According to the practice of compiling history in feudal society, the history of national subjugation was compiled by the dynasty that unified the whole country to help rulers learn from the history of losers. Theoretically speaking, the Meng-Yuan period is the best time to compile the special history of Xixia. During this period, a large number of Xixia books were not included in the treasury of the Yuan Dynasty, and some historians in the former Xixia Kingdom were still engaged in compiling history for the Yuan Dynasty. In this case, it is logical to compile a special history of Xixia with rich content and complete historical materials. But the fact is: from the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty (1227- 1368), 14 1 year, there was no history of Xixia compiled by Yuan people. Yuan people's contributions to later generations' understanding of Xixia history include: History of Song Dynasty (volume 485), Biography of Xia Guo (volume 486), History of Liao Dynasty (volume 1 15), History of Jin Dynasty (volume 134) and Biography of Xixia. The third history, Biography of Xia Guo, is a summary of the national history of Xixia by historians in Yuan Dynasty, but it is far from representing the whole history of Xixia. At the instigation of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty, most of the Xixia picture books that disappeared in the Yuan Dynasty were carefully deleted by the historians of the Yuan Dynasty. The loss of these precious books is an irreparable regret not only for the compilation of the special history of Xixia, but also for the compilation of the general history of the Chinese nation. Why do Yuan Dynasty historians keep the history of Xixia secret so far? Let's look for the answer from history!
First, the three major events of Xixia Classic Collection in Yuan Dynasty.
In the history of the relationship between Mongolia and Xia, there have been many earth-shattering and weeping events, at least three of which are related to the gathering and dispersion of Xixia classics. Coincidentally, all three incidents occurred in the last two years of Xixia history. Through the analysis of these three events, we may get some enlightenment from them.
The first book gathering took place in the autumn of 1226, when Mongolian troops attacked Xiliangfu, an important town in Xixia. The Book of Xixia contains forty-two volumes: "Song Baoqing was two years old, Mongolia Taizu was twenty-one years old, Xia Ganding was three years old, and in autumn and July, the main army of Mongolia marched into Xiliang, and the Suwei officials stuck to the heavy mountains, holding the flag and commanding the six armies without moving. The guardian bowed and led the elders to open the door and surrender. Therefore, counties such as Luoluo and Heluo did not keep it. " ① The events recorded in Yuan History (1), Taizu Ji (146) and Bonding Mountain Biography (146) are basically the same. Xiliangfu is an important town in the west of Xixia River. At this time, most of the Hexi Corridor has been occupied by Mongolia, leaving only an isolated city in Xiliangfu. Genghis Khan's Suwei officer stuck to Chongshan and commanded the Mongolian army to attack the city. Although he was wounded by an arrow, he bravely urged the army to kill him. Seeing that the city was in danger, Chen Shouwozha-especially to avoid being slaughtered by the Mongolian army after breaking the city, had to lead the army to surrender. When Xiliangfu fell, the whole Hexi Corridor fell into Mongolia's hands. Because of Wazayou's special status, the significance of this surrender is extraordinary.
The Book of Xixia, Volume II, Biography of Wozhazuo, states: "Wozhazuo, a native of Ningzhou, Xixia, is in charge of his national history." (2) Xixia Guowo family has been in charge of national history in Xixia Kingdom for generations. The person in charge of national history is a living database of national history, and he knows more, more and more about the history of Xixia kingdom than others. Although history has not been contained, it can be imagined that with his surrender, a large number of Xixia library books will inevitably disappear into the treasury of the Mongolian Empire. These books are precious and of great significance to Xixia kingdom. Their loss, due to the reduction of Wazayou, dealt a heavy blow to the Xixia rulers. Perhaps it was under such a blow that Wang De, the ninth emperor of Xixia, who was in power for four years and was only 46 years old, "died of anxiety" in the same month when Woza fell. His younger brother, the son of the king of Qingping County, was appointed as the new owner. The late king of Xixia kingdom was in danger and failed to save the Xixia dynasty from collapse. The collapse of Xixia dynasty became a historical necessity under the impact of Mongolian fighters.
The second book collection took place in the same year that Wazayiqu surrendered. In November of this year, the Mongolian army formed a pincer-like offensive and besieged Lingzhou, Xiping Prefecture, the capital of Xixia. Although Xixia soldiers resisted tenaciously, they failed to stop the impact of Mongolian fighters. Lingzhou City fell and the abandoned Prince Naruhito was captured and killed. Lu Ye Chucai participated in the battle of Lingzhou and played an important role in the yuan dynasty history process.
Yeluchucai, named Jin Qing, was born in the first year of Mingchang, Jin Zhangzong (1 190) and died in Naima Town, Mongolia for three years (1244) at the age of 55. He was born in a noble family in Qidan, China. He read widely since childhood, especially proficient in Confucian classics and history, and gradually grew into a far-sighted politician. After he became an official in the Yuan Dynasty, Yeluchucai hoped that the Mongolian rulers could change their consistent general plan of governing the country by attaching importance to martial arts and neglecting literature, and govern the country with Confucian political thought of attaching importance to benevolence and righteousness, that is, he hoped that the Mongolian rulers would change martial arts into civil affairs. Yeluchucai compared the civil servants who govern the country to "masters who govern the world" and claimed to be "masters who govern the world", but his ideas did not attract the attention of the rulers. Wen Yuanlei (Volume 57) Song Zizhen wrote "Tombstone, Yelugong, the Governor of the Secretariat", in which he said: "Xia people often weighed eight pounds, so they could learn from the scriptures with bows, but they said to the public,' This dynasty is martial, and the public wants to make progress with literature, but they were left behind?' Gong Dao:' Besides, you need an archer to cure the bow. Do you want to rule the world and not the craftsmen? "Xixia adherents are often appreciated by Genghis Khan because they are good at making bows. He himself was deeply puzzled by Yeluchucai's Confucian views. In the case of "this dynasty is martial", Yelu Chucai tried to persuade the rulers to govern the country with words. Is this Confucian scholar's view too pedantic? Facing the "high opinion" of eight pounds, Lu Ye is quite calm and confident. He still insists on his own ideas and "dares" to call himself "the master who rules the world". The performance of the battle of Lingzhou fully demonstrated his foresight as a "master of governing the world." "A Brief Introduction to the Famous Ministers of Yuan Dynasty", Volume 5, The Biography of Wang Zhengchuan in the Book of Yelv Zheng Wen, contains: "In November, Xu Bingdong was in Lingwu, and the general was fighting for money, and the public only took a few books and two camels. "1226, Xixia Lingwu City was broken, and the generals of the Yuan Dynasty were greedy for women and money as always. Yeluchucai has a unique eye and concentrates on collecting two things, one is Xixia classics and the other is rhubarb. Yeluchucai's practice of searching for the suicide note of national subjugation is similar to that of Xiao He in Han Dynasty. Volume 53 of Historical Records, Biography of Xiao He, records: "When Pei Gong went to Xianyang, people would fight for money, silk and property. Why don't you go in first and collect the Qin Prime Minister, imperial edict and treasury books? Pei Gong is Hanwang. What is the Prime Minister? Wang Xiang and the princes slaughtered Xianyang and left. Hanwang, therefore, knows that the world {map} is congested, the number of registered permanent residence, the strength, and the sufferings of the people. How can he get Qin Shu? "Xiao He didn't take Qin's gold silks, but only his books, which made great contributions to the unification of Hanwang and Liu Bang. Through these laws and regulations, Liu Bang knew all about the world's customs and people's feelings, population size, strong and weak situation, customs and people's feelings and so on. Later, Liu Bang was able to defeat the enemy in the Chu-Han struggle, to which Xiao He contributed. As a politician of different times, Lu Ye Chu Cai himself will certainly analyze the history of Xixia subjugation from the collected Xixia classics, and give his experience and lessons to the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty, so that his suggestions will have an important impact on the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty, at least let them learn the lessons of Xixia subjugation.
The third book gathering took place on 1227. In the first world war of Lingzhou, the main force of Xixia was completely annihilated. The Mongolian army then swept across the Hedong area of Xixia, advanced from Yanzhou River to Zhongxing House, and finally surrounded Zhongxing House. Subsequently, Xixia soldiers and civilians carried out arduous defense against Zhongxing House for half a year. At the end of the summer, he was weak and incompetent, thanks to the leadership of the right prime minister Gao Lianghui and his persistence day and night. 1April 227, Gao Lianghui died from overwork. Zhongxing House, which was besieged for half a year, ran out of food, and was hit by a strong earthquake, houses collapsed, epidemics prevailed, and most of the soldiers and civilians got sick. Seeing that the country was in danger, the Lord had to send envoys to beg for surrender. Yuan Shi (volume/kloc-0)/Taizu Ji contains: "Seeing the rate of civil servants, such as Li Zhongyu and Chen Wu, there are pictures." The books presented this time were finally presented when the Lord of Xia begged for surrender, which is self-evident to Xixia. As a feudal separatist dynasty accompanied by the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, 1227, under the strong offensive of the Mongolian army, finally stopped the pace of historical progress, which was scheduled for Song Baoqing for three years, Jin Zhengda for four years, Mongolia Zhao Kuangyin for twenty-two years and Xia Ganding for four years. Shortly after the surrender in late summer, Genghis Khan died of illness. In order to prevent accidents, the Mongolian secret did not issue a mourning. In August of the same year, when people who didn't know about it went to the Mongolian military camp to meet Genghis Khan, Tuo Lei obeyed Genghis Khan's orders, executed his aliens, and then entered Zhongxing House, massacred and burned Wu Gong's cemetery. The Xixia dynasty, which was ruled by Tangut Qiang for nearly 200 years, has since perished.
From the analysis of the above three events, we can see that in the last two years of Xixia's demise, Xixia's picture books were also doomed, twice because Xia people were forced to give them away and once because Yuan people took the initiative to collect them. Although there are different ways in which Xixia books were buried in the treasury of the Yuan Dynasty, the objective result is the same, that is, the war did not make Xixia books disappear completely, and a considerable number of Xixia books were collected by the Yuan government after Xixia's national subjugation, which should be fortunate in misfortune.
Compilation and Revision of the Second and Third History of Xia Guo Chuan
Xixia kingdom, as a feudal dynasty, was destroyed by the Mongolian empire. According to the practice of compiling history in feudal society, it is the duty of Yuan Dynasty historians to compile special history for Xixia Kingdom.
Xixia had a national history, which was recorded in history. Wazayou is the person in charge of national history. In the Xia Dynasty, Walsh was in charge of national history, and his children knew more books. Imitating the system of establishing the National History Museum in the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Renzong of Xixia established Hanlin College in the spring of the thirteenth year of Tiansheng (1 16 1), with Wang Shu and Jiao Jingyan as bachelor's degrees for record. In the summer and May of the same year, Ren Xiao put Wang Shu and others in charge of historical events and compiled Shi Lilu. The national history and annals written by Xia Guo civil servants must be written in Tibetan, that is, Xixia, and biographies will be available at the end of the Qing Dynasty. According to Ke Shaowen's Preface to Xixia, in the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), the famous epitaph Wang lived in Chengdu, Sichuan. He once saw someone collect several volumes of Xixia national history, and Wang thought they were all written in Sanskrit. Ke Shaowen pointed out that it was not Sanskrit, but Xixia, and told Wang to buy it quickly, but Tibetan historians regarded it as Hongbao and refused to sell it. Since then, the whereabouts of this book has become a mystery. Xixia kingdom died, and its books were not in the yuan dynasty. It can be said that Yuan people have a unique data advantage in compiling the history of Xixia.
However, it seems that the Yuan government did not intend to compile a special history for Xixia State, nor did it pay enough attention to this feudal regime established by ethnic minorities like itself when compiling history. Shortly after the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, it began to organize the compilation of three histories of Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties. However, due to the coexistence of the three countries, there are different opinions within the court on who should be orthodox and what style to use. One school advocates "taking Song as the century and Liao and Jin as the record", while the other insists on "taking Liao and Jin as the history of the North, Song Taizu to Jingkang as the history of the Song Dynasty, and the history of the Southern Song Dynasty after Jianyan". (3) The two sides held their own words and argued endlessly, which affected the revision of history. At that time, he broke away from Prime Minister Zuo, claiming that Song, Liao and Jin were each a history, each a book, each with its own orthodoxy and title, and ordered the revision of historical examples. In the third year of Zheng Zheng (1343), in March, Yuan Shundi adopted Tuotuo's suggestion, wrote to repair the three histories of Song, Liao and Jin, and made Tuotuo the great president of the capital, presiding over the work of repairing history. In October of the fifth year of Zheng Zheng (1345), the three histories were completed and completely restored. After all, the existence of Xixia Kingdom is an unavoidable fact. Among History of Song Dynasty, History of Liao Dynasty and History of Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty historians have two volumes of Biography of Xia Guo, one volume of Collection of Xixia and one volume of Biography of Xixia respectively, which can be regarded as a summary of Xixia history. In making such a summary, Yuan people investigated some Xixia documents, among which Chinese Xixia documents were the main ones. When The History of Song Dynasty compiled Biography of Xia Guo, the Xixia literature explicitly mentioned was Xia Guo Shu Zhuan compiled by Song Sun Xun. The History of the Song Dynasty, volume 486, On the Biography of Xia Guo, said: "This history contains books such as posthumous title and temple names. As well as the mausoleum number and Xia Guo Shu Shu, are inconsistent with the old history, so those who know it are suspicious. " The compilation of Liao History and Xixia Waiji did not explain the source of historical materials. The Qing Dynasty's Liao History, Yi Wen Zhi and Shi Bu Zhi Bu recorded the History of Xia Guo, which is probably a history book of Xixia in China. This book still exists in Liao Dynasty, and Yuan people didn't know whether to refer to it when compiling Biography of Xia Guo.
When compiling Jin Xi Shi Xia Zhuan, I mentioned an important Xixia historical book-Xixia Historical Records. Jin Guochuan praised: "Xia was founded in the old days, and Luo Shichang, his minister, told the Historical Records that the Yuan and Wei Dynasties were declining, and those who lived in Songzhou took the old surname as their surname." Historical Records of Xixia (also known as Xixia Guo Pu) is a historical record of Xixia compiled by Xixia people, with a total of 20 volumes, mainly focusing on the emperors of Syria, which is probably a Han book. Book of Xixia, Volume III, Biography of Luo Shichang, states: "Luo Shichang, Jin Cheng 'an for two years, Xia Tianqing for four years (1 197). In August, Xuandelang, an official, was transferred as a doctor for samurai festival and celebrated his birthday. Eight years of Taihe, three years of Xia Yingtian's Jiading (1208), March, bachelor of Guan Wendian, Li Yuanji of Tang Dynasty, took a message. In September of the second year and the third year of Xia Gan (1225), Jin He agreed to be brothers, each with a year number. Shi Shichang entered the official south courtyard to announce the emblem, and was hired by Jin together with Dr. Guanglu, Li Chonge, the official minister, and Dr. Zuo from Zhongshu Province. Shichang tried to tell the story of his country. Guy was also a civil servant at that time. "Xixia Book" (Volume 42) says: "In the second year of Song Dynasty, in the third year, it was October in winter": "Xuannan Academy emblem was sent to Luo Shichang. When Shichang returned from his mission, he saw that the gold potential was shrinking. Every time he said that financial aid was insufficient, he advised Wang De to work hard. Nakhira drank Xiang Kun, but he refused to obey, so he asked for a rest and asked for permission after three times. The stone field belonging to Yinzhou Township has been broken, and once lived in Longzhou, knowing the country and dying. It is kept in 20 volumes of Historical Records of Xia Guo. "Because" Xixia Times "was compiled by Xia people, its historical materials are far more reliable than other histories, but it is a pity that it has not spread to today.
When compiling the History of the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties in Xia Dynasty, Yuan people not only referred to the official collection of Xixia historical books in Chinese at that time, but also mobilized all historians to consult the Xixia historical books scattered among the people at the suggestion of Yuan Gui. Jue Yuan, whose name is Bochang, was recommended as the inspector of Hanlin National History Museum, and was one of the important editors of History of Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties. In his book "Rong Qing Jushi Ji" (Volume 4 1) and "Provisions on Searching for Postscripts of Liao, Jin and Song Dynasties", Jue Yuan made a list of the titles of nine books he visited, two of which clearly recorded Xixia events, namely "Xixia Facts" and "Xixia Events" by Zhao Yuanhao. These two Xixia books are not recorded in the public and private catalogues of past dynasties. As important references for compiling history books, the contents of these two books may have been scattered in Three History Biography of Xia Guo.
The Three History of Xia Dynasty is a summary of the national history of Xixia by Yuan Dynasty historians, but this summary left too many regrets.
Third, the Yuan Dynasty historians' historical view of Xixia
1227, that is, the year of Song San and the year of Xia Gan were fixed for four years, and the Xixia kingdom, which was at home and abroad, finally perished. The national history of Xixia is about 347 years (about 88 1- 1227), which lasted for nearly three and a half centuries. If TaBaSiGong established local political power in Zhou Xia at the end of the Tang Dynasty, it shall prevail. It took nearly two centuries from the day when Li Yuanhao officially proclaimed himself emperor to being annihilated by the Mongols, ranging from190 (1038-1227). However, it was such a feudal regime that coexisted with the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, a regime that was established longer than the Liao and Jin Dynasties, but it was ignored intentionally or unintentionally in the historical compilation of the Yuan Dynasty. Historians have made various speculations when talking about this phenomenon. Some people think that the rulers of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty "destroyed their country and destroyed it" (4), and some people think that "Xixia has been founded for more than 200 years, and there is no literature, and there is nothing in ten." Just use Yuanhao to make your own books, not Chinese. Simplifying the circulation of books is not easy to translate. So the laws and regulations are almost gone. ⑤ Some people think that this is a kind of detached view of "orthodoxy favoritism", especially in Liao, Jin and Mongolia, so they don't want to be included in the history of Song Dynasty, thinking that this is a step to improve their family. As for Xixia, it was regarded as insignificant, just like Korea at that time. ⑥ But none of these conjectures can be regarded as the conclusion that the Yuan Dynasty did not compile the special history of Xixia. Judging from the above historical facts, it is true that Yuan people destroyed the summer, but there is no documentary evidence to prove it. On the contrary, it is well documented that the Yuan people collected Xixia history books, such as the dedication of Woza to the city, the collection of Lu Ye Chu Cai, and the dedication of Li Zhonge. One of the Xixia legacies who entered the Yuan Dynasty was named Duoji. He is a national historian of Xixia, and it is impossible not to have Xixia history books in his hand. It is also said that "it is almost useless to replace the Xixia system with Tibetan books." Xixia script is a Tibetan script created by Xixia kingdom, which was created by imitating Chinese characters in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Coexist with Chinese characters in Xixia kingdom. After the demise of Xixia, it was still used in the scattered areas of Xixia people, and it was not used before and after Yuan and Ming Dynasties, at the latest after Xuande in Ming Dynasty. However, it was not unknown in the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty collected a large number of Xixia pictures, which not only could be interpreted by Xixia people, but also many people in the Yuan Dynasty at that time, such as Shi Tianlin and Cha Han, were very proficient in their books and texts. From the perspective of literature interpretation, there is no difficulty in translation and understanding of Xixia pictures. It is also unconvincing to say that it is divorced from the orthodox and one-sided view of history. As we all know, from the 10 century to the 13 century, China had two periods of tripartite confrontation, namely, the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty and the Xia Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Xia Dynasty. The history of China in this period was created by the Song, Liao, Jin and Xia Dynasties. By studying and comparing the history of Liao, Jin and Xixia, we can see their striking similarities. Liao, Jin and Xixia are both one of the ethnic minorities in the grassland tribe. The three dynasties all implemented the system of uniform soldiers, and the troops were good at riding and fighting. The establishment of the state official system is similar to that in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Confucianism was introduced into China in large quantities, and after repeated struggles with Buddhism, it was finally accepted as the ruling ideology; The school construction in China takes Confucian classics as the main learning content; In the system of selecting officials, the method of selecting officials is implemented. This series of phenomena shows that the people of Liao, Jin and Xixia Dynasties, despite their different nationalities, costumes and languages, are all members of the Chinese nation's big family and have promoted the history of the Chinese nation. As far as Xixia is concerned, in terms of foreign relations, although it was at war with Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan, it never had the ambition to enter the Central Plains and unify the whole country. On the contrary, when its national strength declined, it promoted Confucianism, respected Confucius, and abandoned itself to entertain guests, so Zhonghua Mu's ceremony was new. Liao, Jin and Yuan not only established their own political power, but also had the ambition to annex the world. So Liao wins Song, Jin wins Liao, and finally Yuan destroys Jin. From the perspective of historical compilation, Liao, Jin and Xia all perished, especially Xia and Jin, which were directly destroyed by Yuan. A historian can study the history of Jin Dynasty and Liao Dynasty, but he can't study the history of Xia Dynasty, so it is difficult to justify himself with orthodox extreme views. If the theory is partial, Liao is partial, Jin is partial, and the whole of China has not been unified. Why Liao Jin is rich and Xixia is thin? The traditional view that Yuan people did not study the special history of Xixia seems to be not absolutely convincing. So what is the real reason? Here, I would like to offer my humble opinion in order to ask Dafang for advice.
Generally speaking, when compiling and revising history books, feudal dynasties had such an unspeakable purpose, that is, using different styles and various means to record what was beneficial to the ruler's rule and the dignity of the ruling class, so as to learn from the new bureaucratic class. Driven by such a purpose, China feudal historians often attach great importance to historical inheritance and the reference and guidance of writing history, and taking history as a mirror has become an important historical tradition. Yuan Shundi's Three History of Song, Liao and Jin also adhered to this principle. In "Three History of Liao History Revision", Yuan Shundi clearly declared: "These three countries were chosen because of the system, law, chaos and rise and fall of the Holy Dynasty, and they were afraid of being lost because of the age. We choose civil servants, divide history into bureaus, and compile a book in order to see our ancestors win the Liao, Jin and Song kingdoms in the world. In order to ensure that the compilation of Three Histories was carried out according to the will of the ruling class, Shun Di appointed the presidential official as his spokesman, giving the presidential official the power to compile. There is a clear stipulation in the revised imperial edict on the three histories of Liao Dynasty: "During the compilation period, public and private affairs must not be harmed, and the president must be handed over to determine right and wrong and decide whether it can be done. "
Once politics begins to pay attention to history, historians cannot but be influenced by politics. In the history of China, many historians often take it as their duty to investigate political gains and losses, and to persuade the good and punish the evil, which determines that the main content recorded in their history books is the real politics and personnel in social reality. However, due to the interference of politics in historiography, the creative spirit of historians has been stifled to some extent. Without the support and recognition of the state power, these historians' plans to revise history often run aground. Although some historians have worked hard to compile history books, they can only hide in the deep mountains and forests and put them on hold in the end. With the evolution of China's history, the influence of politics on historians' revision of history is increasing. As historians of the Yuan Dynasty, faced with Xixia, a feudal regime that once competed with the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, they really had a lot of brains on how to position themselves in the history books.
When Yuan people compiled the history of Xixia, there were a lot of original materials to choose from. In addition to the ancient books presented by Xixia people, many recitations, records, letters and decrees disappeared in the Yuan government. Facing the vast amount of historical materials, how to choose whether to write directly or back? Historians in the Yuan Dynasty did many strange things when compiling the history of Xixia.
First of all, in terms of style, Xixia is regarded as a one-sided feudal separatist force, and its position in history books naturally cannot be compared with that of the orthodox dynasty. Therefore, in the three histories of Song, Liao and Jin, the historical materials about Xixia were placed in the last part of the History of Barbarian Nationalities after finishing the biography, expression and ambition of feudal orthodox dynasties. However, Xixia was an unusual barbarian. From 1 1 century to13rd century, the division with Song, Liao and Jin lasted for 190 years (1038- 1227), if we ruled the land without claiming the country, In the heyday of Xixia, its territory was more than 20,000 miles in Fiona Fang, with the Yellow River in the east, Guan Yu in the west, Qilian in the south and desert in the north. Xixia people created a unique regional national culture-Xixia culture under the specific natural environment, historical background and social conditions. All this is inevitable and cannot be created by an ordinary "savage nation". Therefore, in the "barbaric national history" part of the history of Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, Xixia was placed in the first place, with the longest length.
After "straightening" the position, we will begin to write its history. In ancient times, I only heard of seeing the punishment with a straight pen, but I didn't hear of convicting with a curved pen. When compiling the history of Xixia, historians in Yuan Dynasty used a lot of Qu Bi, or regarded reality as fiction, or right and wrong, or beauty as vanity, or praised or criticized at will. Throughout the biographies of Xixia in the history of Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, the historical materials are similar. Occasionally, there are some prominent points, but also some insignificant customs and habits. The truth of Xixia history has been changed beyond recognition by China Yuan Dynasty historians.
The Yuan Dynasty was the best time to compile the history of Xixia, which was guaranteed by both historical materials and personnel. However, the compilation of Xixia history by Yuan Dynasty historians left a failure for China, which is worthy of our future generations' deep thinking.
Precautions:
(1) the guangcheng Xixia book history, gong, such as school card, Gansu culture publishing house, 1995 in may.
(2) The Book of Xixia written by Zhou Chun in Qing Dynasty is in Peking University Library.
(3) Yi's Notes on Twenty-two Histories (Volume 23), China Bookstore, April edition, 1987.