Basic concepts Basic information undergraduate course, abbreviated as undergraduate course, is a basic part of higher education, and students can get a "bachelor's degree" after graduation. The undergraduate course of higher education self-study examination is a professional type of self-study examination, which is generally consistent with the similar professional level of ordinary colleges and universities. This kind of specialty can be divided into subsection undergraduate course and comprehensive undergraduate course (note: the concepts of subsection undergraduate course and comprehensive undergraduate course are created by the author for the convenience of readers). Explain in detail that 1 refers to the Jinshi branch. "Song History Election Record" I: "? Kaibao three years (97? 0 years), the imperial edict department read Gong's family, and the 15-year-old tasted the end, and got 160 people, giving a bachelor. "
2, still today. The third section of the third chapter of the Imperial Examination Record of the Qing Dynasty: "Those who can't enter the palace to take the undergraduate course due to anxiety or other accidents can declare the reasons for taking time off, so as to inform the class and allow him to make up the exam in the next 12 subjects." 3. Teachers' disciplines in institutions of higher learning. Compared with the preparatory course. The Death of Ba Jin Chapter 6: "? When Li Jingshu arrived in Shanghai, her brother was already a sophomore at N University. She was also admitted to the preparatory course of this university. " 1928 "China Education Dictionary" explains: "It is a preparatory course. The academic level of the school is compiled on the basis of the preparatory course, and it is named undergraduate, so as to complete the pre-science industry and enter specialized knowledge, such as normal undergraduate and undergraduate. " Now it is also relative to the majors in colleges and universities. Do you study undergraduate or junior college? ? The English word for "undergraduate" is "undergraduate", which means "college students who have not yet obtained a bachelor's degree or similar degree", so "Pedagogical Terminology" translates it as "undergraduate". University batches are divided into one, two (including two public schools and two private schools) and three according to different batches of college entrance examination, but they all belong to the same level and grade (that is, undergraduate education? Level). At the same time, undergraduate courses are divided into "key undergraduate colleges" and "ordinary undergraduate colleges". "Key undergraduate colleges" and "ordinary undergraduate colleges" only focus on differences, and there is no essential difference. The former focuses on theoretical research, while the latter focuses on theoretical practical application. Different levels of undergraduate education (subordinates, provinces and cities), different undergraduate education systems and their nature (public and private), different tuition fees determined by the school-running system, and the similarities and differences between "one, two (including two public and two private) and three" graduation certificates and undergraduate colleges. Therefore, the undergraduate education and diploma of a university, two universities (including two public universities and two private universities) and three universities are the same, but the emphasis is different. Key undergraduate universities (985,211university) emphasize theoretical research. Ordinary undergraduate universities include one ordinary university, two public universities, two private universities and three universities. That is, key undergraduate courses focus on research, while ordinary undergraduate courses focus on application. The school has 1, 2, 3, but the students don't have 1, 2, 3. They are all undergraduate diplomas, with the same academic qualifications. The academic system is set to four years (ordinary) and five years (medical? Architecture). The undergraduate education system of world-famous universities is four years, which is the same as the presidency of the United States. Undergraduate education in medieval universities lasted for four years, usually taking only three courses: grammar, rhetoric and logic. At that time, it was mainly to train clergy to preach and teach, so they all spoke languages. One course a year, three years of study, and the fourth year of practice in the church. This tradition has obviously influenced the setting of the term of office of the president of the United States (that is, as president, the policy is determined in the first year, deployed in the second year, formally implemented in the third year, and the effect of the policy is seen in the fourth year). Therefore, in the eyes of Americans, a president can be tried out in four years. Modern universities are completely different from medieval universities, and undergraduate education is still four years. Why? 1. General professional knowledge is divided into three levels: basic courses, specialized basic courses and specialized courses. One level per year, plus one year of internship, is exactly four years. The five-year medical undergraduate program is due to the addition of "internship" in the fourth year to show "life events", and it is still internship in the fifth year. Another reason is that the average person can't fully develop his body until he is twenty-two. Some students may think they are a little short, so it doesn't matter. In the past four years in college, we should not only increase our knowledge, but also increase our knowledge. We still have four or five years. From this perspective, college students enter the university at the age of 18 or 19, and their bodies are just mature after graduation at the age of 23. It is more appropriate to go to work at this time. However, most undergraduate courses in Hong Kong are three years, which to some extent reflects the faster pace of life and success there. Other countries also have a three-year undergraduate program, and the undergraduate program in China during the Cultural Revolution was a three-year program. According to the different educational methods, the classification of differentiated education can be divided into: full-time undergraduate (including: key undergraduate (universities established by ministries and provinces) and full-time unified undergraduate "ordinary 1, 2 (including: two public universities and two private universities) and three universities"; Self-taught undergraduate course; Bachelor degree in adult education; Network education undergraduate course, pilot undergraduate course. Classification of institutions of higher learning According to the provisions of Articles 12 and 13 of Chapter III of the Provisional Regulations on the Establishment of Ordinary Institutions of Higher Learning, according to the scale of institutions of higher learning, they can be divided into: universities (which must meet the following conditions:)? (a) mainly cultivate undergraduate and above professionals; (2) Of the eight disciplines including liberal arts (including literature, history, philosophy and art), politics and law, finance and economics, education (including sports), science, engineering, agriculture, forestry and medicine, three or more different disciplines are the main disciplines; (3) Having strong teaching and scientific research strength and high teaching and scientific research level; ? The scale of full-time students in school is more than 5000. However, remote areas may have special needs and may not be subject to this restriction with the approval of the State Education Commission. Such as Tsinghua, Peking University, Fudan University and China Renmin University. College (must meet the following requirements: (a) mainly cultivate undergraduate and above professionals; Taking one of the disciplines listed in Item 2 of Article 12 of these Regulations as the main discipline; The scale of full-time students in school is more than 3000. However, with the approval of the State Education Commission, colleges with special disciplines such as art and sports or with special needs may not be subject to this restriction. Such as: Beijing Film Academy, Central Academy of Drama, Xiamen Institute of Technology, Xichang College, etc. According to Article 14 of Chapter 1 of the Education Law of the People's Republic of China, according to the different departments of colleges and universities, they can be divided into: universities directly under the central government (mainly universities directly under the Ministry of Education), such as Peking University, Tsinghua University, Fudan University, Zhejiang University, Beijing Normal University, Sun Yat-sen University, Nankai University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Xiamen University, Shandong University, China Renmin University, Wuhan University, Xi Jiaotong University and other universities directly under the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, such as Harbin Institute of Technology. Universities directly under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, such as China University of Science and Technology. Chinese People's Public Security University and other universities directly under the Ministry of Public Security. Universities directly under the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council, such as Jinan University and Huaqiao University. Colleges established by Zhengzhou University, Fuzhou University, Zhejiang University of Technology, Fujian Normal University, Nanchang University, Yunnan University, Northwest University, Shanxi University, Heilongjiang University, Guangxi University, Xinjiang University and other provincial departments (generally with the Ministry of Education), as well as provincial undergraduate colleges such as Hangzhou Normal University, Guangdong University of Technology, Hubei University, Jiangsu University, Jimei University and Changsha University of Science and Technology. According to the different nature of running a school, it can be divided into: public undergraduate colleges such as Tianjin University, Shanghai University, Zhejiang Normal University, Chongqing University, Anhui University, Shandong Normal University, etc. Private universities, such as yang-en university and unnc. According to the different admission batches, it is divided into: one institution (including key and ordinary institutions), two institutions (including two public and private institutions) and three institutions (mainly referring to "independent colleges" and some "Chinese-foreign cooperatively-run universities" and the names of institutions upgraded to their own colleges). 1 2 (including two public books and two private books), the names of the three colleges and universities are the batch numbers at the time of the college entrance examination, not the level and grade names of undergraduate colleges and universities. And (1) doctoral degree level, (2) master degree level, (3) undergraduate degree level and (4) junior college degree level are the names of university levels and grades. Because 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities are undergraduate education levels, 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities are equal, and there is no distinction between high and low. 1 2 (including 2 public and 2 private) The academic qualifications of the three universities are all the same undergraduate degree, and there is no difference between high and low, but the emphasis is different. 1 2 (including: 2 public universities and 2 private universities), 3 universities can be mutually transformed, 1 2 (including: 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities can be mutually transformed, because 1 2 (including: 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities. ⑴? What is the level of doctoral education? ⑵? Master degree level? ⑶? Undergraduate education,? ⑷? The level of university education is the level and grade of the university. The school-running systems of one university, two universities (including two public universities and two private universities) and three universities can also be transformed into each other. In order to deepen the reform of higher education and optimize the structure of higher education, the state can also adjust and reform the school-running system (nature) of some 1, two universities (including two public universities and two private universities) and three universities as needed. (From some public pilots to private ones; From some private pilots to public pilots. ) Regular nature of universities 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities are approved by the Ministry of Education? . 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities are officially enrolled by the state. 1, 2 (including 2 public books and 2 private books) and 3 institutions are all registered electronically. 1, two (including two public and two private) and three colleges and universities have fixed school buildings and tutors. 1, 2 (including 2 public and 2 private) and 3 universities are full-time teaching universities. 1, 2 (including 2 public and 2 private) and 3 college graduates all hold three certificates: graduation certificate, degree certificate and registration certificate. 1, 2 (including public 2 and private 2), 3 The academic qualifications and diplomas of college graduates are recognized by the state. Public welfare 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities all serve the "public interest", so it fully shows that 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities are public welfare. Pluralism 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and diversification of 3 universities, including state-owned universities, private universities, independent colleges and Sino-foreign cooperation in running schools, fully embodies the diversity of 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities. The variable 1, 2 (including two public universities and two private universities) can be transformed with three universities, which fully reflects the variability between 1, 2 (including two public universities and two private universities) and three universities. 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities' enrollment is based on the national enrollment plan, so 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities' enrollment is unified. Full-time enrollment 1 2 (including 2 companies and 2 private companies) three universities implement full-time teaching, so the teaching time of 1 2 (including 2 companies and 2 private companies) three universities is full-time. Equality 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities are all undergraduate universities at the same level, but they focus on different levels, and there is no distinction between high and low, and there is no distinction between academic diplomas. Therefore, the relationship between 1, 2 (including 2 public universities and 2 private universities) and 3 universities is equal. Adjustment of "undergraduate" enrollment policy in colleges and universities. The enrollment index of "one university" (including key and ordinary 1 undergraduate) is completely placed in "one batch". "two universities"-"ordinary undergraduate universities" (including two public universities and two private universities), and the enrollment indicators of "two public universities" are placed in "two batches" or "one batch"; The enrollment index of "Min Er Ben" is placed in "the second batch" or "the third batch". The enrollment indicators of "three universities" (mainly referring to "independent universities" and some "Chinese-foreign cooperatively-run universities" and junior colleges, that is, colleges upgraded from junior colleges to undergraduate colleges) are completely placed in the "three batches", and the admission method of paying tuition fees for three universities is no different from that of 1 and two universities (including two public universities and two private universities). All the same. First of all, 1, 2 books (including 2 public books and 2 private books) and 3 books are admitted by the national enrollment plan through the annual college entrance examination. There is no doubt about it. It's just that the way to pay tuition is slightly different. Three books are basically handed in before freshmen start school, and 1 and 2 books (except 2 books) are basically handed in after freshmen start school. Then why don't three books like 1 and two books (except two books) pay tuition after they start a new school? There is a certain reason why three books must be done, because we all know that the tuition fees of three books are charged according to the "cost", and the tuition fees are more expensive than 1 and two books (except Min 2). A very small number of freshmen from poor families drop out of school because they can't afford to pay tuition fees, which will definitely cause losses to the number and cost of enrollment plans (students) in these three universities. If three books, like 1 and two books (except two books), pay tuition fees after the start of school, it will cause the loss of the number of enrollment plans and fees (students) of the three books, which can not be made up after the start of school. Only by paying tuition fees in full before the start of school can we make up for the loss of enrollment plan number and cost. Before the start of school, there are very few candidates who drop out of school because of family difficulties, which will cause a shortage of three enrollment plans. [1] Self-study examination management institutions in most provinces implement the same management as undergraduate majors, and only those who hold a diploma of a college (or above) with nationally recognized academic qualifications or who are in a college (or above) can apply for the examination. Candidates who meet the prescribed graduation requirements can obtain a self-taught undergraduate diploma. Differences between self-taught examination and others (1) Differences and connections between specialized courses and basic courses (1) Differences: Specialized courses are independent, closed and complete professional types of self-taught examination, and such majors have no direct connection with independent undergraduate course of the same major. Basic courses are a part of undergraduate majors, which are directly related to their undergraduate courses. ② Contact information: Generally, there are no restrictions on the two majors, as long as they are from China and citizens of China. Candidates who meet the prescribed graduation requirements can also obtain a diploma from the self-taught college. ⑵ Difference and connection between undergraduate course and independent undergraduate course ① Difference: Undergraduate course is a part of undergraduate major, which is directly related to its basic courses. Independent undergraduate course is a professional type of self-study exam, which is independent from the junior college level. This major is not directly related to the specialties of the same major. ② Contact: Both majors are the starting points of specialties, and only readers with diplomas of specialties (or above) recognized by the state or in specialties (or above) can apply for the exam. Candidates who meet the prescribed graduation requirements can also obtain a self-taught undergraduate diploma. The talent training goal of the pilot undergraduate major has changed from the original subject type to the application type, and the curriculum has been adjusted from the original two sections of "public * * * courses" and "professional courses" to three sections of "public * * * basic courses, professional core courses and elective courses". Emphasis on the cultivation of professional core competence has expanded the scope of course selection for students according to their own needs. At the same time, the curriculum assessment system has been reformed, which not only meets the needs of students, but also increases the proportion of practical curriculum assessment. The practical course examination adopts a combination of paper-and-pencil examination and practical examination, with paper scores accounting for 70% and practical scores accounting for 30% of the total. The paper assessment and practice assessment are organized and implemented by the pilot schools themselves. Practical assessment focuses on students' learning process, that is, students' attendance in class, usual homework and skill test. This assessment method is more in line with the learning characteristics of self-taught students. Graduates from adult colleges, self-taught colleges and ordinary colleges can also complete their "pilot undergraduate" studies in a year or so. [2] Traditional 1, (including repeat undergraduate courses and ordinary undergraduate courses), 2 universities and 3 ordinary universities, diploma of junior college or relevant degree qualification certificates recognized by the society are all recognized by the country, the world and the society. In the social environment, different enterprises need different talents. Compared with those enterprises that need professional talents, junior college students are more suitable, because they think their professional skills and practical ability are ok, and they can also know how to give full play to the skills needed by their major. Similar fields of work are: electronics, electrical appliances, automobiles, transportation and so on. However, students in traditional undergraduate colleges 1 (including heavy undergraduate and ordinary undergraduate) and two undergraduate students will be more popular in some single places (such as office buildings) that pay attention to writing. Compared with the professional skills of college students, students in traditional undergraduate colleges are better in theoretical knowledge and cultural literacy, and can better adapt and play in office, office building and other working environments. Similar jobs include: secretary, clerk, insurance, human resource management and so on. The students of the three universities have the advantages of traditional undergraduate 1, (including emphasizing undergraduate and ordinary undergraduate) and 2 undergraduate, and have the ability of junior college students. In other words, the students of the three colleges are better in theoretical knowledge and cultural literacy, and can adapt and play better in the working environment of offices, office buildings, secretaries, clerks, insurance, human resource management and other industries. Moreover, compared with those enterprises that need professional talents, students from ordinary colleges and universities are more popular than those from traditional colleges and universities, because they generally think that students from traditional colleges and universities only pay attention to theoretical knowledge, while students from colleges and universities only pay attention to the cultivation of practical ability, while students from ordinary colleges and universities pay attention to both theoretical knowledge and practical ability. University policies in recent years: 1. According to the relevant regulations of the Ministry of Education, the graduation certificates issued by independent colleges in universities have changed. In 2003, the graduation certificates of freshmen enrolled by independent colleges in ordinary universities were no longer issued by the headquarters, but by independent colleges. The bachelor's degree certificate was issued by the headquarters. Two, according to the requirements of the Ministry of Education, starting from 2008, the undergraduate freshmen admitted to independent colleges should be issued with independent college graduation certificates and bachelor's degree certificates, and the degree certificates of the parent universities will no longer be issued. Third, the state's policy treatment of "three ordinary colleges and universities": according to the spirit of relevant documents such as the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Education, the three ordinary colleges and universities enjoy national scholarships, national inspirational scholarships and national grants. Students with particularly difficult families can apply for "student loans" or apply for national student loans in their places of origin after the "poverty certificate" report is issued by the local civil affairs department. Study abroad, postgraduate entrance examination, civil service examination, household registration management, graduate employment and other aspects enjoy the same policy treatment as other traditional undergraduate students (category I and II). The difference between colleges and universities and one (including one) and two (including two public and two private): First, the undergraduate college entrance examination is divided into three batches according to the order of admission, one (including one) and one (ordinary). Second, three ordinary books and two ordinary books (including two public and two private) (all universities at the ordinary undergraduate level, there is no difference between high and low. The so-called ordinary three books are only the third in the admission order. ):? One ordinary book, two ordinary books (including two public books and two private books) and three ordinary books all belong to the education series of "ordinary colleges and universities", with a schooling period of four years. The graduation certificate and degree certificate are at the same level, so the graduates of one ordinary book, two ordinary books (including two public books and two private books) and three ordinary books will be recognized by the country, the world and the society. The so-called difference is 1, and the order of access batches is different: one copy (including duplicate copies and ordinary copies) is the first batch, and two copies (including two ordinary public universities and the second batch; Ordinary private colleges and universities (two private colleges and universities), enrollment indicators can be placed in the second batch, can also be placed in the third batch, and ordinary three books are the third batch. 2. The tuition fees charged are different: one (including key undergraduate courses and ordinary undergraduate courses) and two (except the second) are relatively few, but the tuition fees of some ordinary private undergraduate colleges (the second) are also relatively high, and the tuition fees of three ordinary colleges are relatively high. 3. One is in the "public class"; Two books are "public" (public two books) and "private" (private two books); Three books: mainly refer to independent colleges (non-governmental), some Chinese-foreign cooperative undergraduate colleges (non-governmental), undergraduate majors in undergraduate colleges, and general sports and art majors that use the results of the joint entrance examination in this province. Hierarchical understanding corrected the misunderstanding of 123. ▲ Misunderstanding 1- Misunderstanding that "private colleges and universities" are all "ordinary three colleges and universities". Correction: 123 is divided according to the batch of college entrance examination, not according to the nature of running a school (public or private): 123 University: 65438+. 2 copies: (including: 2 public copies and 2 private copies. Public 2 books, that is, the second batch of institutions admitted; Min 2 (ordinary private undergraduate), because the enrollment index of "Min 2" can be placed in the "second batch" or "third batch" enrollment, "Min 2" is the second or third batch of universities admitted) 3: It is the third batch of universities admitted. (mainly refers to "independent colleges" and some "Chinese-foreign cooperatively-run universities" and the merger of undergraduate courses-that is, colleges upgraded from junior colleges to undergraduate courses). Some universities have nothing to do with the nature of running a school (public and private) but are related to the admission batch. Some people mistakenly think that private universities must be three universities, which is wrong. ▲ Misunderstanding 2-I mistakenly think that 1, 2, 3 (including undergraduate and ordinary undergraduate) colleges are divided according to their professional achievements. Correction: 1, 2, and 3 (including undergraduate colleges and universities) are not divided by professional achievements, but by people (social and online). The names of the three universities (including duplicate universities and ordinary universities) are classified by the State and the Education Commission. Correction: The state and the Education Commission have not divided the regulations of universities into 1, 2, 3 (including duplicate universities and ordinary universities). ) Colleges and universities, 1, 2, 3 (including duplicate books, ordinary books) are all named after people in the society and on the Internet according to the batch order of the college entrance examination. ▲ Misunderstanding 4-I mistakenly think that the diplomas and degree certificates of three ordinary colleges and universities must be different from those of two ordinary colleges and universities (including two public and two private), and three ordinary names will be affixed. Correction: Two ordinary universities (including two public universities and two private universities). Graduation certificate and degree certificate are the same, only indicating undergraduate course. They are all stamped with the names of their own universities, and they are all academic certificates of "ordinary colleges and universities". Therefore, graduates of ordinary 1, 2 (including 2 public and 2 private) and 3 will all get the same (equal) level recognized by the state, (internationally) and society. ●? This běnㄅㄣˇ 1, the root of vegetation: ~ grass (generally referring to Chinese medicine). Wood without ~. When I heard my elders begging for wood, I consolidated my foundation? Ten thoughts on remonstrating Taizong II. The root of things, as opposed to "end": ~ end (head and tail; Always). root ~(root； Thoroughly; Essentially). If you have this, will you accept it? Philosophers are like mountains and rivers. Grass stems and tree stems: grass ~ plants. 4、? Central Committee, mainly: ~ Department. ~ body. 5, the original text: ~ come. ~ collar. 6. In my own opinion: ~ China. ~ body. ~ bit. ~ points (fèn? )。 7. People with ancestors but no blood relationship: family. 8. Self: myself. 9. Have a certain ability in one aspect: ability. 10, the word generation of Yanshi in Xiangcheng, Henan Province: "... Xiang Qin, Ru, Ben, Ran ..." Genealogy of Yanshi 1 1, original: original. Painting soil for a non-scholar, willing to be criticized. 12, exploration, investigation: the success or failure of the book was suppressed by others. ? Biography of Lingguan 13, transcript: I can't bear to waste it today, so I recorded it halfway. The preface to the south guide has the significance of exploration and investigation here. Using this word means exploring and investigating things (that is, social science and natural science).