The substance adsorbed by the black hole will produce X-rays, which in turn will stimulate a large number of chemical elements in it to emit X-rays with unique lines (colors). Analyzing these lines can help scientists learn more about the density, velocity and composition of plasma near black holes.
In this process, iron plays a very key role. Although the content of iron in the universe is not as rich as that of lighter hydrogen and helium, it can absorb and re-emit X-rays better, so the emitted photons have higher energy and shorter wavelength than those emitted by other lighter atoms (making them have different colors).
X-rays emitted by iron will also be absorbed when they pass through the medium around the black hole. In this so-called photoionization process, iron atoms usually undergo multiple ionization, and more than half of the 26 electrons contained in them will be removed, eventually producing charged ions, which converge into integrated plasma. Researchers can reproduce this process in the laboratory.
The core of the experiment is the electron beam ion trap designed by Max Planck Institute of Nuclear Physics. In this ion trap, the iron atom is heated by a strong electron beam and thus ionized 14 times. The experimental process is as follows: a mass of iron ions (only a few centimeters long and as thin as hair) is suspended in an ultra-high vacuum under the action of magnetic and electric fields, and the photon energy of X-rays emitted by the synchrotron is selected by an ultra-high precision monochromator and added to the iron ions as a thin and concentrated beam.
The spectral lines measured in the laboratory are consistent with those observed by Chandra X-ray Observatory and Newton X-ray Telescope. In other words, researchers artificially created black hole plasma in space in the ground laboratory.
This novel method combines the ion trap of charged ions with the synchrotron radiation source, so that people can better understand the plasma around the black hole or the active galactic nucleus. Researchers hope that the combination of EBIT spectroscope and clearer third-generation (synchrotron radiation source PETRA) and fourth-generation (X-ray free electron laser XFEL)X-ray sources will bring more fresh vitality to this research field. The United States has created an "artificial black hole"
In March 2005, Horatie Nastasi, a professor of physics at Brown University in the United States, created the first "artificial black hole" on earth. The Brookhaven Laboratory in new york, USA, built the world's largest particle accelerator in the 20th century in 1998, which collided with gold ions at a speed close to the speed of light and produced high-density substances. Although this black hole is small, it has many characteristics of a real black hole. The relatively heavy ion collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory in new york can make large atomic nucleons (such as gold nucleons) collide with each other at a speed close to the speed of light, generating heat energy equivalent to 300 million times the surface temperature of the sun. The luminous fireball made by Nastasi of Brookhaven National Laboratory in new york according to the principle of atomic impact has the remarkable characteristics of celestial black holes. For example, a fireball can absorb particles about 10 times its own mass, which is more than the number of particles that can be absorbed by all fireballs speculated by quantum physics.
The idea of artificial black holes was first put forward by Professor William Anlu of the University of British Columbia in Canada in 1980s. He thinks that the performance of sound waves in a fluid is very similar to that of light in a black hole. If the speed of a fluid exceeds the speed of sound, an artificial black hole has actually been established in this fluid. However, the artificial black holes that Dr. Leonhardt intends to build can't "swallow everything around" like real black holes, except light, because they lack enough gravity. However, the artificial black hole made by Professor nastase can already absorb some other substances. Therefore, this is considered as a major breakthrough in the field of black hole research.
European "artificial black hole"
On September 10, 2008, with the first proton beam passing through the collider, the European Large Hadron Collider was officially launched.
The European Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the largest and highest energy particle accelerator in the world before 20 13. It is a kind of high-energy physical equipment to accelerate proton collision. It is located in the particle accelerator and collider of CERN in the suburb of Geneva, Switzerland, and is used for international high-energy physics research. The first person in charge of the system is the famous British physicist lyn evans, who first conceived and led the manufacture of the Large Hadron Collider, and was called Evans Atomic Energy by the outside world.
When a specific star larger than our sun explodes in the last stage of life, a black hole will form in nature. They concentrated a lot of substances in a small space. Suppose that tiny black holes are formed in the process of proton collision in the Large Hadron Collider, and the energy of each proton is equivalent to that of a flying mosquito. Astronomical black holes are heavier than anything that the Large Hadron Collider can produce. According to the gravitational properties described by Einstein's theory of relativity, it is impossible for the Large Hadron Collider to produce tiny black holes. But some pure theories predict that the Large Hadron Collider can produce such particle products. All these theories predict that the particles produced by the Large Hadron Collider will decompose immediately. Therefore, the black hole it produces will have no time to concentrate matter and produce visible results.
Artificial electromagnetic black hole in China
Scientists in China created the first "artificial electromagnetic black hole"
On June 5438+1October 65438+May, 2009, Science magazine announced that the world's first microwave artificial black hole capable of absorbing electromagnetic waves was born in the laboratory of China Southeast University. However, this small "black hole" will not only destroy the world, but also help people absorb solar energy better.
People are curious about black holes, but they never want any black holes near themselves or our planet. Some scientists have created a "mini" black hole in their own laboratory.
When Science magazine introduced this kind of "artificial black hole" in June 5438+1October 65438+May 2009, it suggested that people could put this kind of "black hole" in their coat pockets.
The man-made black hole was created by a research group of Southeast University in China, and Professor Cui Tiejun and Professor Cheng Qiang are the two most important researchers.
"In fact, the black hole we made is not a black hole in the strict sense." In an interview with the Bund Pictorial, Professor Cheng Qiang told reporters.
The purpose of the "artificial black hole" in the laboratory is certainly not to put a "devil" that devours everything into his pocket. According to Cheng Qiang, the "artificial black hole" existing in the Millimeter Wave National Laboratory of Southeast University is actually a simulation device. This simulation device can absorb electromagnetic waves in microwave band and light in the future.
But beyond that, it can't absorb anything substantial. "It only absorbs electromagnetic waves, not energy." Cheng Qiang told reporters.
This is a non-dangerous "black hole". Not only that, this device can also be used to collect solar energy in the future. In this respect, "artificial black holes" will be more efficient than any kind of solar panels in the world.
Some physics enthusiasts even designed some new functions for this brand-new device, such as installing it on a solar sail in a spaceship or absorbing electromagnetic waves scattered in the air. Because of the popularity of mobile phones and wireless networks, this invisible electromagnetic wave is said to have violated our health and become a new pollution.
However, researchers who create "black holes" never think so much. What Cui Tiejun and Cheng Qiang are continuing is how to prototype the equipment in the laboratory and "realize engineering".
In the face of various discussions about "artificial black holes", Cheng Qiang believes that "after the results were published, they were reprinted and commented by many international media, which really surprised us. From our personal point of view, we only think this is a more meaningful job.
"Black hole" in the laboratory
"I am surprised that Cui Hecheng has created an' artificial black hole' so quickly!" After seeing this research result, Nari Manovi said.
Evgenii Narimanov is a professor at Purdue University in West lafayette, Indiana, USA.
At the beginning of the year, he published a paper with his collaborator Alexander Kilday, and put forward the theory and design scheme of making small "black holes".
Their idea is to simulate some properties of black holes, so that radioactive materials appearing near "artificial black holes" are attracted and then spiral into the center of "black holes".
"We were really inspired by his paper, but the research itself was done by ourselves." Cheng Qiang told reporters.
The reason why they can turn it into reality so quickly is that their laboratory has been engaged in this research and has accumulated many years of experience in both theory and experiment, and many of their own unique ideas have been used in the experiment.
However, although it is called a "black hole", the "black hole" inspired by Na Rimano Wei is very different from the real black hole in the universe, and this difference is not only reflected in the size of the mass. The principles of the two "black holes" are actually different.
The black hole in the universe can swallow everything because of its huge mass, and the "black hole" in the laboratory is actually based on the properties of light waves when they are sucked into the black hole in the universe. Simulated instruments can make light waves produce similar distortions and be attracted when they approach.
In other words, both "black holes" can make the nearby light waves have similar "endings", but the light waves encounter different things.
The "black hole" in the laboratory of Southeast University is only suitable for certain microwave frequencies, such as communication frequencies commonly used by people, such as GSM, CDMA and Bluetooth. Further research is needed to attract light waves, because the frequency of light waves is shorter and the size of the "artificial black hole" to be designed is smaller. The international team led by Liu Jifeng, a researcher at the National Astronomical Observatory of Chinese Academy of Sciences, successfully measured the black hole mass of extremely bright X-ray objects for the first time in the world, and made a major breakthrough in this field, which will enhance people's understanding of black holes and extreme physical processes around them. The research results were published in the international authoritative magazine Nature on October 28th, 2003, 20 165438. Since 1990s, astronomers have discovered a number of celestial bodies with extremely high X-ray luminosity in distant galaxies, which may be medium-mass black holes that people have been looking for, or star-level black holes with several or dozens of solar masses with special radiation mechanisms. The international astronomical and astrophysical circles have been difficult to determine this. Because such celestial bodies are very far away from us, usually tens of millions of light years, the light pollution caused by X-ray irradiation on black hole accretion disks is also very strong, which is extremely difficult to measure.
Liu Jifeng's team selected distinctive celestial targets and successfully applied for 20 hours of observation time for the 8-meter Gemini telescope and the 10-meter Keck telescope in Hawaii, USA. In a three-month time span, the extremely bright X-ray source M 10 1ULX- 1 in spiral galaxies is studied, and it is confirmed that its central celestial body is a black hole with the same mass as a star. This black hole binary system formed by black holes and companion stars is located 22 million light years away, and it is the farthest black hole binary system ever discovered by human beings. 200 1 1 10 In October, Ulf Leonhardt, a famous theoretical physicist at the University of St Andrews in England, announced that he and other British researchers would make a black hole in the laboratory. No one was surprised at that time. However, the Russian Pravda recently revealed the prediction of Russian scientists that black holes can not only be made in the laboratory, but 50 years later, the "black hole bomb" with huge energy will dwarf the "atomic bomb" that human beings are afraid of.
The idea of artificial black hole was put forward by Professor William Anlu. He thinks that the behavior of sound waves in a fluid is very similar to that of light in a black hole. If the speed of a fluid exceeds the speed of sound, an artificial black hole phenomenon has actually been established in this fluid. However, the artificial black hole that Dr. Leonhardt intends to make cannot "swallow everything around" like a real black hole, except light, because it lacks enough gravity.
Russian scientist Alexander Trophy Monko believes that a real cosmic black hole that can devour everything can also be "made" in the laboratory: a nuclear-sized black hole will have more energy than a nuclear factory. If one day humans really build a black hole bomb, the energy generated by the explosion of the black hole bomb will be equivalent to the simultaneous explosion of several atomic bombs, which can cause at least 654.38+0 billion deaths. "20111February, an international research team found that a nebula was approaching the black hole in the center of the Milky Way and would be swallowed up by it.
This is the first time astronomers have observed the process of black holes "capturing" nebulae. Observations show that the mass of this nebula is about three times that of the earth, and its position has gradually approached the "Sagittarius A Star" black hole. The mass of this black hole is about 4 million times that of the sun, and it is the nearest large black hole. Researchers believe that by 20 13 years, this nebula will be very close to the black hole and may be gradually swallowed up by the black hole.
Besides, a black hole is not a real planet, but an almost empty sky. Black holes are the places with the highest density of matter in the universe. If the earth becomes a black hole, it is only as big as a soybean. It turns out that the matter in the black hole is not evenly distributed in this sky area, but concentrated in the center of the sky area. This center has a strong gravity, and any object can only swim around the periphery of this center. Once you accidentally cross the border, you will be dragged to the center by strong gravity, and eventually turn into powder and fall to the center of the black hole. Therefore, black holes are veritable space demons.
Only three physical quantities in a black hole are meaningful: mass, charge and angular momentum. 1973, Hawking, B. Carter and others strictly proved the hairless theorem of black holes: "No matter what kind of black holes, their final properties are only determined by several physical quantities (mass, angular momentum and charge)". That is, after the black hole is formed, only these three conserved quantities that cannot be changed into electromagnetic radiation are left, and all other information ("hair") is lost. A black hole has almost no complex properties of the matter that formed it, and has no memory of the shape or composition of the precursor matter. So Wheeler, the inventor of the word "black hole", jokingly called this feature "black hole hairless".
For physicists, black holes or sugar cubes are extremely complex objects, because a complete description of them, including their atomic and nuclear structures, requires hundreds of millions of parameters. In contrast, physicists who study the outside of black holes do not have this problem. A black hole is an extremely simple object. If we know its mass, angular momentum and charge, we know everything about it. A black hole hardly retains any complex properties of the matter that formed it. It has no memory of the shape or composition of the precursor, only mass, angular momentum and charge. Simplifying complexity may be the most basic feature of black holes. Sixty years ago, York Wheeler, the inventor of most terms about black holes, called this feature "black holes are hairless". White hole is a special celestial body predicted by general relativity, which is opposite to black hole. Similar to a black hole, the white hole has a closed boundary, and the matter gathered in the white hole can only move outward through the boundary, but not in the opposite direction, which means that the white hole only outputs matter and energy to the outside. White hole is a strong gravitational source, which can attract the surrounding materials to the boundary to form a material layer. But the white hole is still a theoretical model, which has not been confirmed by observation.
To call it "black" means that it is like a bottomless pit in the universe. Once anything falls in, it seems that it can't escape. Because the light in the black hole can't escape, we can't directly observe the black hole. But its existence can be indirectly observed or inferred by measuring its effect and influence on the surrounding celestial bodies. According to the British magazine "New Scientist", astronomers claim to have detected the largest black hole in the universe, and its mass is 65.438+0.8 billion times that of the sun. At the same time, by observing a small black hole next to this huge black hole, astronomers confirmed Einstein's theory of relativity with a strong gravitational field.
The largest black hole in the universe is six times as large as the one recorded in astronomy before. Its mass is very large, equivalent to a small galaxy. It is 3.5 billion light years away from the earth and formed in the center of OJ287 quasar. Quasars are extremely bright stars, and their objects will spiral into a big black hole and release a lot of radiation. However, it is very special that OJ287 quasar contains two black holes besides a slightly smaller black hole. This combination of stars enables astronomers to "weigh" the largest black hole in the universe more accurately. The mass of this smaller black hole is 1 100 million times that of the sun. It orbits the larger black hole and takes 12 years per cycle. The distance between the two black holes is very close. The small black hole can collide with the material around the big black hole twice once it goes around, and each collision will lead to the sudden brightness of OJ287 quasar. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, when a small black hole runs, it will rotate or generate propulsion, so that the distance between two black holes will get closer and closer. This phenomenon still exists between the solar system and the orbit of Mercury, although the ratio of the orbit of Mercury is very low. From the point of view of thermodynamics, spacetime is also considered as a hologram. According to the holographic principle, it is related to the surface area in a given area, and can also be further interpreted as the time direction of thermodynamics. Because the past and future directions of holographic screen area increase are different, the direction of time can correspond to two different types of holographic screens.
In 20 16, scientist Jesse Chen An predicted that black holes might be in a static state of time.