1.& lt& lt> It is a collection of recorded essays in the pre-Qin period of China, mainly recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. It is compiled from the records of Confucius' disciples and re-disciples. The book has 20 chapters and 492 chapters.
Confucius: Zhong Ni, a famous mountain, was a great thinker and educator in China. The founder of Confucian school, whose ideological core is benevolence, advocates that benevolent people love others. In education, it advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
2. < < Zhao Wen's Qi Shi >; & gt is selected from & gt. It is a conversational argumentative essay. & gt This is a compilation of historical materials about different countries during the Warring States Period. This is a collection of essays, compiled by Liu Xiang of Han Dynasty. & gt It records the speeches and actions of counsellors and military strategists lobbying countries or arguing with each other during the Warring States period, and uses fables and metaphors to illustrate abstract truth.
3.& lt& lt My country is also >> From & gt, it is a short essay in the form of dialogue.
Mencius: Mingke, the main representative of Confucian school after Confucius, advocated the people-oriented thought of benevolent governance and kingliness, and advocated that the people should be the most important, the country should be the second, and the monarch should be the least. Mencius' prose makes good use of the arguments of playing hard to get and attracting the monarch into the country, and makes good use of metaphors, which are full of emotion and magnificent.
4.& lt& lt autumn water >> selected from & gt This is an argumentative essay based on dialogue.
Zhuangzi: Zhou Ming is the main representative of Taoism after Laozi. He advocates conforming to nature and doing nothing. He strongly criticized the dark reality that those who stole the hook were punished, those who stole the country were princes, and benevolence and righteousness existed. Zhuangzi's articles are full of imagination, while Wang Yang's words are gorgeous and full of romance.
5.& lt& lt The Book of Persuasion and Expulsion & gt is the representative work of Li Si, published in> language is an argumentative paper.
Li Si: A famous politician and a representative writer of prose in Qin Dynasty. His articles are good at reasoning, scattered in < < gt and < <; Chinese and other languages. & gt& lt& lt Prints on Langya Terrace >>.
Book refers to writing letters and memorials, which is a style of expressing political views to monarchs in ancient times.
6.& lt& lt The Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng >> is the postscript, that is, the postscript written at the back of the article, which pays equal attention to discussion and narration.
& lt& lt Answer Li Yishu >> This is an epistolary argumentative essay.
Han Yu: word back, known as Han Changli in the world, is a famous writer in the Tang Dynasty, an advocate and leader of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, and the head of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He and Liu Zongyuan are also called Liu Han, advocating that words must be done, emphasizing that words must be done. The characteristics of the article are: thorough reasoning, vigorous momentum, rigorous structure, refined language, remarkable achievements and books.
7.& lt& lt An Introduction to Lingguan in the Five Dynasties; Selected from & gt is a historical theory.
Ouyang Xiu: The word is Yongshu, a drunkard. In his later years, he claimed to be a layman in June and a native of Luling in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was the leader of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. He advocated that the article should be Ming Dow, practical, faithful and vivid. Prose has a style of reasoning, lyricism and euphemism. His works are
8.& lt& lt answers Sima's suggestion >> selected from & gt This article belongs to epistolary refutation.
Wang Anshi: Character Festival, a famous politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, has unique achievements in poetry, ci and prose. His prose is famous for its profound knowledge, sharp exposition, rigorous logic and vigorous brushwork. He advocates that articles should complement the world and be based on applications. His works are >
9.& lt& lt Tree Planting Biography >>, is an allegorical biography.
Liu Zongyuan was a famous writer in the Tang Dynasty and an advocate of the ancient prose movement, who was called Liu Hedong. & lt Liuhe Dongji >>& lt& lt〈 < Travel Notes of Xishan Banquet > , is a landscape travel notes.
10.& lt& lt Writing and Painting: Bamboo Records in the Valley >> It is a portrait, which can also be regarded as a literary prose, with both mourning and memorial prose.
Su Shi: Zi Zhan, named Dongpo Jushi, his father Su Xun and his younger brother Su Zhe, were listed as the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. & gt This is a small order, and this is a commemorative work.
Su Shi was a writer with the most comprehensive literary and artistic achievements in the Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is unrestrained, clear and fluent, and his poems are fresh and vigorous, forming a school of his own. His writing is bold and unconstrained, and he has>& lt& lt Dongpo Yuefu >>.
& lt& lt Qianchibi Fu >:> Prose is prose. The main formal characteristics of prose are: the subject and object answer, restrain the object, extend the subject, and rhyme alternately with prose and parallel sentences.
11.< < Zheng Boke Duan Yan Yu > > selected from & gt. It is a narrative and belongs to historical prose. & gt is also called & gt or>. It is China's earliest chronological historical work. It is said that it was written by Zuo Qiuming. & gt He is good at narrating the contradictions and struggles between countries in the Spring and Autumn Period. Describing the war is particularly wonderful.
12.& lt& lt Biography of General Lee >> Selected from & gt This is a biography.
Sima Qian: The word length,>, is the first biographical general history in China, with * * * articles 130, including 12 biographies, tables 10, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families and 70 biographies. This is a great historical work as well as a great biographical literary work.
13.& lt& lt newspaper Liu Yishu >> This is an epistolary narrative.
Zong Chen: Zi Zi Xiang, written by> His prose achievements are the most outstanding among the last seven poets: Zong Chen, Li Panlong, Wang Shizhen, Liang Youyu, Xu Zhonghang and Wu.
14.& lt& lt Biography of Ma Ling >> This is a biography and a story.
Hou Fangyu: The word Chaozong, named Xueyuan, was a famous poet in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Some of his works reflect the real life in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, he participated in the reunion and fought against Wei Zhongxian and Ruan Dacheng. His work is < <; & lt& lt Poems of Siyitang >>
15.& lt& lt Meng >> selected from & gt. It is the earliest collection of poems in China, with 305 poems in total.
& lt& lt> is divided into wind (fifteen-country wind, *** 160) and elegance (same as>& lt< Xiaoya >> is produced near Wang Du). Ode. (There are forty poems of>& lt& lt truffles & gt& lt& lt Shangsong & gt***, which are used for ancestral temple sacrifice.)
< Meng >> is a narrative poem in a four-character ancient poem.> It is mainly composed of four words, emphasizing rhythm and rhyme, while folk songs often repeat chapters and sentences and use metaphors.
16.& lt& lt National Mourning >> This poem was originally a folk sacrifice song of Chu State in the Warring States Period, which was used to pay tribute to the soldiers who died for their country.
Qu Yuan: The first poet with great achievements in ancient China. His main works are. & lt& lt Nine Songs >>& lt& lt Chapter 9 >>< Tian Wen >>& lt& lt evocation >> Qu Yuan's poems use a lot of myths and legends, with unique ideas, rich imagination, gorgeous style and romantic spirit.
17.& lt& lt shangxie >> is a Yuefu poem as well as a love poem, which is selected from Yuefu Poetry Collection/Advocating Lyrics. Most of them were compiled by Guo Maoqian, a poet in the Song Dynasty. These folk songs are the main representatives of Han Yuefu's thoughts and artistic achievements. Han Yuefu folk songs mark a new stage in the development of China's ancient poetry.
18.& lt& lt short songs >> Cao Cao, a famous poet in Jian 'an period, mostly expressed new contents with old Yuefu poems. The basic style of Cao Cao's poems is desolation and solemn and stirring. & lt Cao Cao Ji >>
19.& lt& lt joins the army >> is a seven-character quatrain in Yuefu's old poems.
Wang Changling, a famous poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, is the representative of frontier poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is good at seven-character quatrains, and his basic style is vigorous and high style.
20.& lt& lt is difficult to go. It is an old topic in Yuefu, which embodies the hardships of the world and the sadness of parting.
Li Bai, a great poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, is the greatest romantic poet in China after Qu Yuan. Li Bai's poems and songs are bold and unrestrained, with rich imagination, forming a unique style of elegance, boldness and grandeur. The collection of poems is < < Li Taibai ><
21.< < Guan Shanyue & gt；; It's an old topic in Yuefu, seven-character style.
Lu You: a great patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, with a view of ci affairs and the number of songs. There are more than 9,300 existing poems, which are rare in the history of China literature. His style is magnificent and tragic, and>& lt& lt Nanbo's poems >>
22.& lt< Drinking >> Tao Yuanming: Qian Ming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was the first famous poet in the history of China literature to write a large number of pastoral poems. Style: sincere feelings, fresh style, simplicity, implication and charm. & lt Tao Yuanming's Collection >>& lt& lt Drinking >>< Returning to the Garden >> This is his masterpiece.
23. < < An autumn night in the mountains & gt；; It is a landscape poem in five-character poems.
Wang Wei: a famous poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and a representative writer of the pastoral school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is famous for his meticulous observation and keen feeling, fresh and elegant style and distant artistic conception. His poetry is a combination of poetry and painting, with the characteristics of painting in poetry. Collect << Wang Youcheng >>
24.& lt& lt military vehicle store >> It is a narrative poem in a new Yuefu poem.
Du Fu: A beautiful word, he was the greatest realistic poet in ancient China. His poems truly reflect the broad social life and are full of strong feelings of worrying about the country and the people. He is known as the history of poetry. His basic style: gloomy and frustrated, inheriting & gt and having his own pioneering and artistic creation, he is the forerunner of the new Yuefu movement advocated by Bai Juyi. & lt Du Shaoling >>.
& lt& lt Gordon >> is a seven-character poem.
25.& lt& lt A song "Snow White Farewells Tian Shuji Wu to Go Home">；; This is a Bai Xuege and a farewell poem.
Cen Can: a famous frontier poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His basic style: majestic, novel in imagination and high in style. He and Gao Shi are both called Gao Cen, and his poetry collections are>
26.& lt& lt Du Zuoling >> It is a narrative poem in a new Yuefu poem.
Bai Juyi, whose real name is Lotte, is a Buddhist in Xiangshan. He was an outstanding realistic poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, an advocate and main representative of the New Yuefu Movement. He advocates that articles should be written in time and lyrics should be written for things. He is as famous as Yuan Zhen in the world of poetry and is called Bai Yuan. Ni>
27.& lt& lt untitled >> This is a love poem with seven rhythms. Li Shangyin: Yishan, No.1 Yuxi Sheng, No.1 Fan Nan. He was a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty. He is good at seven melodies and seven quatrains. His songs are graceful and affectionate, ingenious in conception and rich in style. He is especially famous for his untitled poems. He and Du Mu are also called Du Xiaoli. Collection & gt < <;
28.& lt& lt Young Mermaid >> This is a piece of music. This is a lyric. Li Yu: Li Houzhu was a famous poet in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Li Yu's excellent ci works are natural in true feelings, good at sketching and vivid in image, which has a great influence on later generations. Li Yu and his father Li Jing's collection of poems is < < Two Main Words in Southern Tang Dynasty > >;
29.& lt Klang Ganzhou >> Also known as; & gt, it's the tone of voice, not the slow word. Its main purpose is to express the pain of travel and service.
Liu Yong: He was the first writer devoted to Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty, and he was also a representative of graceful poets. He created a large number of slow words, which played an important role in the development of China's ci. & lt action set >>
30.& lt& lt slow voice >> is a tune, one of the representative works of Li Qingzhao's later ci, and it is a slow word.
Li Qingzhao: No. Yi Anju is a famous female writer and poetess in the history of China literature. Her ci is divided into two periods, the former is sad and euphemistic, and the latter is sad and miserable. Her work is < < Shuyu Ci > >;
3 1.& lt& lt touches the fish >> Tone, a long word, is a lyric word.
Xin Qiji: You 'an is not right. Jiaxuan inherited the uninhibited school initiated by Su Shi. Su Xin also said that the style of words is mainly bold and tragic, bold and arrogant. There are also many beautiful and lively works. The series is
32.& lt& lt Tianjingsha >> This is a Sanqu, which belongs to Xiaoling and is honored as the ancestor of Qiu Si.
Ma Zhiyuan: No. Dongli, a famous zaju writer and Sanqu composer in Yuan Dynasty, is known as the No.1 Zaju in Yuan Dynasty, and is also known as the Four Masters of Zaju in Yuan Dynasty with Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu and Zheng Guangzu. His works zaju < < Han Gongqiu > >, Sanqu < < Dongli Yuefu >; & gt
33.& lt& lt Farewell to the Pavilion >> Wang Shifu, an outstanding zaju writer in the early Yuan Dynasty. Most of his plays are children's amorous feelings, which has certain anti-feudal significance. Features: Beautiful charm and beautiful lyrics. < & lt； This is his masterpiece.
34.& lt& lt Alpine Sheep >> is Sanqu, which belongs to a small preface.
Zhang: A famous essayist in Yuan Dynasty, who wrote Prose Collection. Zhuang Yuan retired and adapted it into Little Yuefu >>
35. < < Shi Chong and Wang Kai contend for luxury >:> Selected from & gt is a note novel classified by content.
Liu Yiqing's writing is characterized by simplicity, conciseness and vividness. He chooses typical words and deeds to describe the mental outlook of the characters.
36. Liang Qichao, whose real name is Ren Gong, is a prominent figure in China's modern ideological circles. He was the first person who spoke highly of and strongly advocated novel creation. Yes>
37. Li Dazhao: Shou Chang, one of the main founders of China * * * Production Party, has published a collection of works & gt& lt< Selected Poems of Li Dazhao >>
38. Lu Xun: His real name was Zhou Zhangshou, whose original name was Yushan, and later renamed Zhou Shuren, and he was named Yucai, the founder of modern literature in China. 19 18 began to use the pseudonym of Lu Xun in April, and published his first vernacular novel in < < New Youth > >> A collection of novels is>& lt& lt Wandering >> < New Stories >>. Essays & gt& lt& lt weeds >>
39. Zhu Guangqian: A famous contemporary aesthetician and literary theorist in China, whose academic and narrative achievements are mainly in the field of aesthetics. His important works are. & lt& lt literature psychology >>< poetry theory >>< history of western aesthetics >:> it played an important role in laying the foundation of China's aesthetic research.
40. Bacon: British materialist philosopher. An important essayist in the Renaissance, he proposed that knowledge is power. His> This is a world famous book.
4 1. Yu Dafu: Originally named Yu Wen, he was born in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province, and has been an influential writer since the May 4th Movement. Most of his novels are autobiographical and written in the first person. He once organized a creative society with Guo Moruo and Cheng. The representative works are the novel < < Water Tank > > < < Night Indulged in Spring Breeze > > > gt < < Bo Dian > > gt < < She is a weak woman. & lt& lt get out >>. Essays
42. Mao Dun: Originally named Shen Dehong and Yan Bing, he was an active participant and an important organizer of the New Literature Movement in China. Initiated a literary research association with Zheng Zhenduo and Ye Shengtao, and jointly promoted the development of left-wing writers' alliance with Lu Xun and Qu Qiubai. Novel:> Short Story & gt& lt& lt Spring Silkworm >>
The first novel::> trilogy and novel & gt, famous prose:>& lt& lt Praise of Poplar >>
43. Ba Jin: formerly known as Li Yaotang Ziyigan, a famous writer with important influence in the history of China literature. His first novel & gt has been & gt< love trilogy >> (< fog >>& lt& ltrain >；; & gt< & gt)& lt& lt torrent trilogy > & gt(& lt& lt home >>& lt& lt spring >>< autumn >>) and; & gt& lt& lt rest garden >>. Essays & gt& lt& lt Travel Essays & gt& lt& lt Tragedy in a Quiet Night.
44. Bing Xin: Formerly known as Xie Wanying, his ancestral home is Changle, Fujian. He was the first batch of modern writers who emerged during the May 4th Movement. He is an important member of the literary research society. A collection of early works and novels; & gt poetry collection & gt and>. Prose Collection & gt And> After liberation, there was a collection of essays & gt& lt& lt Little Orange Lamp & gt& lt& lt Send it to young readers >> His works were good at prose. In addition to expressing patriotic thoughts, most of his early works praised maternal love and nature, with beautiful writing, profound meaning and unique artistic style.
45. Zhu Ziqing: The word Pei County is called Qiushi. He was an early member of the literary research society. He is a famous essayist and scholar in modern times. His prose is rigorous in structure, exquisite in brushwork, sincere in feelings and poetic. Lyric long poems & gt poetry collections & gt prose collections & gt& lt& lt you and me >>& lt& lt European travel notes >>< London notes >>.
Representative article & gt& lt& lt Moonlight on the Lotus Pond >>& lt& lt Qinhuai River under plasma light >>
46. Guo Moruo is a famous poet, scholar and cultural warrior in China. Formerly known as Guo Kaizhen, he and Cheng, Yu Dafu and others formed the New Literature Group Creation Society around the May 4th Movement. Poetry anthology; & gt War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression wrote & gt& lt& lt tiger symbol >> historical drama and>& lt& lt heaven and earth are mysterious and yellow >>& lt& lt today's Pu Jian >> and>& lt& lt Ji Ji >> After People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, he wrote a book of poetry & gt& lt< Let a hundred flowers blossom >>.
47. Wen Yiduo: Formerly known as Jia Hua, also known as Yiduo, a famous poet, scholar and democracy fighter, published poetry anthology & gt, 1928, and founded < < New Moon >> magazine with Xu Zhimo and others. Poems published in the same year & gt. & lt& lt In short >> is a modern new metrical poem, which is selected from & gt You>
48. Dai Wangshu: Formerly known as Meng Ou, a native of Hangzhou County, Zhejiang Province, was a representative poet of modernism in the 1930s. His collection of poems includes. & lt& lt Wang Shucao >>& lt& lt years of disaster >> and so on, there are>
49. Turgenev: Russian writer of critical realism. He is famous for his novels and an outstanding poet and playwright. The collection of short stories & gt is his masterpiece. Six novels:>& lt& lt aristocratic house >>& lt& ltEve >>& lt& lt father and son >; & gt& lt& lt cigarettes >>& lt& lt> It is called the chronicle of Russian social history from 1940s to 1970s.
Gorky: Russian revolutionary writer and founder of Soviet literature. & gt& lt& lt Three People >> are the first two novels. The novel was published in1906 < <; Mother > > Lenin spoke highly of the practical significance of this work. & lt； & lt& lt My University >> It is called the autobiography trilogy.
5 1. Cao Xueqin: Zhan Ming, whose name is Qin Pu. A great realist writer in Qing Dynasty.
52. Lao She: Formerly known as Shu Qingchun Zisheji. 195 1 was awarded the title of People's Artist by Beijing Municipal People's Government. The representative works are the novel < < Xiangzi Camel > > the novel & gt < < divorce > > the short story & gt& lt& lt> the drama has been & gt& lt& lt teahouse >>.
53. Sun Li: Sun Shuxun, a famous modern writer in China. His main works are short stories and essays. , novel & gt. Novella <<>& lt& lt The Legend of Tiemu >>
54. Mo Bosang was a famous French novelist in the19th century, famous for his short stories.
55. Chekhov: Russian novelist and dramatist, whose important works are. & lt& lt chameleon >>& lt& ltWanka >>& lt& lt grassland >>< < & lt& lt A house with an attic. & lt& lt A woman with a puppy >>. He is one of the most influential short story writers in the world. He is as famous as Mo Bosang. His script is great. & lt& lt cherry orchard & gt；;
56. O/Henry: A famous American short story writer. His masterpiece
2. Common sense of classical Chinese grammar
Although classical Chinese is not a real language, it is no longer used in our study and life today, but it is the source of modern Chinese and still affects the language we use now in various ways. Therefore, to learn modern Chinese well, we must have a solid foundation in classical Chinese.
Classical Chinese can be roughly divided into words and sentences. Words can be divided into content words and function words. Among them, notional words can be divided into five categories: ① monosyllabic words and disyllabic words. Classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, while modern Chinese is dominated by disyllabic words. For example, the word "wife" is a disyllabic word in modern Chinese, meaning wife, while it is two monosyllabic words in classical Chinese, meaning wife and children. ② The ancient and modern meanings are different. Including synonym enlargement, word meaning reduction, word meaning transfer, emotional color change, name sentence change and so on. (3) The word is polysemous. For example, the original meaning of the word "yin" is to open the bow, and there are five kinds of extensions: extension and elongation; Procrastinate; Guide and lead; Take it and lead it; Stay back. Stay back. 4 leave. Including interchangeable words, borrowed words and ancient and modern words. Its basic law is "homophone substitution". ⑤ Flexible use of parts of speech. Including: nouns are used flexibly as adverbials; Nouns are used flexibly as verbs; Adjectives as nouns; Adjectives are used flexibly as verbs; Causative usage, dynamic usage, intentional usage and behavioral usage. Sentences can also be divided into five categories: judgmental sentences, passive sentences, inverted sentences, ellipsis sentences and fixed sentences. Inverted sentences can be divided into subject-predicate inversion, verb-object inversion, object postposition and adverbial postposition.
The ancients wrote articles without punctuation marks, and how to break sentences directly affected the understanding of the contents of the articles. Pay attention to the following points correctly: first, accurately grasp the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, understand key words and judge the relationship between words. Secondly, we should know some common sense of ancient culture. Such as the expression of names, places and official positions, and the writing habits of euphemisms and taboos. Third, master some rules of dialogue, reporting and quoting in the text. For example, words such as "Yue", "Yun" and "Shu" are often used as signs before quoting and reporting the content. Fourth, judge according to the common words at the beginning and end of the sentence. As usual, the words used at the beginning of a sentence are beggar, Fu, Shi, Hou, Gong, Ran Ran, Ran, Gong, Thief and Widow. Usually used at the end of the sentence are modal auxiliary words such as you, evil, Hu, and existence, and disyllabic function words such as helpless, yi zai, yun er,. There are also relatively independent exclamations commonly used at the beginning of sentences, such as: fu, Hu, alas, etc. Fifth, you can also break sentences according to common idioms in sentences. For example, words indicating ordinal number and order, words indicating questions. In addition, sentences can be broken according to common sentence patterns, fixed sentence patterns or figures of speech.
People usually take "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" as the standard to measure the quality of translation, and so does the translation of classical Chinese. A good translation can truly and perfectly reproduce an article in another language environment. If an article with profound meaning and literary talent is translated stiffly or difficult to understand, it will not fully achieve the purpose of translation, and at the same time it will distort the original text. It can be seen that translation not only reflects the comprehensive level of classical Chinese, but also reflects the translator's expressive ability and writing level. "Faithfulness to the original text, the final version of each word, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the auxiliary" is the general principle to be followed when translating classical Chinese. Specifically, we should pay attention to the following points in translation: ① supplement the omitted parts. Omitted parts in the original text, such as predicate, subject, object, etc. , should be supplemented as appropriate. ② Adjust the word order. There are many inverted sentences in classical Chinese, such as predicate preposition, preposition object and attributive postposition. These word orders are different from those of modern Chinese and should be adjusted in translation. ③ Increase or decrease appropriately. Some sentences in classical Chinese are very concise and rich in meaning, which should be appropriately expanded in translation to fully express the meaning of the original text. On the contrary, some articles deliberately use a series of sentences with the same meaning but different opinions in order to increase the momentum and strengthen the effect. At this time, translation will be integrated and condensed. In addition, we should also pay attention to the tone of sentences, the relationship between sentences and rhetorical devices. , and fully and properly expressed in translation.