Notes on Ci-Hua in the World 1 Wang Guantang expounded his theory of Ci-Hua in the world, and the language was often short and incisive. For example, "the elegance of words is not in the appearance of gods", "all scenery words are emotional words" and "poets can't make things sound dull"; Reading seems to have entered the realm. It is a long process from "standing alone on a tall building" to "gaunt" and finally "looking back suddenly" I have gained a little from reading-following Mr. Guan Tang to read the text, and the difference and realm of the text suddenly became clear.
First, there is realm and no realm.
"If you can describe the scenery and true feelings, you can say that there is a realm, otherwise you can say that there is no realm."
True feelings are the most touching. Without true feelings, no matter how gorgeous the rhetoric is, it seems superficial and hypocritical, and no matter how clever the conception is, it seems empty and tasteless. Realm, originally all in one word "love". This is the case with writing. Isn't it the same way to write poetry, prose and novels? Literature is like this, isn't it the same to do things and be a man? The truth of truth is interlinked. Only with a sincere heart can we impress others' sincerity.
Second, create environment and writing environment
"There is creation and writing, and this ideal and reality are inseparable. However, the two are quite difficult to distinguish. Because the environment created by great poets must conform to nature, the environment written must also be adjacent to the ideal. "
China literature has realistic The Book of Songs and romantic Li Sao since ancient times. Although the Book of Songs is realistic, it is not obscure or boring. Although Li Sao is imaginary, it doesn't feel weird and unreasonable. It is impossible for us to attribute truly great works to any genre-they belong to a certain genre in the main body, but on the other hand, the supplement of another style makes them have natural beauty instead of dying in a certain framework. As Mr. Wang Guantang said, a poet is often both an idealist and a realist, because he lives in the material world and must have something in his heart; Only when others keep the inexhaustible source of imagination can he master the spirituality of words.
Third, is there me?
"Without me, people can only get it in silence. If you have my place, you will get it when you are quiet. Therefore, one is beautiful and the other is grand and powerful. "
There is no difference between having me and not having me, but it is determined by the mentality and mood of writing poetry. A world without me is like a Buddhist. Stay out of it and the scenery can be indifferent and distant; And the realm with me is an emotional singer. By singing at will, the scenes blend with each other and people echo each other.
Fourth, the size of the realm.
"The realm is big and small, and it is not divided into advantages and disadvantages."
Similarly, "what to write" often determines the size of the realm. However, either write big scenes and praise big undertakings, or the realm is superior. Graceful and restrained writers are always sad about autumn, and are still famous for Li Yu, Yan Shu, Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao. The small realm can write a little parting and turn it into sadness.
Five, the pure heart and the world.
"An objective poet can't read much about the world. The richer the materials, the more changes. So are the authors of Water Margin and Dream of Red Mansions. Subjective poets do not need to read more about the world. The shallower they look at the world, the truer their temperament. Li Houzhu also. "
An objective poet must read more books about the world; Subjective poets don't need to read all the world, just keep their hearts open? Reading all over the world is of course essential. I think Mr. Guantang thinks that "reading less in the world" has created these romantic poets-I don't think so. Qu Yuan has read all the filth and injustice in the world. Is his temperament really extreme? Li Taibai's official career is not smooth. Has he traveled around the world and seen less of the world? Li Houzhu is suffering from national subjugation. Of course, we can see from his words that he is childlike, but there are probably many people who have experienced the world. Reading the world is a profound understanding of the world and an experience and collision between emotion and mind. A true poet will never avoid facing the reality of life, and his childlike innocence will not gradually disappear from the world.
Sixth, the quality and character of words.
Mr. Guantang spent a lot of pen and ink to comment on the words of various schools, such as Ouyang Xiu, Yan, Feng, etc ... He analyzed the characteristics of various schools and each has its own strengths. But for Zhang Yutian and Wu Mengchuang's generation, the language is sharp, and there is even a saying that "the white stone still has bones, and Yutian is a beggar", which criticizes his shallow writing and intends to run out in the simulation; There are two comments on Baipu: the autumn night rain is the crown of Yuanqu, and the poetry of heaven is not enough to be the slave of Jiaxuan. Mr. Guantang's evaluation caught the key point and hit the nail on the head. He also mentioned the views of Zhou Ji and Liu Xizai: "The word' stealing' in Meixi's ci is happy enough to define its nature" and "Zhou's meaning is extravagant and historical meaning is greedy". It turns out that the quality of words and character are linked together, and they are inseparable.
I haven't finished reading "Words on Earth". Perhaps, I won't have a real understanding until one day I can get familiar with every word family mentioned by Mr. Guantang.
Notes on Ci-Hua in the World 2 Wang Jing 'an's Ci-Hua in the World has been very popular since its publication, and the word "realm" quoted in it has been regarded as a standard by literary critics. The word "realm" was put forward to replace Yan Yu's "interest" and Wang Shizhen's "charm", but Wang Jingan didn't think it was a discovery of "exploring the source".
"Ci Hua on Earth" rises to the clouds;
And the so-called "interest" of Canglang and the so-called "charm" of Ruanting, if I choose the word "realm" to explore its origin, it is just its true colors.
It is better to say "temperament" and "charm" than "realm", which is also true; Temperament, verve and finally; If there is a realm, both will follow.
In fact, the word artistic conception here is still the so-called interest of Canglang, and Ruanting's so-called' verve' is just a different statement. Wang's theory of realm holds that the key to the realm of words lies in nature, that is, truth.
It has been said by predecessors that the so-called poet's nature has two meanings. For example, Wang Zhuo's "Lan Feng Man Zhi" is a kind of nature that does not need to be tempered. He took "Red Music Song" and "Yi Shui Song" as examples to explain that nature "changed its characteristics and feathers in a conversation", which was written in words. This and Liu Xie's "feeling things and reciting ambitions, is it natural?" Zhong Rong's "Preface to Poetry" said, "Thinking of a gentleman is like running water, which is both an eye; There are many platforms on the high platform, but only you can see them. Another example is the nature advocated by Peng, Wang and Kuang Zhouyi, but the gorgeous nature returns to the plain nature. The former pays special attention to genius, because it mainly intones emotions without waiting for carving. The latter, because the Lord "naturally comes from the pursuit", not only attaches importance to genius, but also thinks that knowledge can make up for the shortage of genius. Wang Jing 'an's theory of realm can definitely belong to the former, which emphasizes genius and creation without following, that is, "his words are blurted out without delicate makeup" and "there is no need to whitewash what officials say."
"Ci Hua on Earth" rises to the clouds;
Nalan Rong Ruo sees things with natural eyes and expresses his feelings with natural language. Since I first entered the Central Plains, I have never been polluted by the Han people, so I can be true. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, he has been the only one.
From this, we can see that "nature" is also one of the meanings of "truth" and a necessary condition to achieve "truth". Wang Jing 'an believes that the benefits of Nalan Ci are essentially that, like Li Houzhu, they are people with shallow experience and pure heart. What does the so-called pure heart mean? There is no clear definition in Wang Jing 'an's Words on Earth, but he quoted a passage from Nietzsche's Zarathustra in Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, saying, "If a pure child is crazy, then the wheel of nature, the first movement and sacred self-esteem are also crazy." If so, Wang's so-called "childlike innocence" seems to be a psychological state that is purely based on intelligence and not influenced by will, purely subjective and not influenced by objective, and purely intuitive without doping concepts; But as far as art is concerned, only a genius has this mentality. With such a pure heart, poets and poets can "see things from a natural perspective", intuitively accept the world, skillfully create articles, and expose endless emotions in a very natural way, so that the nature of rhetoric becomes natural and cannot be tempered.
In fact, the "nature" mentioned above, in Wang Jing 'an's realm theory, means that the performance should be just right, not too fine; The so-called truth, as far as the content of the work is concerned, is to be sincere and not vain.
Speaking of this, we must talk about the content of the realm. "Ci Hua on Earth" rises to the clouds;
The realm is not only the scenery, but also the joys and sorrows, which is also one of the realms in people's minds. Therefore, what can describe the true feelings of the scenery is called the realm, otherwise it is called the realm.
According to this, we know that the so-called realm is not only the unity of meaning and context, but also the interest and image. Interest belongs to emotion, like scenery, so the realm can be divided into creation and writing. "Words on earth" and said:
Realms are big and small, and the pros and cons are not divided by what is right. "Fish comes out in the drizzle, and Yan is inclined in the breeze." Why not "the flag of sunshine falls and the wind rustles in A?vagho?a"? "The curtain hangs a silver hook", so it is not "the fog loses the moon".
It can be seen that, according to Wang Jing 'an's point of view, the realm has its own size. However, if we read the whole book carefully, we can find that it is deeply related to what he said, that is, the creation and writing of realm, with my realm and without me. Kant believes that beauty is a form of self-absence, which is often certain and limited; On the other hand, magnificence exists in our minds, not in the actual nature, so it reaches infinity. Therefore, the realm without me is smaller, and the realm with me is bigger.
Above Wang Jing 'an's point of view, the main points of the realm theory have been generally explained. Now let's talk about the author's personal opinions, refer to various viewpoints and comment on their gains and losses.
Let's talk about the benefits of the realm theory first. The predecessors once praised Wang Jing 'an as "the pioneer of literary revolution". This statement is true, and Wang really deserves his reputation. First, compared with the old ci, Wang's ci has no disadvantages of picking sentences, which can be analyzed and expounded from the perspective of philosophy and aesthetics, and is unconventional; Secondly, Sun Yat-sen's ci style was dominated by the Southern Song Dynasty and followed suit. Many people inherit the past, and few people create new ideas. Therefore, Wang Jing 'an's atmosphere change can be said to be unique. Although it may be overkill, it can also get to the point and set a precedent for the later literary revolution. Thirdly, Wang Jing 'an stresses truth and nature, which is the eternal literary truth. In addition, Wang Jing 'an also asked to express and beautify life outside the truth. Therefore, his ci is called "human ci", and we all know that he intends to describe life, which is different from the experience of people who commented on poetry in previous dynasties.
Let's talk about some shortcomings of Ci-Hua on Earth. Gai's "The World" was written by Wang in his early years, so we really don't have to blame him for it. But as far as "The Thorn on the Earth" is concerned, I have temporarily summarized the following shortcomings: First, the style is perfect and the arrangement order is not systematic, so the arguments are mixed and there is no sense of unity, which is probably related to his notes and comments; Secondly, some theories are not thoroughly explained, which is easy to cause misunderstanding, such as the problem of "dividing and not dividing", such as the problem of "having my site, not my site"; Third, overconfidence and subjectivity. For example, he pays too much attention to innate talent and ignores acquired manpower, which is quite debatable; Fourth, the theory of Ci pays too much attention to articles and ignores temperament. Ci evolved from Yuefu poetry, which was originally melodious. Zhang Yan said that my late father's poem "Ruihexian" said that "butterflies have no time to find fragrance", so it should be changed from "flapping" to "guarding"; For the sake of harmony, it is necessary to change the word "deep" into "quiet" and "bright". In the eyes of poets who pay attention to melody, the melody effect of words is more important than that of words, which Wang Jingan seems to have neglected, so he can't give some poets a proper evaluation, such as Wu Mengchuang, Wang Bishan, Jiang Baishi and Zhang Yutian in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Notes on human vocabulary research iii. Great scholars in ancient and modern times must go through three realms: last night, the west wind withered the green trees, and they went up to the tall building alone to see the horizon. (Yan "Death") This first realm is also true. I don't regret that my belt is getting wider and wider, which makes people haggard for Iraq. (Ouyang Yongshu's Dead Hua Lian) So is this second realm. The crowd searched for him for thousands of Baidu, and when I turned around, I saw that man was in a dim state. (Xin Youan's Jade Case) This third realm is also. -Wang Guowei.
I remember when the junior high school Chinese teacher told us about these three realms, we were all puzzled. I don't know much about the word realm either, although I read and recited many poems at that time. It was not until I read Mr. Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" that I realized that there were rich emotions and far-reaching artistic conception in the original poem.
Wang Guowei, a native of Haining, Zhejiang, is a famous modern scholar in China. Wang Guowei has made great achievements in textual research, philosophy and literary criticism all his life. Ren Jian Thorn is the most famous work of Thorn in modern China, and it is also the representative work of Wang Guowei's literary criticism. Among the numerous thorns in the Qing Dynasty, Ren Jian Thorn, with his novel viewpoints and unique theories, fused Chinese and Western aesthetics and literary thoughts, broke through the viewpoints of some schools in the literary world in the Qing Dynasty, opened a new way for the study of China's aesthetics and literary theory, and occupied an important position in the treasure house of China's academic thoughts. Although it is written for the discussion of Ci, it covers a wide range, not limited to Ci, "which can be read as Wang Jia's theory of art and technique" (Ten Theories on Xia Ci). It broke through the views of Zhejiang School and Changzhou School in Qing Dynasty and was original. On the basis of discussing the gains and losses of poets' creation in past dynasties and combining the author's personal experience of artistic appreciation and creation, Mann put forward the theory of "realm", the center and essence of Wang Guowei's artistic theory. The theory of realm puts forward a viewpoint in Tales on Earth, that is, the artistic conception of literary works is formed by the combination of the real life described in the works and the thoughts and feelings expressed, and it is the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, ideal and reality, emotion and reason. The so-called realm, joys and sorrows, is also one of the realms in people's minds, with the realm of creation and writing, that is, the realm of creation and realism. Here, the meaning of the realm is explained clearly first, and then the composition of the realm is elaborated in detail. The realm created by great poets must conform to nature, and the realm written by great poets must be adjacent to ideals. Although realistic, it is also an ideal home. In other words, the realm is the poet's portrayal of nature and the expression of ideal composition. A successful poem must be a close combination of ideal and reality. In his book, Mr. Wang Guowei explained the realm as follows:-Realm is the most important word. -the realm is self-contained and has its own famous sentences. -With or without me. There is my realm, I see things, so everything is my color. Without me, we look at things in terms of things, and we don't know what is mine and what is physical. -can describe the scenery and true feelings, called realm. Otherwise, it is called boundless.
Throughout ancient and modern poetry, which famous sentence can be passed down through the ages has a unique realm? Let's discuss the realm of having me first, that is, there is an author in the realm, and the key point is to see things from me. That is, starting from self-feeling, we can express our feelings with the help of what we have seen and heard. For example, "I asked the flowers in tears, and I flew over the swing with red." The poet expresses his sadness with the help of the flowers in front of him. Generally speaking, flowers are a beautiful food, but even such a beautiful thing will touch the poet's sadness, which can be described as a happy scene. This shows that it is based on the feelings of the self, and no matter how beautiful things are, they will cause the poet's sadness. Because of me, this is my realm! So what is the state of no self? The realm of non-ego mainly emphasizes viewing things with things, emphasizing the authenticity of objective existence and the objectification of subjective consciousness. For example, Tao Qian said in his poem, "Under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums, you can see Nanshan leisurely." Tao Yuanming painted a relaxed and elegant picture of rural scenery for us. Through such a poem, through such a description of natural objective scenery, we feel the author's yearning for natural pastoral, showing a feeling of leisurely seclusion between pastoral landscapes, which can be described as far-reaching and desirable. It is precisely because the poet describes a kind of artistic conception that he can express his feelings incisively and vividly, which is exactly what Mr. Wang Guowei said.
So how can we write the word "realm"? First, creation should have true feelings and stress the word "truth". Here, the first thing to be clear is that "scenery is not unique." The realm not only refers to the scenery, but also includes people's emotions. Whether it's scenery or lyricism, it's "true" to be able to write true feelings, blend scenes and make people immersive. But "the realm is big and small, and the pros and cons are not divided into right and wrong." A corner of the pond, a westerly desert and a fog tower, how can it compare? Many works handed down from generation to generation are written by the author at will, that is, expressing what he sees and feels without restraint, which is often called "untitled" or extracted directly from poetry. But if you give a topic, you still express your true feelings, but your subconscious mind is always limited by the topic, and the desired realm seems to be incomplete after cutting. This may be what Wang Guowei said, "Poetry dies when it has a title, and words die when it has a title". Secondly, what impressed me the most was that the lyrics should be "inseparable", that is, the words should be plain and easy to understand. "Ouyang Gong" withers in spring, and the sky is clear. Wan Li, thousands of miles away, will die on February 3rd, and if it is sad'. Language is just around the corner, that is, it does not separate; To the cloud' Xiejiachi, Jiangyan Pupan', it is separated. "It is not difficult to see that the former is generally presented to readers in a picturesque way, with an immersive feeling, but there is no obscure text; The latter, if you don't know that "Xie" refers to spring grass, you will be at a loss. Wang Guowei believes that "if people don't write articles for beauty, don't make things white, and don't whitewash words, they will go halfway on this road." "Personal understanding is that lyrics can be written without irony or praise, without classics or substitutes. They all come from their own inner feelings and real thoughts, which can be called pure creation. Just as the artistic conception of Liu Guihua Wa is not as good as that of Liu Yue Wa, if the words are natural, easy to understand and true in feelings, why should there be substitutes? " If you are full of meaning, you will be at a loss. If you are smart, you don't have to. "So as not to make people feel confused. Thirdly, poets and poets should be "both idealists and realists". Wang Guowei believes that everything is interrelated, and no poet can fabricate it out of thin air, but it must be based on the real world. Although poets are idealistic, their idealization will also show social reality from a certain aspect, that is, ideals originate from reality. As Wang Guowei said, "there is creation and scenery description, which is the difference between this ideal and the realism school." "However, it is quite difficult to distinguish between the two. The environment created by great poets must conform to nature; The realm written will also be adjacent to the ideal. " In fact, it may be easy to see whether the poet is idealistic or realistic on the surface. But if we savor it carefully, the idealized realm is also a realm of expressing a true feeling, or a realm sublimated from what really happened. While writing about the environment, express your ambition, create the environment and reflect the reality. However, this alone is not enough. Wang Guowei believes that "poets must be inside and outside the universe." Enter it so that you can write; Outside it, we can see it. If you enter it, you will be angry, but if you exceed it, it will be high. "This is his further elaboration of the above-mentioned" realm with me "and" realm without me ". The state with me is "inside" and the state without me is "outside"?
To sum up, I think that writing the realm is a word "truth", with true feelings and true scenery. Only in this way can readers sing * * * without confusion.
However, my favorite realm is the three realms of life mentioned by Mr. Wang Guowei: the great cause of ancient and modern times, the questioner of the university must go through three realms: "Last night, the west wind withered the green trees, and I looked at the horizon alone in the tall building." The first scene is also; "I don't regret the widening of my belt, and I am haggard for Iraq", which is also the second condition; "The crowd looked for her for thousands of Baidu, and when I turned around, I saw that person was in a dim light", which was also the third place. This first foothold should be "independence" and "looking at the end of the world". It means that a person is looking for his dream in loneliness, which means that life should have his own ideals and pursuits, and it can also be understood as preparing a person to pursue his own ideals and have his own life plan. The second realm is to work hard for the goal and not regret it. The third situation is that you have done all the things you should do and found that what you are pursuing is actually around you. Life is like this, so I often quote this sentence as a metaphor for life.