professional level is divided by proficiency and experience. There are many ways to get education, such as on-the-job graduate students, cooperative education, MBA, etc., which can give the on-the-job elite many educational institutions to choose from. However, work experience is gained after formal work. For banks, finance, business consulting and other companies, work experience is one of the hard criteria for recruiting employees, and job seekers are generally required to have three to five years of relevant work experience. This is our graduate student, even if his education is higher than others, he can only fall behind. Therefore, many people with relevant work experience come back for postgraduate study with a clear purpose, such as engineering management, accounting and other majors. With work experience, they will know what they have to prepare in the future, so that they can make up for it as soon as possible in the two years of school, and then return to the workplace to get a higher starting platform than before. 5. How big is the psychological cost when people get older? This question is not only for girls, but also for boys. Imagine if a classmate went to school early, graduated from a university at the age of 2/kloc-0, studied for a master's degree for two years, was 23 years old in the first year of work, and became a middle manager at the age of 28 five years later; Some students graduated from university at the age of 23 with a master's degree for three years. They are 26 years old in their first year of work and 3 1 year old after five years. The older you get, the heavier your social responsibility and the greater your pressure. Parental support and the maintenance of marriage and family are all issues that need to be considered. Three years seems to be a short time, and the ivory tower is relaxed and beautiful. After all, we have to face the society. For those students whose parents have high expectations or whose family economic conditions are not optimistic, the pressure will be even greater. After paying such a big economic cost and studying as a graduate student for three years, you need to bear certain psychological pressure. What's more worth mentioning is that female college students have to face the pressure of childbearing and discrimination against women of childbearing age, so the psychological pressure cost of female graduate students is often greater than that of men, which is actually a helpless reality. Three. According to the income analysis of graduate students during their internship, the average annual salary of graduate students is between 30,000 and 50,000, which is 0.8 times to10.5 times that of undergraduates, and this figure will increase with the increase of working years, especially in high-tech fields and academic research institutions.
Four. Conclusion the cost-benefit analysis of postgraduate entrance examination is not simply to determine whether the postgraduate entrance examination is worth it. Different people have different situations. This analysis assumes many conditions, but it does not apply to everyone. Therefore, whether graduate students take the exam or not depends on their personal situation. Here, I will only discuss some inspirations obtained from the above analysis. 1. Rationally analyze the postgraduate entrance examination and avoid blind postgraduate entrance examination. At present, the employment situation is getting more and more severe. Many fresh graduates regard postgraduate entrance examination as a way to escape employment pressure and social pressure, instead of improving their scientific research ability, they just blindly follow the trend. Facing the choice of postgraduate entrance examination and work, we should rationally analyze the consequences of postgraduate entrance examination. The ivory tower is not a paradise, and it will eventually enter the society. After all, society needs doers to avoid high expectations. 2. Improve the cost awareness of graduate students and cherish learning opportunities. From the last article, we know that the cost of postgraduate study is really high, and we can't ignore the cost of money, time and psychology. We pay the cost only to gain income, so the majority of candidates should firmly grasp the opportunity to improve their ability, knowledge and skills through graduate study, make full use of the precious teaching resources of colleges and universities, and obtain greater income with the least opportunity cost. So as to realize the value of life and make contributions to society after graduation. 3. Increase investment in education and realize the rational allocation of educational resources.
As far as the government is concerned, it must increase investment in education, which is the material basis for developing intelligence and education, an important factor for economic and social development, and the key to the success or failure of modernization. In the long run, education investment is the most favorable investment. Nowadays, all countries in the world attach great importance to investment in education. 4. Colleges and universities should strengthen employment guidance. University education should teach students in accordance with their aptitude, offer employment guidance courses, guide students to change their employment concept, improve their comprehensive quality and grow up healthily, help students to be familiar with the national employment policy, understand social career information and master job-seeking skills, so as to correctly realize their own life and social values. This is also one of the ways to avoid blind postgraduate entrance examination. 5. Reasonably expand enrollment and increase the gold content of academic diplomas. In 2009, the national examination line dived sharply. Except for a few majors, the scores of most majors dropped by 10 to 25 points. In addition, the enrollment scale of graduate students reached 6.4% this year, and the enrollment plan for professional masters increased by 50,000, making the total enrollment reach a record high of 475,000. In this case, some students think that the postgraduate entrance examination has lost the meaning of elite education: the increase in the number of graduate students will inevitably lead to an increase in employment pressure in the future. It is better to give up the postgraduate entrance examination now than to face greater pressure in the future. There are also some students who are more determined
Continue to take the postgraduate entrance examination, since the expansion of enrollment means that you have a greater chance of being admitted, especially to key universities.
The enrollment expansion of graduate students will popularize educational resources, but excessive enrollment expansion will expand academic qualifications and make graduate students' employment pressure even greater. The urgent task is to make a reasonable expansion plan and coordinate the expansion work.
Employment or postgraduate entrance examination seems to be two problems, but it is actually just one problem, or two aspects of the same problem-how to plan your life well and how to make the right life choices. Only by combining your own reality and seeing your own advantages and disadvantages can you make a rational judgment. In order to avoid the wave of employment, blindly taking the postgraduate entrance examination will only be at a loss when facing a more turbulent wave in the future.