19 10, when Xu zhimo was full 14 years old, he left his hometown and came to Hangzhou. Introduced by his uncle Shen Junru, he was admitted to Hangzhou High School (19 13 was renamed as Zhejiang No.1 Middle School, now the predecessor of Hangzhou Senior Middle School and Hangzhou No.4 Middle School), and he was in the same class as Yu Dafu. He loves literature, and published a paper "On the Relationship between Fiction and Society" in the first issue of the school magazine "Friends", thinking that novels are beneficial to society and "should be promoted as much as possible", which is the first work in his life. At the same time, he is interested in science. And published articles such as Radium Ingot and the History of the Earth.
19 15 In the summer, Xu Zhimo graduated from Zhejiang No.1 Middle School and later entered Shanghai Baptist College and Theological Seminary (predecessor of Hujiang University, now Shanghai University of Technology). In the same year 10, he was arranged by his family to marry Zhang Youyi, the daughter of Zhang Runzhi, the richest man in Luodian County.
19 16 In the autumn, Xu Zhimo, who was active by nature, did not finish the course of Baptist College with peace of mind and left Shanghai for Beiyang University in Tianjin.
Photo Xu Zhimo (12) (Tianjin University) Pre-science Law.
19 17 The Law Department of Beiyang University was merged into Peking University, and Xu Zhimo was transferred to Peking University. During his two years in the north, he added new contents to his life and injected new factors into his thoughts. In this institution of higher learning, he not only studied law, but also studied Japanese, French and political science, dabbled in Chinese and foreign literature, and ignited his interest in literature. During this period, he made many friends and met many celebrities. He was recommended by Zhang Junmai and Zhang Gongquan, took Liang Qichao as his teacher, and held a big gift from his teacher. Liang Qichao had a great influence on Xu Zhimo's life and played an important role in Xu Zhimo's mind. Although Liang Xu is a close master-apprentice relationship, there are still ideological differences between them. Xu Zhimo, who accepted the bourgeois idea of democracy and freedom, put down his body desperately to pursue his ideal life and strive for the freedom of marriage and love.
When he was a university student in the north, he personally experienced the scene of warlord scuffle and witnessed the slaughter of innocent people. He hates this society, "smearing purple at dusk all day in Xishan, and smearing the shame that this person has become a beast" (Xu Zhimo: the second battle song of "Man Becomes a Beast"). He is determined to study abroad, seek a prescription to change the reality of China and carry out his "ideal revolution".
19 18 Xu zhimo left Peking university with the patriotic enthusiasm of "applying what he has learned to guide our country" (19 18 August 14 August Xu zhimo's "Starting a Journey to America") August of the same year 14. In the first year of studying abroad, I entered Hearst Clark University in the United States. He entered the history department, taking sociology, economics, history and other courses in order to be a "Hamilton" of China in the future. Ten months after I entered school, I graduated with a bachelor's degree and a first-class honor award. However, he is not satisfied with this. That year, he transferred to the Graduate School of Columbia University in new york and entered the Department of Economics. Xu Zhimo has gained extensive knowledge of philosophy and politics.
19 19, the wave of the may 4th revolutionary movement also spread to China students studying in the United States. Driven by patriotism, Xu Zhimo took part in patriotic activities organized by local students and often read magazines such as New Youth and Trendy. At the same time, his interest in learning gradually shifted from politics to literature, so he got a master's degree in literature.
1920 Xu Zhimo has been in the United States for two years, but he is tired of the madness, greed and materialism of the bourgeoisie in American capitalist society. He was attracted by the British philosopher Russell, and finally got rid of the temptation of Columbia doctorate and bought a boat to cross the Atlantic. Unexpectedly, the unexpected changes in Russell's personal life prevented him from realizing his long-cherished wish to learn from Russell. As a result, he "stayed at the London School of Economics and Political Science for half a year" and felt bored when he wanted to change his way. At this time, he met his daughter Lin, and because of the introduction, he met the English writer Gosworth Dickinson.
192 1 Thanks to Dickinson's introduction and recommendation, Xu Zhimo entered the Royal College of Cambridge University as a special student. Study political economy. In Cambridge, I was influenced by western education for two years and romantic and aesthetical poets in Europe and America. Start writing new poems.
Cambridge University [2]
Xu Zhimo also lived in England for two years. His life in England, especially in Cambridge, had an important influence on his life's thought and was a turning point in the development of his thought. In Cambridge, he deeply felt that "the beauty and tranquility of nature, harmony unexpectedly drowned your soul in the tacit understanding of starlight and waves" (Xu Zhimo: Cambridge as I know it). Xu Zhimo is obsessed with Cambridge and nature because he thinks that the real society is ugly, life is painful and only nature is pure and beautiful. The best way to cure this society and people, as well as the embarrassment of current life, is to leave the degraded civilization and return to the simplicity of nature. Only by approaching nature can we restore human childlike innocence and alleviate social symptoms.
He received a bourgeois aristocratic education and a "smoking culture" in Cambridge. He worships England very much and likes Oxford and Cambridge very much. He likes to associate with British celebrities. He has extensively dabbled in all kinds of world famous works, and has also been exposed to various schools of thought. During this period, his political ideas and social ideals were cultivated, and his self-consciousness-idealism was born. He wants to be an "uneducated individualist" himself. The environment in Cambridge not only contributed to and formed his social outlook and outlook on life, but also aroused his thirst for knowledge and triggered his creative ideas. He began to translate literary works. He translated several short stories by British writer Mansfield, the novel The Swirl Boy by German Fogo, the stories of Wu Jiarang and Ni Alan in medieval France, the Dead City by Italian writer Danon Wu Xue, and the Gandhi by Voltaire. At the same time, he was full of poetry and wrote many poems. His "The Fury of Spiritual Revolution Washes on Both Banks of Your Charming River" (Xu Zhimo: Goodbye Cambridge) is the most classic. His idols are no longer Hamilton in America, but Shelley and Byron in England. He changed his way and entered the ranks of poets. [1] "New Moon" course
When people look at Xu Zhimo and his works, they will always think of the Crescent School. They regard him as the representative writer of the Crescent School and call him the "leader" of the Crescent School. This is because the formation and demise of the Crescent School are closely related to him, and he participated in the whole activities of the Crescent School. His works reflect the distinctive features of the Crescent School.
It took about ten years from the establishment of Crescent Society to the gradual formation of a literary school-Crescent School, in which Xu Zhimo always played an important role.
1922 After returning to China, he published a lot of poems in newspapers and periodicals.
1923 In the spring, Xu Zhimo opened a club in Beijing, where he wrote and acted, held an annual meeting, held a lantern festival and sang on holidays.
Former residence of Zhimo Xu
Poetry and painting, out of interest in a collection of poems by Indian poet Tagore, Xu Zhimo nominated the word "Crescent" as the name of the club, hence the name Crescent Club. Joined the Literature Research Association in the same year.
1924 founded Modern Poetry Review with Hu Shi and Chen Xiying, and was hired as Professor Peking University. Translated by Tagore, a great Indian poet, when he visited China.
Before 1925, Xu Zhimo not only wrote poems, but also contacted members of the crescent society to engage in drama activities. 1925 10, edited by Xu zhimo. In the same year, Professor Peking University went to Europe and visited the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, France and other countries.
April 1926, 1, the morning newspaper supplement was edited in Beijing. At this time, Wen Yiduo had returned from the United States and participated in the compilation of poetry. Except for the third and fourth issues edited by Wen Yiduo and the fifth issue edited by Rao Mengkan, all the issues were edited by Xu Zhimo. Xu Zhimo also wrote Poetry Magazine and Poetry Magazine Holiday. Poets are devoted to the creation of China's new metrical poems and the discussion of poetry art, so the establishment of Morning Post Poetry Magazine marks the formation of the Crescent Poetry School, whose aim is to "make the content and form of poetry show the power of beauty and become a perfect art" (Yu Yu's Zhi Mo Shi). In the same year, he moved to Shanghai and served as a professor at Guanghua University, Daxia University and Nanjing Central University (1949 renamed Nanjing University). Hu Shi, Wen Yiduo and others founded "Crescent Bookstore" and "Crescent Magazine".
1927 In the spring, due to political changes and other reasons, some members of Crescent Society gathered in Shanghai. At this time, Xu Zhimo also married Lu Xiaoman and moved to Shanghai. Xu Zhimo visited relatives and friends everywhere, contacted Wen Yiduo, Hu Shi, Shao, Liang Shiqiu, Yu, Jiu and others, and founded Crescent Bookstore in Huanlong Mountain Villa, Huanlong Road, Shanghai. Hu Shi was the chairman and Yu Shangshen was the manager, and he was the successor for a long time. In the same year, Xu Zhimo also traveled abroad and visited Britain, the United States, Japan, India and other countries.
1In March, 928, Xu Zhimo was a professor at Guanghua University, Soochow University and Daxia University, and at the same time founded the monthly New Moon. In the same year 1 October 6th 165438 Farewell to Cambridge Phase I192812 10, New Moon, volume1,signed by Xu Zhimo. New Moon has published four volumes and forty-three issues.
65438-0930 Member of China Cultural Fund Committee, elected as a member of British Poetry Society. In the winter of the same year, he taught in Peking University and Peking Women's University.
193165438+1October 20th Xu Zhimo, Chen, Shao, etc. Another quarterly magazine, Poetry Magazine, was set up, and Xu Zhimo was elected as the director of China Branch of Pen Club. In the fourth issue, 193 1 September, 2008, Chen selected 80 new poems of 18 poets from Morning Post Poetry Magazine, Crescent Monthly and Poetry Magazine, and compiled them into Selected Poems of Crescent Moon. From these works, we can see the basic features and features of the Crescent Poetry School.
Xu Zhimo's works are like Sun Jianping's.
19311109 at 8 o'clock in the morning, Xu Zhimo went north from Nanjing by the China Airlines "Jinan" postal plane. He was going to attend a lecture on China architecture art held by Lin for foreign envoys in Peking Union Medical College Auditorium that night. When the plane arrived at Dangjiazhuang area in the south of Jinan, it was suddenly foggy and it was difficult to tell the course. In order to find an accurate route, the pilot had to lower the flight altitude. Unexpectedly, the plane crashed into the mountain (now Guyunhu Sub-district Office, Changqing District, Jinan City) and immediately fell into the valley. The fuselage caught fire and all the people on board were killed-two pilots and Xu Zhimo. In addition to the direct cause of Lin, his death was also related to Lu Xiaoman's delay in agreeing to go north, the influence of heavy fog, the host engineer Wang's busy preparing his daughter's marriage late the night before and his poor spirit during the flight. Cai Yuanpei wrote an elegy for him: speech is poetry, action is poetry, and lifelong behavior is poetry. The meaning of poetry has infiltrated, and I have my own paradise; You can die by boat, by car, lying in a cubicle, and you don't have to be afraid of the road if you die accidentally.
After Xu Zhimo's death, the Crescent School was dominated by Liang Shiqiu and Hu Shi. By June 1933, the publication of four volumes and seven issues of New Moon was closed. During the publication of New Moon, not only the works of members of the New Moon School were published, but also the works of progressive writers such as Yu Dafu, Ba Jin, Ding Ling and Hu Yepin. However, this is the late stage of the activities of the crescent school. Although the members were different in the later period, they became increasingly reactionary in terms of their overall political inclination. However, the crescent school is engaged in poetry creation, and it seems that this "main line" of studying new poetry has not been interrupted.
To sum up, from the establishment of the Crescent Society to the formation of the Crescent School and its main activities (especially literary activities), Xu Zhimo played a leading role in it. He is indeed a representative of the crescent school, which has played a certain role in promoting and influencing the development of new poetry. However, they excessively pursue form and meter and go astray. In particular, there was a crisis in Xu Zhimo's later thought and creation. He lamented: "Year after year, the new moon looks round and the circle looks incomplete." (Revelation of Love) [1] Atlas Source: Memory Album of Xu Zhimo