Zhang Weimin i. Lightsail Spacecraft —— The failure of scientists to waste people's money. For a long time, people have been eager to get rid of the single dependence on rockets and find new ways of power to realize the dream of human beings traveling in space. One of them is to make solar sails and use solar energy for space navigation. In August 2004, a solar sail developed by the Japanese was launched, and a short-term suborbital experiment with a height of 170 km was carried out, and two suborbital experiments with a length of about 65,438 km were started. At present, NASA is also conducting research on solar sail spacecraft, and has done a lot of experiments to select materials for making solar sails. It also discusses how to launch and deploy solar sails in space. The United States predicts that the solar sail spacecraft that will set sail in 20 10 will travel for more than 15 years and fly 3.7 billion kilometers to reach the edge of the solar system. As early as 400 years ago, Kepler, a famous astronomer, imagined the possibility of making a spacecraft gallop in space only by relying on the energy of sunlight without carrying any energy. He once pointed out that the smoking tail of a comet "vibrates constantly" under the influence of sunlight. Kepler also calculated the specific thrust that sunlight can provide for spacecraft. But it wasn't until 1924 that tsiolkovsky, a pioneer of Russian space industry, and his colleague Zandecai clearly pointed out that "the speed of the universe can be obtained by the thrust generated by sunlight shining on a huge thin mirror". It was Tsander who first put forward the idea of solar sail. Solar sail is an ultra-thin metal sail wrapped in hard plastic, which has become the basis for building solar sail today. 1984, in his landmark paper, Robert L. Forward, a physicist in the research laboratory of Hughes Aircraft Company of the United States, put forward the idea of using ancient sail technology for interstellar travel. Just as strong winds can make sailboats cross the ocean, powerful laser beams can also push spaceships with big sails to travel in space. After the laser beam hits the sail, it is converted into power to push the spacecraft forward. Scientists imagine using the laser in the solar system to power the spacecraft, so that it will gradually accelerate and rush to the distant world. Compared with sunlight, the focused laser beam can push the sailboat into the solar system of Alpha Sagittarius or even further, because the laser beam will not diverge and weaken with the increase of distance like sunlight. According to Forward's idea, Frisbie described human travel plans to 55-star Scorpio. He used a 600-mile-wide aluminum sail to propel the spacecraft, and the travel module was located in the middle of the sail. The high-energy laser beam generated by the laser erected on the earth's orbit or the surface of the moon is focused on the "sail" of the spacecraft through a mirror to push the spacecraft. The laser will work for several years to ensure that the spacecraft reaches its cruising speed. Then restart the work a few years before the spacecraft reaches its destination to help the spacecraft slow down. The melting point of aluminum is 65,438+0,220 degrees Fahrenheit. Frisby put forward the idea of a large-scale "sail" to solve the heat dissipation problem of the "sail" itself, and the overheating of the "sail" is caused by a high-energy laser beam. If you plan to assemble the "sail" of a spacecraft in space, you should use lighter and more elastic materials. Jeffrey Landis of NASA Glenn Research Center is studying thin films made of niobium (melting point is 4,490 degrees Fahrenheit) or diamond (decomposed into graphite at 3,270 degrees Fahrenheit). High temperature materials can withstand the irradiation of laser beams with smaller spots but higher energy density. The diamond sail has the same function as Frisbie's aluminum sail, but it accelerates the spacecraft faster and shortens the time of interstellar travel. If a laser beam is used to help humans fly to Scorpio 55, the output power of the laser will be incredible. According to Frisbie's estimation, the laser stabilized energy output required to propel the spacecraft should reach 17000 trillion watts. In order to achieve such a huge energy output, Frisbie proposed to use a special device to concentrate solar energy to pump the laser, that is, the laser generates a convergent and coherent high-energy beam under the action of the sun. In fact, physicists at the University of Chicago in the United States have demonstrated a new system that can increase the density of ordinary light by 84,000 times. So far, engineers have developed a simple space sailboat, but it uses solar energy instead of laser beam to provide power. In the next few months, the Planetary Society (a private organization of space enthusiasts) plans to launch its first solar-powered sailboat. Named Cosmos 1, this sailboat weighs 50 pounds, and its aluminized sail is 100 foot wide. Sailboat is planned to be launched by submarine from Barents Sea in Arctic Ocean in 2005. After leaving the atmosphere, sunlight will push it into a higher orbit. "Cosmos 1" solar sail vehicle went into space on June 2, 20051,and developed beautiful sails in the following days. This is the first time that mankind has successfully and effectively used solar energy for thousands of years. This kind of spacecraft, which is driven by sunlight, is not brought into space by our common ground rocket launch method, but begins its voyage by the unique form of submarine underwater launch. It was taken to Sevomorsk naval base near Murmansk, Russia, four weeks before launch. In the following four weeks, after testing the sail and installing and charging the battery equipment, it was placed in the warhead of the three-stage "wave" rocket. Three days before the launch, the rocket was transported to the Russian "Darta III" strategic nuclear submarine. It lay in the submarine and waited for half a day to launch, and began to sail in the Barents Sea for the launch. On June 2, 2005, the third stage of the "Inspur" rocket fell off about 20 minutes after it was launched from the submarine. At this time, "Universe 1" should enter an orbit 5 12 miles from the Earth. After 37 minutes, the solar sail opened. In just one day, "Cosmos 1" will accelerate to 195 mph, and at the same time, with the continuous acceleration of speed, the spacecraft will enter an orbit farther from the Earth. "Cosmos 1" also comes with a CD, and many inventors have left their own words on this CD. One of the scientists put it this way: "Our ancestors learned to make sails very early, so as to make use of the wind of nature to sail in the sea to make up for their lack of rowing motivation." Although we can't know the names of our predecessors now, we respect their intelligence and courage. It is their pioneering spirit that allows us to explore how to find sailing sails in the vast universe, so we have the result of' universe 1'. " The key of "Universe 1" is how to use the free power in the universe. "Cosmos 1" is to feel the weak pressure of sunlight with sails, so as to continuously improve their speed and height. This sail consists of eight ultra-thin triangular solar sails, which use the energy received from the sun to support their flight. Each of the eight solar sails is 14 meter long, which is a combination similar to a windmill. The pressure of sunlight is very small. The reason why we don't feel any pressure in the strongest sunlight is because this force is only 9 Newton in an area of one square kilometer. Its advantage is that it will not be exhausted. Compared with the fuel that rockets and space shuttles have consumed rapidly, sunlight is an endless source of power, which will always push "Cosmos 1" forward. Because these sails are made of thin polyester film, the photosensitive effect is very good, and a little force can push them forward after receiving sunlight. The universe that turns the sun into thrust 1 The most amazing thing is its constant acceleration. If it goes well, it will sail into space 1 day later, and its speed will increase 160km. The universe 1 passes 100 days, and the speed can reach 16000km. If you can fly for three years, the speed will increase to 160000. If it is used to detect Pluto, it can be realized in less than five years, and NASA's "Horizon Project" using ordinary spacecraft to detect Pluto is expected to take more than ten years. In this regard, Professor Friedman, the main person in charge of the "Cosmos 1" project, said that the purpose of testing the spacecraft is to find a new interstellar flight tool. Because its flight depends on solar sails to get energy, the aircraft will not need to carry fuel when it enters space, so it will also be an effective technical method for the aircraft to fly between stars for a long time. As the world's first solar sail spacecraft driven by solar energy, Cosmos-1 was launched on 2 1 carrying the dream of human beings to realize interstellar navigation, but soon lost contact with the ground. On June 23, 2005, the Planetary Society of the United States, which was in charge of the flight plan of Cosmos-1, admitted that the solar sail spacecraft had almost no hope of survival and was likely to crash shortly after launch. The American Planetary Society issued a statement saying, "In the past 24 hours, the Russian Space Agency made a hypothetical conclusion that the Verna rocket carrying Cosmos-1 failed in the first stage of launch. This means that we have lost the universe 1. " The statement said that "some inconsistent signs obtained from other channels" showed that "Cosmos 1" may not have crashed, but entered a lower orbit than originally planned. However, the American Planetary Society believes that the possibility of a spacecraft entering another orbit "may be very small". "Cosmos 1" was launched on time by the Russian missile nuclear submarine "Borisoglebsk" under the Barents Sea on February/KLOC-0, and embarked on a space journey. At first, the Doppler signal received by the ground showed that everything was normal, but about 20 minutes later, when the spacecraft was in orbit and the engine was ignited, the ground control station suddenly received irregular chaotic signals and then lost contact with the spacecraft. Officers of the Russian Northern Fleet later revealed that Cosmos-1 may have crashed due to the flameout of the booster rocket engine. Risk of light sail spacecraft: it is likely to become a fireball and disappear into the vast space. Although the design is light and superb, according to the designer, the risk always exists: because each solar sail is only 0.005 mm thick, and because the polyester film is baked by the high heat of the sun, it is easy to melt into a high-speed fireball and disappear into space after flying for several months. The working principle of a solar sail is that the sail reflects sunlight (photons) from it. Because the forces are mutual, when the solar sail "pushes" photons back, photons will also react to the solar sail. It is this reaction that pushes the spacecraft forward. Hopi Price, head of solar sailboats at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, believes that this fuel-free propulsion method will open up a new way of interstellar travel. However, because the sunlight weakens with the increase of distance, the solar sailboat will not be able to move forward after being far away from the sun. The attitude control of the light sail is quite difficult, and no one knows how stable it is. The controller can only remotely control it to aim at the sun with invisible radio waves. Once there is a technical problem, the solar sail may be "blown" to one side by the sun and lose its way. If sunlight is used, the disadvantages are obvious. First of all, the push-to-weight ratio of the light sail is extremely small. Secondly, when the aircraft using the light sail is far away from the sun, the intensity of sunlight will be lower and lower, and the pressure will be smaller and smaller until it can be ignored, and the light sail will no longer be accelerated under pressure. In view of the above weaknesses, people have put forward some methods to solve these problems since the 1980s. The idea is to install a group of lasers or microwave emitters in orbit around the earth, or orbit around the sun, or even on the moon, and use their power to push the sail. Because the artificial way can concentrate energy more than sunlight, the effect is much better than sunlight, which can solve the problem of deep space navigation. According to a recent study by NASA, the speed of this aircraft can eventually reach110 (about 30,000 kilometers per second), and there is a more optimistic view that it can reach half the speed of light. Robert Forward was the first person who put forward the idea of sailing by laser. But his idea of using 1000 km lens to generate 65438+ GW laser and 1000 km sail is spectacular, but it really lacks maneuverability. One of the difficulties encountered in this way of sailing is that the laser beam will spread greatly at such a long distance, which is also the reason why Robert Forward built the giant sail. Laser technology must be developed vigorously if it wants to aim at targets millions of kilometers away. If you master the laser sail technology, then human beings will no longer have to worry about the fuel problem of long-distance flight. In addition, through ingenious design, when the spacecraft reaches its destination, the middle part of the "sail" with the travel module will be separated from the "sail", and the "sail" without the middle part will focus the laser beam on the travel module to help it slow down. According to Frisbie's research, the speed of the laser sail spacecraft can reach half the speed of light in less than 10 years. If we use a laser sail with a diameter of 200 miles, we can reach Alpha Sagittarius in 12.5 years. With a 600-mile-wide laser sail, it takes 86 years to meet the earth-like planet in Scorpio 55. How to solve the astronauts' medical care, eating, drinking, sex and defecation during the solar sail 10 flight? How to avoid the impact injury of meteors, meteorites and comets? How to slow down? How to land? How to return it? How to turn? How to avoid being captured by alien creatures? How to avoid the invasion of alien viruses? How not to be lonely? How to maintain interstellar communication? The bare sail spacecraft is a failure of scientists to waste people and money. It is impossible for a light sail spacecraft to carry out manned flight. However, in the process of developing light sail spacecraft, powerful death ray photon weapons can be developed. Secondly, Zhang Weimin's generalized matter theory can predict that organisms composed of ordinary bright matter can adopt the following four shortcuts in space navigation: 1, which can transform the spacecraft itself into soft dark matter, so that bright matter will no longer be an obstacle in the flight process. Therefore, it can be controlled by special energy for space navigation, and then converted into ordinary matter after reaching its destination. Because soft dark matter is not affected by the gravity of bright matter, soft dark matter spacecraft has no gravity of the earth, its own inertia force and centrifugal force of curve motion. Therefore, after transforming the spacecraft itself into soft dark matter, the spacecraft can use the power system to quickly accelerate from special energy control to the second cosmic speed of V2 = 1 1.2km/s and fly out of the earth's atmosphere, so that the spacecraft will not rub against the atmosphere when moving at high speed in the soft dark matter state. There is still great hope for such space navigation. Aren't some of our Qigong masters already able to use biological ideas to turn ordinary matter into dark matter? As long as we can gather special energy, or convert other forms of energy into this unknown special energy, and put it into a chip for control and application by a computer or human body, we can drive the spacecraft to fly at any speed or even faster than light at the speed imagined by our minds. The key of this flight is to control the application of special energy and the speed of the spacecraft permanently and accurately. If the special energy suddenly gets out of control during superluminal flight, and the spacecraft becomes ordinary matter, the spacecraft may be destroyed due to mass expansion. 2. In the universe, the directional movement of a large number of dark matter forms many cosmic energy flows-dark matter rivers. Just like there are ocean currents in the ocean, energy flows are large and small, fast and slow, and can be divided into several categories. If we can find the energy flow, we can travel in space with it, so the space energy flow can be called "interstellar flight corridor" in the field of space navigation. There are some special energies in these corridors. As soon as the spacecraft entered the interstellar flight corridor, it immediately turned into soft dark matter and flew at the speed of imagination. Of course, it can fly faster than light To carry out this kind of interstellar voyage, we must first find out the position of the cosmic energy flow in Chu, draw the network diagram of the cosmic energy flow, just like the railway network or highway network on the earth, so as to make the flight route. The most dangerous part of this space flight mode is when you enter the energy flow and leave the energy flow. At this time, if the speed control is not good, the spacecraft is prone to accidents when switching between bright matter and soft dark matter, and even the ship may be wrecked. 3. Jet spacecraft. This is an aircraft that can emit photons or electromagnetic waves from multiple angles. When an airplane emits photons or electromagnetic waves in a single direction, it moves in the opposite direction, just like a rocket is a fire-breathing airplane and a jet is a jet. According to the law of conservation of momentum, the principle of reverse propulsion flight. It's just that the rocket needs to consume a lot of chemical fuel, and the speed of the flame ejected is not fast enough; Jet planes need to consume a lot of aviation gasoline, and the hot air is not fast enough. According to the law of conservation of momentum, the greater the mass and speed of the ejected substance, the greater the reverse thrust the aircraft will get. The thrust obtained by injecting 1 kg light is equivalent to the thrust obtained by injecting 300 tons of gas at the speed of1km/s. Because the speed of light is the speed limit of bright substances, jet aircraft is the most efficient propulsion aircraft. An airplane that can spray photons or electromagnetic waves from multiple angles can accelerate quickly or turn quickly. Jet plane can realize the function of flying saucer stopping or taking off immediately. 4. Using "space-matter" converter to realize space navigation. This is a better plan, but if the machine breaks down on the way, the spaceship will become an artificial meteor and disappear into the universe. Since many flying saucers seem to fly by leaps and bounds in the universe in this way, let's pay attention to this space flight mode again. The generalized matter theory holds that all the objective reality in the universe is energy, and energy has four basic modes of existence: space, field, ordinary matter and dark matter. Since the universe is full of energy, it is possible to travel in space without energy, but to take it at will. The method is to make a third-class perpetual motion machine, such as a "space-matter" converter, which is installed on the shell of the aircraft, so that the movement of the aircraft does not need energy. As long as the "front" space is converted into light, the plane can jump from one position to the previous one without time because of the loss of the front space. The plane jumps forward instead of moving in a straight line at a constant speed. The speed at which this flying saucer uses the "space-matter" converter depends on the power of its "space-matter" converter. As long as the power of the converter is high enough, the speed of the plane can reach or even exceed the speed of light. Because this movement mode does not affect the energy exchange between the material of the aircraft and outer space, the speed has little influence on the quality of the aircraft. Because the flying saucer is propelled in a strange way, inertia has little influence on the movement. When the "space-matter" converter is turned on at different angles, the aircraft can change its speed and direction at will. For example, the Arnold flying saucer incident happened in 1947. Kenneth Arnold is the owner of a fire company in Boise, Idaho, USA. He is a man who owns a private jet and can fly it. 1On June 24th, 947, he witnessed nine flying saucer-shaped flying objects flying in formation during the flight of his own plane. After the plane landed, he immediately reported to the relevant parties. The basic content of his statement is: "1On the afternoon of June 24th, 947, I took off from Che harish by plane and flew near Mount Rainier at about 15. A C-46 military plane disappeared there a few days ago. I decided to spend some time looking for it. I climbed 3500 meters to observe the huge valley, where maybe the plane crashed. ... I was observing the ground when suddenly some flashing objects on the left caught my attention. So my eyes followed the light source and found nine very dazzling disc-shaped things ... each flying object jumped forward, just like a plate floating on the water. ... they fly in the form of plates. " Arnold thought he saw a series of nine objects, one of which gave off a terrible blue flash. If we call Arnold's flying saucer formation consisting of a series of nine flying saucers as a whole, then the Arnold incident in Idaho, USA in 1947 is the earliest reported flying saucer incident in the United States. The 1947 Arnold Dragon UFO incident was reported by almost all American newspapers, which caused a worldwide UFO fever. Later, reports of UFO sightings poured in, and governments and non-governmental organizations of various countries also organized investigations and studies on UFO sightings. "1947.6.24" UFO jumps forward like a frog. The UFO seen by Arnold is a kind of spacecraft flying by leaps and bounds with a "space-matter" converter. Because the flying saucer jumps forward at a particularly high acceleration, when it exceeds 8G (8 times the acceleration of the earth's gravity G, G=9.8m/s2), people on the earth will bleed to death. Therefore, flying saucers must transform passengers into quasi-specific substances when flying, so as to protect human beings from huge acceleration. The light obtained by the "space-matter" converter during the movement of the aircraft can be directly used for energy consumption inside the flying saucer, and the excess light can be dissipated or stored as a light source. If the light obtained by the "space-matter" converter is sprayed in a certain direction, the aircraft will be accelerated by the light at a very high acceleration and can fly without a trace in an instant. At this time, the plane is a jet plane. When the "space-matter" converter of flying saucer works, it not only converts space into light, but also converts the nearby field into light, so that the aircraft is not affected by the external field, but it can affect the external field. Because we can't absorb all the converted light, we release some light to make the surface of the flying saucer glow. Because the light emitted by the flying saucer is uneven, it seems that the flying saucer is flying while rotating. In fact, the main body of the flying saucer did not rotate. It is the light from the flying saucer that makes the witness look as if the flying saucer is spinning.