Key words: flower arrangement art, Chinese flower arrangement, flower arrangement, production, care and appreciation.
Flower arrangement takes the cut roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of plants as raw materials, based on certain techniques, through artistic conception, proper shaping and pruning, according to the principle of artistic composition, and after color matching design, it is inserted into a container that can hold water or a substrate that can keep water, forming a flower art with certain ideological connotation and can reproduce natural beauty and artificial beauty. Flower arrangement is not only a technology, but also an art, an elegant aesthetic art, which is similar to architecture, sculpture, bonsai and gardening, and is one of the most beautiful plastic space arts, so it is often called the art of flower arrangement.
1. Traceability of flower arrangement
The origin of flower arrangement art should be attributed to people's love for flowers. By freezing flowers, we can express an artistic conception to experience the truth and glory of life. The art of flower arrangement in China has a long history. People love flowers, arrange flowers to amuse themselves, and then use them as Buddhist flowers, and then gradually expand into the field of decoration, thus developing into an art, which is closely related to China's philosophy, literature and painting art, so it has a strong national style.
1. 1 History of Chinese Flower Arrangement Art
Chinese flower arrangement art has a long history. According to the characteristics of its development process, it can be roughly divided into seven stages. Pre-Qin (that is, 4000 BC? 200 BC) is the primitive period of flower arrangement. Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties (i.e. 200 BC? AD 580) is the primary stage of flower arrangement. Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties (namely 58 1? 960), is the heyday of flower arrangement. Song and Yuan Dynasties (AD 960? 1368) is the elegant period of flower arrangement. Ming dynasty (i.e. A.D. 1368? 1644), the perfect heyday of flower arrangement. Qing dynasty (i.e. 1644? 19 1 1 year) is the period of flower arrangement from prosperity to decline. The 30 years since the reform and opening-up have witnessed the revival and prosperity of flower arrangement. The long-awaited first national flower arrangement art exhibition in China was held in Shanghai on June 1990, which marked the healthy development of Chinese flower arrangement and was a milestone in the history of Chinese flower arrangement.
1.2 History of Western Flower Arrangement Art
Western flower arrangement art originated in Egypt, an ancient civilization country. After the emergence of flower arrangement art in ancient Egypt, with the exchange of culture and trade, flower arrangement art gradually spread to Greece, Rome, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Britain, France and other countries. After the Renaissance, the art of flower arrangement got rid of the shackles of religion and developed rapidly. There are many forms, such as vase flowers, basket flowers and bouquet flowers, which have become common decorations and gifts for indoor furnishings and social activities. From 16 to 17 century, western flower arrangement formed a traditional geometric and pattern style, which was popular in Europe. 18- 19 century, European capitalism was strong, and western flower arrangement art presented a colorful situation.
In a word, the art of flower arrangement is an ancient art. Due to historical and cultural reasons, there are two different flower arrangement arts in the world, the East and the West. However, with the exchange and infiltration of eastern and western cultures, the two styles of flower arrangement art are also merging and connecting with each other.
2. Types of flower arrangement
Due to its long tradition and history, the flower arrangement styles of various regions and nationalities in the world have formed many styles, categories and artistic schools under the influence of geographical environment, folk customs, cultural background and characteristics of the times. According to five different classification standards, there are mainly the following forms of flower arrangement:
2. 1 Classification by purpose
2. 1. 1 etiquette flower arrangement
It mainly refers to flower arrangement used in various social etiquette activities such as celebrations, receptions, weddings, visiting relatives and friends. Also known as? Practical flower arrangement? Such as basket flowers, bouquet flowers, vase flowers, table decorations, corsage and so on.
2. 1.2 artistic flower arrangement
Mainly used for exhibitions and academic exchanges. Such as various flower arranging exhibitions and academic exchanges, with diversified and liberalized forms.
2. 1.3 Life flower arrangement
Mainly used for flower arrangement in daily life or home interior decoration. Generally speaking, it is relatively simple, and it is inserted according to the owner's preference. In addition to decoration, sometimes more attention is paid to the artistry of life and the expression of life interest.
2.2 Classification by artistic style
2.2. 1 Oriental traditional flower arrangement
It is a flower arrangement represented by China and Japan. Influenced by the traditional cultural customs of eastern countries, they respect both nature and oriental gardens, learn from nature, which is superior to nature, and pay attention to using things to convey the spirit; The composition and layout are staggered, the pitch echoes and the density is scattered; Elegant color, far-reaching artistic conception, prominent theme and intriguing; Pay attention to beautiful lines and natural gestures; The variety and quantity of flowers are not too demanding, and the charm and natural elegance win. Therefore, the traditional oriental flower arrangement is famous for its formal beauty and artistic conception.
2.2.2 Oriental Modern Flower Arrangement
With the development of the times, the progress of science and technology, and the change of people's life interest, the choice of flower materials and containers in modern oriental flower arrangement is more abundant, the composition is more free and changeable, and the artistic conception is more fashionable and diverse.
2.2.3 Western traditional flower arrangement
It is a flower arrangement form represented by European and American countries. It is very different from oriental flower arrangement. Influenced by westerners' traditional culture and national character of advocating nature and openness, he is good at expressing the theme with artificial beauty of flowers. Its material selection pays attention to complexity, winning by expressing the group beauty of plants, paying attention to rules in modeling, giving priority to symmetrical geometric figures, which are large and correct, colorful and rich, pursuing block effect, showing a warm, elegant and magnificent style.
2.2.4 Modern Western Flower Arrangement
In order to meet the needs of westerners' modern aesthetic taste, fashion pursuit and beautifying life, the asymmetric composition of Chinese flower arrangement is introduced, which breaks through the standardized geometric graphic composition form, greatly expands the space for free creation, absorbs the advantages of oriental flower arrangement line modeling, and makes the works more vivid, smooth and beautiful.
2.2.5 Modern freestyle flower arrangement
It is an abstract, freehand brushwork and very personalized flower arrangement form. With the continuous exchange of eastern and western cultures, there are more and more exchanges of flower arrangement. Modern freestyle flower arrangement is developed on the basis of eastern and western flower arrangement, which is compatible with the characteristics of eastern and western flower arrangement. In the selection of flower materials, the determination of conceptual modeling and the treatment of mosaic color, it is more free and free. Commonly used non-plant materials such as metal, glass, plastic, cotton cloth, etc. are set off and embellished, and the theme of performance is often difficult to understand. The works are completely integrated into personal personality, hobbies and temperament, giving people a refreshing feeling.
2.3 Classification according to the nature of flower arrangement materials
According to the different properties of flower materials, it can be divided into flower arrangement, dried flower and artificial flower (including silk flower, polyester flower, plastic flower, etc. ) and crystal flower arrangement (crystal flower material is composed of high-grade resin).
2.4 Classification according to containers used for flower arrangement.
Bottle flower: it is a flower arrangement created with a tall vase as a container; Tube flower: it is a flower arrangement created with a tall container; Potted flower: it is a flower arrangement with a shallow pot and a wide mouth; Basket: it is a flower arrangement with basket as flower device; Bowl flower: it is a flower arrangement with flower bowls and needle plates as flower devices; Cylinder flower: flower arrangement with cylinder as flower device; Tube flower: flower arrangement with tube as flower device. In addition, there are special-shaped containers as flower arrangements, such as bowls, hanging flowers, applying flowers and so on.
2.5 Classification by artistic expression techniques
2.5. 1 Realistic technology
Advocate nature, and reproduce art with realistic and concrete plant forms and natural scenery characteristics. There are three forms of realistic flower arrangement: one is natural, which mainly shows the natural shape of flower materials, and it can be divided into three types according to the shape of main flower materials: upright, inclined and drooping; Second, landscape painting, also known as bonsai flower arrangement, concentrates natural scenery in a basin to express natural scenery; Thirdly, flower arrangement in the form of images is characterized by animals or other objects, such as pandas, peacocks, butterflies, towers and bridges.
2.5.2 Freehand brushwork technique
This is the characteristic of oriental flower arrangement or modern freestyle flower arrangement. It uses the attributes, homophony, character or form of flowers to express the author's thoughts, tastes and implications, and with proper naming, it is intriguing and achieves a certain artistic conception.
Abstract technology
Abstract techniques can be divided into rational abstraction and perceptual abstraction. Rational abstract flower arrangement: it belongs to decorative flower arrangement, which does not pay attention to expressing affection and emphasizes rationality; The use of geometric methods for composition design has balanced and symmetrical pattern beauty; Pay attention to texture, quantity and color; Patterns are mainly triangular, hemispherical, L-shaped, crescent-shaped and S-shaped. Perceptual abstract insertion: it has no certain form and is not subject to any constraints. Acting arbitrarily according to the inspiration of the creator is often difficult to understand and produce * * *.
Step 3 make flower arrangements
Before arranging flowers, we should do a good job in the selection of flowers and the preparation of containers. At the same time, we need to understand and master the principle of modeling, the meaning of flower materials, the steps and skills of flower arrangement, etc. On this basis, you can start making flower arrangements.
3. 1 Buy flowers
First, look at the flowers. It is better to be in bud than in full bloom; Bright colors are better, followed by dim colors.
Second, look at the leaves. It is best to be fresh, less damaged and full of energy, followed by discoloration, withering and falling leaves.
Third, it depends on the incision. Fresh, less damaged is better, dry and less damaged.
Fourth, it depends on the pedicel. It is best to be thick and fresh, followed by emaciated, discolored, rotten and smelly.
3.2 Composition principle
Chinese flower arrangement advocates nature, avoids blandness, strives for stability and creativity, gives people a feeling of natural stability, and is lively and changeable at the same time. In the composition of flower arrangement, we should master the following six rules:
Staggered height: refers to the arrangement of flower branches should be long and short, with front and back, with high and low, and the horizontal and vertical planes should be staggered, natural and vivid, so that the work has a lively feeling.
Dense: It means that the distance between flowers should be large and small, large and sparse, small and dense, and equidistant insertion is prohibited, so that the work has a sense of hierarchy.
Combination of reality and excess: refers to the combination of flowers and leaves. Flowers are real, leaves are empty, flowers have no leaves, and leaves have no flowers. Flowers and leaves blend with each other, giving the work a natural feeling.
Reclining and echoing: it means that the movements of flowers or branches up, down, left and right should be concentrated around the center, interrelated and echoing each other, so as to make the work dynamic.
Light on the top and heavy on the bottom: in the process of flower arrangement, the big flowers are generally on the bottom and the small flowers are on the top; Flowers below, buds above; Light flowers above and dark flowers below; There are flowers at the bottom and spikes at the top. Only in this way can the works have a sense of stability and balance.
Scattering on the top and gathering on the bottom: refers to the flower arrangement works where the branches and leaves of flowers gather together at the base, which seem to be the same root and clustered together; The upper part stretches naturally, with rich colors and diverse forms.
3.3 Steps of flower arrangement
3.3. 1 Intention: define the purpose and determine the theme. Whether arranging flowers is for festivals or for decorating the environment; Whether it is a gift or for personal use; Is it for exhibition or academic exchange? There are various themes, such as family, friendship, romance and love. Serious, such as war, peace, environmental protection, etc. ; There are also neutral ones, such as seasons, that is, spring, summer, autumn and winter; There are also themes that express scenery and leisure, and so on.
3.3.2 Material selection: including the selection of flower materials and flower devices. Should the choice of flower materials stand out? Fresh? Words, is to be fresh. Second, according to the purpose. Different uses, different colors, such as festive flower arrangement, should be bright and strong, such as meeting flower arrangement, the color should be elegant and light. Generally, the choice of flowerpots is dark or light with no patterns, special-shaped flowerpots should be used in relaxed environments such as entertainment places, and dignified flowerpots should be used in solemn environments.
3.3.3 Mastering proportion: Before making, determine the size of flower arrangement works according to environmental conditions. The height of flowers in vases should be about 2 times of the sum of bottle height and bottle mouth diameter, and the height of flowers in flowerpots should be about 1.5 times of the sum of flowerpot height and flowerpot diameter. The length and width of the work shall not exceed 1 times the bottle height or basin diameter. In short, the proportion should be coordinated, harmonious and beautiful.
3.3.4 Composition and modeling: There are seven main types of composition and modeling. According to the overall appearance, there are four kinds, namely symmetry, asymmetry, bonsai and freestyle; According to the position and posture of the main flower in the container, there are three kinds, namely vertical, cliff and inclined.
3.3.5 Color matching: The color of flower materials should conform to the theme and be in harmony with the environmental color. Celebrate the occasion with gorgeous warm colors; The hall can be elegant and cool; Colorful bright space; Use bright flowers in dark corners. Colors can be treated by harmonious colors and contrast colors to achieve the best color matching effect.
3.3.6 Name of the work: Oriental flower arrangement and modern freestyle flower arrangement have names, while western flower arrangement has fewer names. There are two naming methods: prescribed proposition (creating according to the prescribed topic) and free proposition (creating according to your own ideas). There are seven naming methods: seasonal seasons, natural scenery, landscape areas, personal feelings, modeling images, artistic symbols and poems.
4. Color configuration of flower arrangement
The color arrangement of flower arrangement is not only a portrait of nature, but also an exaggeration of nature. The choice of main color should be suitable for the use environment. Strong and warm colors (red, orange and yellow) are suitable for festive parties, dance halls, restaurants and exhibition halls; Bright and clean neutral color is suitable for study, living room and bedroom; Cool colors (light yellow, green, blue, purple and white) are often used in mourning places.
As far as the types of flowers are concerned, the wood is deep and powerful, and the grass is clear and lovely. Natural floral art is dominated by gorgeous colors that are not chaotic and dazzling. Even if there are no flowers, pine and cypress can be the protagonist. The floral pattern is strong and warm, and you can also combine contrasting colors in the same work.
As far as the color matching of flowers and containers is concerned, the simple and clean fine vase and elegant chrysanthemum have a sense of coordination; Strong and decorative dahlias, with thick clay pots with black glaze, can show their rough charm; Light blue water sprouts a low-density pink daisy or Xiao Ju; Gerbera jamesonii should be inserted into a crystal clear glass flask, and the branches should be wrapped around the bottle.
As far as the characteristics of eastern and western floral art are concerned, western floral art is flourishing, with strong colors and strong contrast; Oriental floral art, however, has few branches, focuses on the beauty of natural posture, and is good at elegance with faint colors.
5. Care and appreciation of flower arrangement
5. 1 Nursing care of flower arrangement
Reasonable flower arrangement care plays an important role in prolonging the flowering period, but the care of flowers is different from that of dried flowers.
Flower care: ① Clean the water quality and maintain an appropriate water level; ② Maintain proper air humidity; ③ Temperature and light should be properly controlled; ④ Use preservatives; ⑤ Keep away from fruit storage.
Nursing care of dried flowers: ① keep the environment dry and ventilated; ② Keep the environment clean and remove dust regularly; (3) within a certain period of time, the dried flower works should be restored in color; ④ In a certain period of time, dried flower works should be reshaped.
5.2 Flower Arrangement Appreciation
The way to appreciate flower arrangement works changes with the development of the times. You can enjoy music, pictures, wine, incense, piano, tan and tea. When appreciating flower arrangement works, we should take the beauty of form and content as the standard, appreciate it attentively, savor it carefully and ponder it slowly, so as to create a * * * sound with the author, which is memorable and inspiring, and achieve the real appreciation purpose.
6. Conclusion
The art of flower arrangement belongs to the category of plastic arts, which is boundless. It is a comprehensive art involving gardening, sculpture, fine arts, photography, music and other disciplines. It gives people endless charm. People's production and appreciation also include the love of life and the pursuit of beauty. The art of flower arrangement has strong artistry and wide practicability. A comprehensive understanding and mastery of the history, classification, production, layout, care and appreciation of flower arrangement art will play a beneficial and positive role in improving our artistic appreciation level, cultivating sentiment and beautifying our living and working environment. While learning book knowledge, we should also pay attention to the inheritance and practice of China traditional culture, broaden our horizons and be a comprehensive person.
refer to
[1] Zeng Duanxiang's Art of Flower Arrangement, Chongqing University Press, 2006.
[2] Lianying Wang, Qin Kuijie' China traditional flower arrangement art' China Forestry Publishing House, 2000.
[3] Lin, "Comparison of Flower Arrangement Art between the East and the West", Hunan Forestry Publishing House, 2007.
[4] Xie Lijuan's "Flower Arrangement in One" China Agricultural Publishing House, 2005.
[5] Zhang "On the Expression of Flower Arrangement Art" Modern Agriculture Publishing House, 2007.
[6] Li Jing "On the Art of Flower Arrangement" Modern Horticultural Publishing House, 2007.
[7] Li Peixia's Basic Art of Flower Arrangement' China Agricultural Publishing House, 1993.
[8] Xu Haibin Flower Appreciation Guide, China Agricultural Publishing House, 1996.
[9] Wang Haixia "On Modern Flower Arrangement Art" Tianjin Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology Press, 2004.
[10] He, Flower Arrangement World, Shanghai Science and Technology Literature Publishing House, 2004.
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