Mental health is a very complex comprehensive concept, involving medical phenomena, psychological phenomena and social phenomena. Scholars in different disciplines have different understandings. Psychologist W·b· Colesnic believes that mental health is "a person's emotional calm or his personal and social adaptation." The United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) defines mental health as: "Mental health not only refers to the absence of mental illness or abnormal conditions, but also refers to the individual's good social adaptation, the perfection of personality and the full play of psychological potential, and also refers to the best mental state under certain objective conditions." Tang Bolin (2004), a Chinese scholar, put forward in the article "Scientifically Constructing the Content System of College Students' Mental Health" that the content system of college students' mental health includes psychological and mental health overview, active adaptation education, learning mental health education, healthy emotional education, sound personality education, strong will education, interpersonal communication education, sexual mental health education, job-seeking psychological education, and psychological potential and creativity development education. As can be seen from the above, the research results on the content of college students' mental health are basically the same. The contents of college students' mental health mainly include mental health, self-awareness, study psychology, personality psychology, interpersonal psychology, love and sex psychology and job hunting psychology. With the development of society, it has been integrated into psychological counseling and psychotherapy.
Second, strengthen the background and significance of college students' mental health education and management
In a highly open international cultural environment and highly competitive social life, college students can better realize their social and self-worth only if they have good psychological quality. Strengthening and improving the mental health education of college students is an important way to promote the healthy growth of college students and cultivate top-notch innovative talents under the new situation, and it is also an important task to promote the reform of higher education and strengthen and improve the ideological and political education of college students. Effective mental health education and management plays an important role in improving college students' ability to adapt to social life, cultivating college students' good psychological quality, and promoting the coordinated development of psychological quality and ideological and moral quality, cultural quality, professional quality and physical quality.
In recent years, colleges and universities all over the country have made active explorations in strengthening the management of college students' mental health education, achieved some obvious results and accumulated a lot of experience in the management of mental health education. However, we must also realize that strengthening the management of college students' mental health in China started late, and the degree of attention still needs to be strengthened. Many methods and approaches to solve college students' psychological problems are not clear, and there is no effective educational management model. With the continuous development of society, the challenges faced by mental health education in colleges and universities are increasingly complex. The mental health problems of college students have attracted great attention from the government and society. In 2003, the Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Education on Further Strengthening the Management and Mental Health Education of College Students (No.20032 issued by the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare) required that the mental health education of college students should be included in the important agenda of the school. 20 1 1 The Ministry of Education issued the Basic Construction Standards for College Students' Mental Health Education (Trial), which put forward a series of "hard indicators" for college students' mental health education, ranging from "finding and solving relevant situations and problems in time" to "constructing the system and mechanism of college students' mental health education" and "colleges and universities should incorporate college students' mental health education into the talent training system".
Third, the performance and causes of mental health problems of college students under the new situation
(A) the performance of common mental health problems of college students
Different from physiological diseases, mental health problems are a series of problems caused by people's internal mental factors, specifically the central nervous system of the brain. It will indirectly change people's personality, world outlook and emotions, which is called psychological imbalance. It is a local abnormal state in normal psychological activities, and there is no pathological change in psychological state. It is obviously sporadic and temporary, often associated with and often induced by certain situations. Without this situation, the individual's psychological activities will be complete.
Through the understanding of college students' mental health problems, we can draw a conclusion that the common mental health problems of college students are: unclear learning purpose and lack of learning motivation; The study pressure is too heavy; It is difficult to adapt to the environment and the surrounding classmates, and interpersonal relationships are not handled well; Psychological confusion in love; Psychological confusion in employment; Psychological depression; The will is not firm and the ability to bear difficulties and setbacks is weak.
(B) the causes of mental health problems of college students
The emergence of college students' mental health problems is related to many factors such as society, schools, families and individuals, which can be summarized as follows:
1. Environmental change
For the students who have just entered the university, they are faced with a very novel but unfamiliar environment. The change of this environment determines the adaptation and high adaptation of freshmen. First, changes in the learning environment will make it more difficult for them to adapt to the new environment; Second, great changes have taken place in the living environment, which requires them to live independently to cope with all the trivial matters of life; Third, the change of status has a great influence. After entering the university, all kinds of talents gather together, which will inevitably make most students lose their original top position. The stronger this position changes, the more difficult it is for them to adapt.
2. Interpersonal barriers
If college students are good at maintaining good relations with people around them and maintaining harmonious and normal emotional communication, they can quickly adapt to the new environment and gain a sense of belonging and security. This kind of communication contributes to physical and mental health. However, because college students come from different regions and families, their ideas, values, lifestyles and habits are obviously different. Moreover, many college students are only children and take me as the center in their communication with others. Among college students, it is difficult to adapt to the colorful collective life and various interpersonal relationships.
3. Emotional frustration
Love on campus has always been praised and admired by others because it is sincere, simple and beautiful. However, because some college students are not mature in dealing with emotional problems, they often get into trouble in their feelings and future development, and it is difficult to adjust themselves.
The whirlpool of light emotions is hard to extricate itself, and tea and rice are not thinking; In severe cases, it will be painful and even lead to mental disorders, suicide and other consequences. According to the data, most of the reasons for college students' suicide are lovelorn or emotional frustration.
4. The study pressure is too great
In order to adapt to the increasingly fierce social competition and choose a better job in the future, students not only complete all kinds of academic requirements stipulated in class, but also study hard after class and take various certificates and grade certificates to maximize their quality and competitiveness. Employment problems, such as graduate school, going abroad and working, have caused great pressure on students.
5. Self-defects
A few college students have some congenital physical defects in appearance, figure, figure and intelligence, or some defects in their own personality, such as being withdrawn, closed, impatient and impulsive, stubborn and suspicious. These defects can easily make college students feel deeply inferior, and then lead to excessive self-esteem, sensitivity, suspicion and hostility, thus causing psychological problems.
6. Family factors
Parents want their children to become talents and pin all their hopes on them. This overload of hope often brings heavy psychological pressure to many college students. Some students come from poor families and need to rely on social or school funding at university. This state makes them afraid to relax in their studies. Only by achieving excellent results can they repay the care of society and schools. At the same time, they will be extra cautious in their words, deeds and dress, for fear of being criticized by their classmates around them. In the long run, college students in this situation will feel depressed, lonely, inferior and confused, and their hearts will be full of depression.
7. School and social concept factors
At present, the cognitive education and publicity of psychological problems in domestic universities and society are not in place, and the psychotherapy system is not perfect, which leads to the failure to solve the psychological problems of college students in time and effectively. Even if college students are aware of their psychological problems, they are afraid or unwilling to go to the psychological counseling center for help, thinking that they are ashamed, and often treat their psychological troubles and psychological problems in a depressed and closed way, which can only make their psychological problems more and more serious.
Fourthly, the exploration of the management mode of college students' mental health education.
To sum up, the mental health problems of college students should be the result of internal and external factors, which can be summarized as "high" and "low": high, college students are a group bearing high expectations of society and parents, and their desire for self-development is very strong; Low, its psychological development is not yet mature, lack of social experience, poor adaptability. It is this contradiction between desire and impossibility that leads to frequent psychological problems of college students, and the number is on the rise.
In order to better promote the healthy growth of college students and cultivate top-notch innovative talents, colleges and universities should strengthen the effective education and management of college students' mental health from two main aspects: school management system and self-education of college students.
(A) schools should attach great importance to the psychological health education of college students and cultivate outstanding talents for the society.
As an important stage of students' study, life and personality shaping, university cultural education has a vital impact on their lives. Mental health education in colleges and universities also plays an irreplaceable role in perfecting college students' personality and giving full play to their psychological potential. Colleges and universities should attach great importance to and actively promote the institutionalization of college students' mental health education.
1. Raise awareness and strengthen leadership
Schools should deeply understand the importance and urgency of strengthening college students' mental health education, incorporate mental health education into the overall education plan of the school, and incorporate it into the school's ideological and political education work system, and give practical support in human, financial and material aspects. For example, set up special mental health consultation institutions, introduce teachers to offer mental health courses, or set up teaching resources with the same volume in colleges and universities to enjoy high-quality mental health teaching courses, so as to ensure that students generally receive mental health education during their school days; It is difficult to give timely psychological counseling and counseling to students with psychological problems by doing psychological tests and establishing mental health files from the moment freshmen enter school.
2. Pay attention to mental health education.
Schools should provide targeted mental health education and guidance to students of different grades in various ways to help students improve their psychological quality, improve their personality and enhance their ability to resist setbacks and adapt to the environment. According to the present situation of their own mental health education, colleges and universities should adopt different levels of education, establish a perfect psychological education network, and carry out various activities such as "psychological lecture", "on-site psychological consultation", "online psychological forum and online exchange of answers" and "psychological video screening" to publicize and popularize mental health knowledge and realize full coverage of mental health education. Cultivate students' ability to adjust and control emotions, develop students' intelligence, and truly make the mind and personality equally powerful.
3. Do a good job in mental health consultation and counseling.
Schools should set up psychological counseling institutions, be responsible for the guidance of students' psychological health counseling, and apply psychology and related scientific knowledge and skills to carry out psychological health counseling activities. If the conditions are not ripe, students' organizations such as psychological societies can be established first, and peer education functions can be brought into play, and activities such as post agency and health express can be carried out to make students willing to accept and accept psychological exchanges and consultations. Judging from the current situation, many students are still unwilling to receive psychological counseling, or feel embarrassed to enter psychological counseling places. Therefore, we need to train a group of high-quality and professional psychological counseling teachers, constantly explore ways that students are willing to accept, and help students find their own life orientation and improve and develop themselves through various forms of counseling activities.
Create a good atmosphere
On the one hand, schools should inject mental health cultural elements into campus cultural construction, so that "mental health" becomes a common word on campus like "eating, attending classes and exercising" and is accepted by teachers and students without exception; On the other hand, we should make full use of the Internet, mobile phone WeChat and other platforms where students have been "crawling", increase the publicity and popularization of common sense knowledge, inject positive energy, actively create a United and harmonious humanistic environment, strengthen the construction of colorful campus culture, meet the spiritual and psychological needs of college students, and at the same time take various ways to exercise the will quality of college students and improve their psychological endurance.
5. Establish a psychological crisis coping mechanism
Schools should establish a three-level psychological crisis early warning and emergency response mechanism for schools, colleges and classes, provide timely feedback when problems are found and implement psychological counseling in time, and respond quickly and properly to emergencies. When schools and colleges set up emergency teams, they should include psychological crisis, and at the same time, classes should set up mental health liaison officers, so that schools and students can realize seamless docking, find and solve problems in time, and try to avoid problems or reduce their impact.
6. Actively promote the construction of linkage mechanism.
The mental health of college students is influenced by many factors such as society, family and individuals. It is not enough to rely solely on the guidance of school education, which requires the attention of the whole society, but we cannot help but pay attention to causing panic. As the main camp of education management, colleges and universities need to actively use all kinds of favorable resources, establish a linkage mechanism of exchanging needed goods and networking with parents, student counselors, class teachers, tutors and student cadres, and strive to "sneak into the night with the wind and moisten things quietly" with the help of the strength of groups.
(2) College students should strengthen their self-education and psychological adjustment from the era of enhancing their sense of responsibility and mission.
College students are the future of the country and shoulder the hopes of the motherland and the people. In the process of self-growth, college students should stand at the forefront of the times to examine themselves, shape themselves, and establish a correct outlook on life, values and world outlook. In this way, the self-education and management of college students' mental health will have the direction and motivation.
1. Know yourself correctly
Low self-evaluation, easy to produce psychological problems such as inferiority, timidity, formality, sensitivity and self-abandonment; If you take yourself too seriously, you will easily have psychological problems such as arrogance and narcissism. Therefore, when college students know themselves, they should fully and correctly grasp themselves. This is a necessary prerequisite for college students to maintain mental health.
2. Improve adaptability
The World Health Organization pointed out: "Health is a good state of physical, mental and social adaptation." Good social adaptation means that individuals and the environment are in a state of coordination and balance. In this way, you will be optimistic and steady, and you will be able to study and work with ease. When college students adapt to the external environment, they should correct their mentality and lower their expectations.
3. Actively change ideas
Conservative ideas and ignorance of cognition are the primary reasons why psychological problems cannot be solved well. Schools should strengthen the publicity and education of mental health, so that students can realize that everyone may have different degrees of psychological problems at different times. This is a normal phenomenon. People with psychological problems will take the initiative, boldly and frankly seek help.
4. Learn to get along with others
Harmonious interpersonal relationship will make people get more psychological support. College students should learn how to communicate with others, appreciate others and praise others sincerely through psychological study. The most important thing is to believe in your own personality charm and your ability to deal with various interpersonal relationships, and to appreciate and accept the differences between others and yourself.
Set the right goals
College students have a strong desire to succeed. They all want to achieve the goals set by themselves or given by their families, but these goals are not all reasonable. If you can make an objective evaluation of your ability and set goals, you will not be so depressed and you can give full play to your talents. On the other hand, it will be frustrated, which will affect your cognition and cause psychological problems. Therefore, college students should set their own goals according to their own actual situation and within their own ability, and finally reach or approach the goals through their own efforts, which is conducive to the healthy development of body and mind.
Step 6 take part in group activities
Many college students with mental health problems are often withdrawn, taciturn and autistic. What these people need most is to open their hearts and see the outside world. Actively participating in various activities inside and outside the school can open people's hearts, enhance interpersonal communication, give play to their own strengths and relieve inner pressure. When there are psychological problems, the more you close yourself and suppress yourself, the easier it is to enter a vicious circle. Face up to psychological problems and engage in various activities, you can naturally turn your attention to external interesting activities, so as to better solve your psychological problems.
The education and management of college students' mental health is a systematic project. It is necessary to keep up with the changes of college students' thoughts and psychological state, constantly explore, summarize and improve, and gradually establish a scientific and effective mechanism to promote the scientific construction of college students' mental health education.