directions for use

4. 1 period

4. The form of1.1period is ".". There is also a form of period, that is, the dot ".",which is generally used in scientific and technological literature.

4. Pause at the end of the statement1.2, and use a period. For example:

Beijing is the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC).

B) Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.

C) Asia is a vast region, spanning cold, warm and hot areas. Because of the different topography and distance from the ocean, the climate is complex and diverse.

4. 1.3 At the end of a soothing imperative sentence, a period is also used. For example:

Can you hold for one moment, please?

4.2 question mark

4.2. The form of1question mark is "?" .

4.2.2 The question ends with a pause and a question mark. For example:

Have you ever seen a golden monkey?

B) What's his name?

C) Is it better to go or not?

4.2.3 The rhetorical question also ends with a question mark. For example:

Don't you know me?

How can you say that?

4.3 exclamation point

4.3. The form of1exclamation point is "!" .

4.3.2 Stop at the end of the exclamatory sentence and use an exclamation point. For example:

A) Strive for the prosperity of the motherland!

B) How I want to see his old man!

4.3.3 Exclamation marks are also used at the end of imperative sentences with strong tone. For example:

A) get out!

B) stop shooting!

4.3.4 A rhetorical question with strong tone also ends with an exclamation point. For example:

I can't compare with him!

4.4 comma

4.4. The form of1comma is ",".

4.4.2 If there is a pause between the subject and the predicate in the sentence, use a comma. For example:

Most of the stars we can see are stars.

4.4.3 If there is a pause between the verb and the object in the sentence, use a comma. For example:

It should be noted that science needs a person to contribute his life's energy.

4.4.4 If there is a pause after the adverbial in the sentence, use a comma. For example:

He is no stranger to this city.

4.4.5 Pauses between clauses in complex sentences should be comma, except sometimes semicolon. For example:

It is said that there are more than one hundred gardens in Suzhou, and I have been to more than ten.

4.5 pause

4.5. 1 The form of pause is ",".

4.5.2 Pauses between juxtaposed words in sentences are marked with pauses. For example:

A) Amazon River, Nile River, Mississippi River and Yangtze River are the four major rivers in the world.

B) A square is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles.

4.6 semicolon

4.6. The form of1semicolon is ";" .

4.6.2 The pause between coordinate clauses in complex sentences is a semicolon. For example:

A) Language, which people use to express their feelings; Words are used by people to remember words and notes.

B) On the Yangtze River, Qutang Gorge is like a sluice, which is dangerous; Martial arts is like a winding gallery. Every song and every turn is like an excellent landscape painting, magical and beautiful. The water in Xiling Gorge is very dangerous, and there are rapids and dangerous beaches everywhere.

4.6.3 For multiple complex sentences with non-coordinate relationship (such as turning relationship and causal relationship), semicolons are also used between the front and back parts of the first layer. For example:

Citizens aged 18 in China have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education level, property status and length of residence; Except those who are deprived of political rights according to law.

4.6.4 Semicolons can also be used between items listed in branches. For example:

The administrative divisions of People's Republic of China (PRC) are as follows:

(1) The whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

(2) Provinces and autonomous regions distinguish autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities;

(3) Counties and autonomous counties are townships, nationality townships and towns.

4.7 colon

4.7. The form of1colon is ":".

4.7.2 After being used as a title, it means that the following contents are mentioned. For example:

Comrades and friends:

The meeting has begun now.

4.7.3 After the words "say, think, yes, prove, publish, point out and disclose, for example, as follows", it means to mention the following contents. For example:

He was very surprised and said, "Ah, it's you!"

4.7.4 Used after the general discussion, it indicates that the following discussion is caused. For example:

There are four gates in the Forbidden City in Beijing: Wumen Gate, Shenwu Gate, Donghuamen Gate and Xihuamen Gate.

4.7.5 Used after the words that need to be explained, it means to lead to explanation or explanation. For example:

Foreign language book fair

Date: 65438+1Oct. 20th to165438+1Oct.

Time: 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.

Venue: No.0/6, Gongti East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing

Organizer: China Book Import and Export Corporation.

4.7.6 The above contents can also be summarized by colons before the general discussion. For example:

Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University and studied in the Department of Chemistry. Li Ping was admitted to a technical secondary school, majoring in mechanical manufacturing. I work as a shop assistant in a department store: we all have a bright future.

4.8 quotation marks

4.8. 1 quotation marks include double quotation marks and single quotation marks.

4.8.2 Words directly quoted in the text should be quoted. For example:

A) Einstein said: "Imagination is more important than knowledge, because knowledge is limited, and imagination summarizes everything in the world, promotes progress and is the source of knowledge."

B) The adage "Full of losses, moderate gains" has been around for at least two thousand years.

C) The horse painted by modern painter Xu Beihong is "full of vitality" as some critics have said.

4.8.3 The objects to be emphasized are marked with quotation marks. For example:

The ancients had a basic requirement for writing articles, which was called "orderly things". "Having something" means having content, and "having order" means being organized.

4.8.4 Words with special meanings are also marked with quotation marks. take for example

A) Looking up from the foot of the mountain, I saw torches arranged in many zigzags, stretching all the way to the sky, connected with the stars, and I couldn't tell whether they were torches or stars.

B) It is better to have fewer such "smart people".

4.8.5 If quotation marks are used inside quotation marks, double quotation marks should be used outside and single quotation marks should be used inside. For example:

He stood up and asked, "Teacher, what does the word' orderly' mean?"

4.9 support

4.9. The common form of1bracket is the parenthesis "()". In addition, there are square brackets, hexagonal brackets and square brackets.

4.9.2 The explanatory words in the text are indicated by brackets. Annotate a word in a sentence, including the annotation immediately after the annotation word; Annotate the whole sentence, including the comments after punctuation marks at the end of the sentence. For example:

A) The discovery of Chinese ape-man in China is a great contribution to paleoanthropology.

B) Writing research articles is different from literary creation, and you can't spread out the manuscript paper and "improvise". (In fact, literary creation also needs literacy to have "improvisation". )

4. 10 dash

4. 10. 1 dash appears in the form of "-".

4. Explanations in10.2 are indicated by dashes. For example:

A) Step into the Golden Gate, pass through the Guangfeng Hall and the cloakroom, and you will reach the central hall, the hub of the building of the Great Hall.

B) For the happiness of the whole people, including ourselves, each of us should be conscientious and work hard.

4. 10.3 The topic suddenly changed, which is indicated by a dash. For example:

"It's too hot today! -When are you going to Shanghai? " Zhang Qiang said to Wang who just entered the door.

4. 10.4 The sound is elongated, and onomatopoeic words are followed by dashes. For example:

"Woo-"The train started.

4. 10.5 List and share items, each item is preceded by a dash. For example:

According to the different research objects, environmental physics is divided into the following five branches:

Environmental acoustics;

-Environmental optics;

-Ambient heat;

-Environmental electromagnetism;

-Ambient aerodynamics.

4. 1 1 ellipsis

4. Ellipsis in the form of11.1"……", with six dots occupying the position of two words. If it is an omission of a whole paragraph or a line, it can be represented by twelve points.

4. 1 1.2 Ellipsis is indicated by ellipsis. For example:

She hummed a lullaby gently: "The moon is bright, the wind is calm, and the leaves cover the window lattice ..."

4. Omissions listed in11.3 are marked with ellipsis. For example:

At the flower market in Guangzhou, peony, bell, narcissus, plum blossom, chrysanthemum, camellia, orchid … flowers in spring, autumn and winter are crowded together!

4. 1 1.4 Intermittent speeches can be marked with ellipsis. For example:

I'm ... sorry ... everyone, and I ... don't ... finish the task.

4. 12 bullets

4. 12. 1 The form of the bullet is ".".

4. 12.2 Words, phrases and sentences that need readers' special attention are marked with bullets. For example:

Business is done, not blown out.

4. 13 connection number

4. 13. 1 The hyphen is "-",which occupies the position of a word. There are three other forms of hyphen, namely "_ _" (occupying the position of two words), "-"(occupying the position of half a word) and "~" (occupying the position of one word).

4. 13.2 two related nouns form a unit of meaning, with a hyphen in the middle. For example:

A) The area north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in China belongs to temperate monsoon climate zone, with high temperature and rainy summer and cold and dry winter.

B) Compound sodium chloride injection, also known as Ringer-Locke solution, is used in medical treatment and physiological experiments of mammals.

4. 13.3 The relevant time, place or number shall be marked with a connection mark. For example:

A) Lu Xun (188 1- 1936) is a great writer, thinker and revolutionary in modern China. Yucai was originally named Zhou Shuren and was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang.

B) "Beijing-Guangzhou" through train

C) Kyoho grapes planted in Liyuan Township have entered a high-yield period this year, with an yield of 1000 kg ~ 1500 kg per mu.

4. 13.4 Related letters, Arabic numerals, etc. It should be connected with numbers to indicate the product model. For example:

In the Pacific region, in addition to the HAW-4 and TPC-3 submarine cables that have been built and put into use, TPC-4 submarine cables have also been put into operation.

4. 13.5 Several related items indicate gradual development with hyphens in the middle. For example:

The development of human beings can be divided into four stages: ape-ape-man-ancients-newcomers.

4. 14 interval number

4. The form of14.1interval number is "".

4. 14.2 The boundaries between parts in the names of foreigners and some ethnic minorities are marked with spaces. For example:

Leonardo Dissel Piero da Vinci

Aisingiorro Nurgazi

4. 14.3 The boundary between the title of the book and the title of the article (chapter or volume) is marked with a space symbol. For example:

China Encyclopedia of Physics

Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang

4. 15 Book Title

4. 15. 1 The titles are double titles and single titles.

4. 15.2 Title, document number, registration, publication name, etc. It should be marked with the title. For example:

A) The author of A Dream of Red Mansions is Cao Xueqin.

B) Have you read Kong Yiji by Lu Xun?

His article was published in People's Daily.

There is a book "The Language of China" on the desk.

4. 15.3 When the book title is still used inside, the outer layer uses double book titles and the inner layer uses single book titles. For example:

The preface of China workers was published on February 7th 1940.

4. 16 proper name

4. 16. 1 Proper nouns are in the form of "_ _".

4. 16.2 Names of people, places and dynasties are marked with proper names. For example:

Sima Xiangru, whose name is Changqing, was born in Chengdu, Shu County in Han Dynasty.

4. 16.3 Proper names are only used in ancient books or some literature and history works. In order to match proper names, the titles of such works can use wavy lines. For example:

Qu Yuan was exiled, but he was given Li Sao. Zuo Qiu is blind and can't speak Mandarin.

Two. The meaning of punctuation marks is as follows:

There is a pause before and after the sentence, and there is a certain sentence tone, indicating a relatively complete meaning. Pauses before and after or in the middle of a sentence are expressed by time intervals in spoken language and punctuation marks in written language.

Punctuation marks are an integral part of written language and an indispensable auxiliary tool for written language, which can help people express their thoughts and feelings and accurately understand written language.

Punctuation marks are divided into three categories: dots, labels and symbols. Points indicate pauses of different lengths in spoken language, and labels indicate the nature or function of words in written language.

Punctuation usage

(Issued by State Bureau of Technical Supervision 1995 12 13)

1 range

This standard specifies the name, form and usage of punctuation marks. This standard plays an important auxiliary role in Chinese writing norms.

This standard is applicable to Chinese written language. Foreign languages and scientific and technological circles also refer to it. ?

2 Basic rules

Punctuation marks are auxiliary symbols of written language and an organic part of written language, which are used to express pause, mood and the nature and function of words.

② Punctuation mark 16 is commonly used, which can be divided into dot and label.