In order to help students from poor families in full-time public institutions of higher learning in China to enter school and complete their studies smoothly, with the great attention and concern of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, after more than ten years of hard exploration by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance, the People's Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other relevant departments and the joint efforts of colleges and universities, China has basically established a diversified financial aid policy system for students from poor families with scholarships, student loans, work-study programs, special hardship subsidies and tuition fee remission as the main body.
I. Scholarships
At present, scholarships mainly take the following forms:
-National scholarships;
Scholarship for outstanding students;
Professional scholarship;
-Targeted scholarships;
Postgraduate scholarships, including excellent scholarships and general scholarships;
-various scholarships established by the school itself;
—— Various special scholarships set up by social organizations or individuals in schools for subsidizing students from poor families or attracting talents.
The scholarship system in colleges and universities is reformed from the people's grant system, which is one of the important contents of China's education system reform. From 65438 to 0986, the former State Education Commission and Ministry of Finance began to implement the "scholarship system" in some ordinary colleges and universities. 1July, 1987, the former State Education Commission and the Ministry of Finance issued a notice, stipulating that the scholarship system should be fully implemented among the freshmen enrolled in 1987 (whether the scholarship system should be implemented for junior college students from 1987 is decided by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government or the central competent department of the school).
199 1 Universities began to implement the postgraduate scholarship system.
In 2002, universities began to implement the national scholarship system.
In 2005, the national scholarship system was reformed into the national student scholarship system.
-The establishment of outstanding student scholarships, professional scholarships and directional scholarships for undergraduates and junior college students is to reward the diligence, hard work and all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique and beauty of college students during their school days; Encourage students to apply for majors such as normal school, agriculture, forestry, sports, nationality and navigation; Guide students to work in border areas and economically poor areas after graduation.
-The purpose of setting up graduate scholarships is to ensure the basic needs of graduate students in ordinary colleges and universities, and to encourage graduate students to study hard and take an active part in scientific research during their school days.
The establishment of national scholarships is an important measure for the central government to care for students from poor families. Its purpose is to help students from poor families in colleges and universities successfully complete their studies, encourage students from poor families to study hard, work hard and stand on their own feet, and promote their all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics.
Scholarship system is the beginning of China's current university financial aid policy, which has played an active role in student financial aid, helping students and encouraging them to make progress.
Second, student loans.
Student loans mainly include three forms of loans:
-State student loans;
-Colleges and universities provide students with interest-free loans with school funds;
-General business student loans.
Under the socialist market economy system, the national student loan is an important measure for the state to increase financial assistance to students from poor families in colleges and universities, and it is also a new exploration to further improve the financial assistance policy system in colleges and universities. With the continuous expansion of the number of college students in China, the number of students from poor families in colleges and universities has increased rapidly, and the original funding policies and measures have been difficult to cover and completely solve the problems of all students from poor families. In order to further improve the current subsidy policy and intensify the subsidy work, under the personal care and promotion of leading comrades in the State Council, we draw lessons from foreign experience and combine the specific situation of our country to formulate the national student loan policy. In order to ensure the smooth progress of the national student loan, 1999 was piloted in eight cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi and Nanjing. Since September 1 2000, it has been fully implemented nationwide, and ordinary colleges and universities can apply for national student loans. After the implementation of the national student loan in China, some achievements have been made, but at the same time, the defects in policy design and operation mechanism have also been exposed. According to the spirit of a series of instructions led by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance and relevant financial departments have made many investigations and studies, carefully analyzed and summarized the problems and contradictions existing in the national student loan work, and put forward opinions and suggestions for further improvement. On this basis, with the approval of the State Council in June 2004, several opinions on further improving the work of national student loans were drafted and issued. The Opinions made major adjustments and improvements to the national student loan policy, implementation mechanism, risk prevention, organization and leadership, and established a new national student loan policy and mechanism with risk compensation mechanism as the core. The main contents of the new policy and mechanism are:
Policy: (1) Reform the way of financial discount. Considering that students from poor families have been in financial difficulties during their school years and are unable to pay interest, the practice of giving 50% financial subsidies to student loan interest during the original loan contract period is changed, and the loan interest of loan students is fully subsidized by the finance during their school years and paid by themselves after graduation; (2) Extend the repayment period. Considering the employment difficulties of some college graduates at present, we should change the original practice of repaying the loan principal from the date of graduation and paying it off within four years, and implement the practice of repaying the loan after 1 to two years and paying it off within six years after graduation, depending on the employment situation; (3) In order to encourage graduates who have obtained national student loans to work in difficult areas and industries, it is planned to study and establish a compensation mechanism for national student loans. For loan students who work in hard areas and industries needed by the country and serve for a certain period of time, after approval, they can compensate their loan principal and interest by scholarships.
In terms of implementation mechanism: (1) The original four state-owned commercial banks were designated by the state to handle the national student loan business, and the national and provincial student loan management centers were entrusted by the government to determine the national student loan handling banks through bidding; (2) Implementing the one-time loan system in colleges and universities. In principle, the total annual loan of full-time public colleges and universities is calculated and determined according to the standard of 20% of the total number of full-time college students (including higher vocational students), graduate students and students with second bachelor's degrees, and 6,000 yuan per person per year; (3) run by universities and banks. The pre-publicity of student loans and the examination and approval of application materials are mainly completed by schools, and banks examine and approve loans within the loan lump sum quota of schools according to the application materials submitted by schools.
In terms of risk prevention: (1) In view of the fact that commercial banks think that the risk of national student loans is high, a risk compensation mechanism for national student loans has been established. According to the affiliation of the school, the finance and ordinary colleges and universities set up a special fund for risk compensation of the national student loan according to a certain proportion of the loan amount of the year, and give appropriate compensation to the handling bank. The specific proportion will be determined at the time of bidding. The special funds for risk compensation of national student loans are 50% borne by the finance and 50% by ordinary universities; (2) Establish a student repayment restraint mechanism. National financial management and other relevant departments, handling banks, student loan management centers and colleges and universities have their own responsibilities, and * * * establish a repayment restraint mechanism.
In organizational leadership: (1) Strengthen overall coordination. Set up an inter-ministerial coordination group attended by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance, the People's Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and other departments to study and solve the problems in the implementation of the national student loan in a timely manner; All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have also set up corresponding coordinating bodies to strengthen the overall coordination of national student loans in their respective regions. (2) Improve the management organization and further strengthen and improve management. It is required to further strengthen the construction of national and provincial student loan management centers and equip them with sufficient staff; Colleges and universities should strengthen the management of national student loans, set up special student aid institutions, and explicitly require schools to equip full-time staff within the existing establishment in principle according to the ratio of 1:2500 full-time college students and graduate students.
Since the national student loan was launched from 65438 to 0999, the total number of people applying for loans nationwide was 3.952 million, and the number of people approved by banks was 2.405 million. The total amount of loans applied for is 30.56 billion yuan, and the amount approved by the bank is 2065438+400 million yuan.
From the implementation of the new national student loan mechanism in June 2004 to the end of June 2006, the number of people applying for loans nationwide was 2110000, and the number of people approved by banks was 1543000. The loan amount applied is171800,000 yuan, and the amount approved by the bank is131700,000 yuan. Compared with the end of 2005, the number of people approved and the amount approved increased by 339,000 and 29 1 100 million yuan respectively.
From June 2004 to the end of June 2006, the top ten provinces with loan contracts approved by banks were Hubei (874 million yuan), Shandong (580 million yuan), Henan (569 million yuan), Anhui (497 million yuan), Jiangsu (479 million yuan), Shaanxi (430 million yuan) and Liaoning.
The top ten provinces that have obtained loans for the total number of students are Yunnan (22. 19%), Hubei (2 1.97%), Guizhou (20.88%), Tibet (18.99%) and Qinghai (10). Shanghai (12.84%), Zhejiang (12. 18%) and Fujian (1 1.66%).
From June 2004 to the end of June 2006, the top ten universities directly under the central government were Jilin University (6.5438+0.98 million yuan), Shandong University (6.5438+0.50 million yuan), Wuhan University (6.5438+0.38 million yuan) and Sichuan University (654.38+0.65 .. Wuhan University of Technology (6.5438+0.08 million yuan), Lanzhou University (6.5438+0.02 million yuan), Hunan University (95.97 million yuan), China Youshi University (East China) (9.65438+0.65438+0.30 million yuan), Zhongnan University of Economics and Law (89.75 million yuan).
The top ten universities directly under the central government are China Youshi University (East China) (30. 18%), Northwest A&F University (29.23%), Northeast Normal University (26. 12%), Nanjing Forest Police College (24.23%) and Huazhong Agriculture. Hefei University of Technology (23.06%), Jiangnan University (22.77%), Wuhan University (22.63%), China Agricultural University (22.55%) and Minzu University of China (22.55%).
The system of using school funds to handle interest-free loans for students in colleges and universities is also reformed from the people's bursary system. According to the notification requirements of the former State Education Commission and the Ministry of Finance, 1986 has been piloted in some colleges and universities, and 1987 has been fully implemented among freshmen in undergraduate colleges (it is up to the central authorities or schools of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government to decide whether to implement the interest-free loan system for college students from 1987); From 65438 to 0993, according to the development and changes of the situation, the former State Education Commission and the Ministry of Finance revised some clauses such as the loan amount and the proportion of students enjoying loans. At present, the maximum amount of such loans for colleges and universities is generally more than RMB 1000 per person per year.
General commercial student loan refers to a form of commercial loan applied by financial institutions to college students and their parents or guardians under the guidance of credit principle, with the aim of supporting students to complete their studies. This kind of student loan has also developed rapidly in recent years, which is a useful supplement to the national funding policy. General commercial student loans are not subsidized, and all commercial banks, rural credit cooperatives and other financial institutions can provide them.
The student loan system is conducive to guiding students to establish the concept of self-reliance, honesty and trustworthiness, encouraging students to study hard and make progress, and effectively promoting the reform of quality education for college students; It provides a social security mechanism for students to obtain fair and just educational opportunities. The student loan system will become one of the most important measures for colleges and universities to help students with financial difficulties. The national student loan will gradually develop into the main body of the policy system of subsidizing students from poor families in full-time public universities in China.
Third, work-study programs.
It is an important supporting measure to organize students to participate in work-study activities in colleges and universities. This activity is not only conducive to the all-round development of students' morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics, but also enables students to get corresponding remuneration by participating in labor. This is an effective way to subsidize students, especially students from poor families, and it is a strong support for them to complete their studies with peace of mind. Work-study jobs in colleges and universities mainly include teaching assistance, scientific research assistance and management assistance, as well as laboratories, school-run industries, logistics services and various public welfare jobs. Students are not allowed to participate in special industries and professional work that are extremely harmful and dangerous to human health, such as aerial work, serious pollution and radiation. According to the regulations of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance, 10% of the tuition fees collected by colleges and universities is used to pay the remuneration of students participating in work-study programs and carry out other related financial assistance work. At present, most colleges and universities have designated specialized institutions and personnel to take charge of work-study programs.
The work-study program system effectively combines "funding" with "educating people", which not only realizes the purpose of funding students from poor families, but also helps to cultivate students' fine style of self-reliance and hard work, and promotes students' all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty. Work-study program system will be one of the important measures of funding policy, and will be further developed in the future.
Fourth, special hardship subsidies.
The subsidy for special difficulties is a temporary and one-time free subsidy given to students with financial difficulties by governments at all levels and universities when they encounter some special and sudden difficulties. The subsidy for special difficulties is one of the auxiliary measures of the subsidy policy of colleges and universities.
V. Tuition fee remission
In order to help some students with special financial difficulties successfully complete their studies, from 65438 to 0995, the Ministry of Education issued the Notice on Matters Related to the Reduction and Exemption of Tuition and Miscellaneous Fees for Students with Special Financial Difficulties in Ordinary Colleges and Universities, requesting that some students with special financial difficulties in ordinary colleges and universities, especially orphans and disabled students, ethnic minority students, children of martyrs and children of families with special care, be exempted from tuition fees. The specific amount of relief is determined by the university where the student is located. Tuition fee remission system is an important measure to help students with financial difficulties receive higher education. Colleges and universities should make overall arrangements with other relevant policies according to their own actual conditions.
Sixth, the green channel.
In 2000, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission stipulated that colleges and universities must establish a "green channel" system, that is, all freshmen who are admitted to school and have financial difficulties should go through the admission procedures first, and then take different funding measures according to the verified situation to ensure that every freshman can enter school smoothly. In recent years, during the enrollment period of colleges and universities, the Ministry of Education issued a special notice, requiring colleges and universities to do a good job of "green channel". In June, 2006, the Ministry of Education issued a notice again, requiring all colleges and universities to open a "green channel" for all freshmen from poor families to ensure the smooth flow of the "green channel".
According to statistics, there were about 390,000 students taking the "green channel" in colleges and universities nationwide in 2005, accounting for 13% of students from poor families in colleges and universities, and accounting for 8% of the national college enrollment in 2005.
In addition, in order to do a good job in publicity, since 2005, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance have
Introduction materials of funding policy. Through the above measures, widely publicize the national policy, ensure that newly enrolled students understand the national funding policy, and relieve their worries before entering school.
From August 15 to September 15, the National Student Financial Assistance Management Center will open a hotline for college students' financial assistance, and arrange a special person to answer it on duty 24 hours a day, receive relevant policy advice and complaints, and check and handle complaints in time.
At present, there are still some main problems in the financial aid for students from poor families:
First, policy propaganda is not enough. Some policies and measures are not really household names, so there are still a few college students and their parents who live in remote areas and have just been admitted to colleges and universities. They don't fully understand the national policy, and they don't know how to solve the economic difficulties they face in going to college.
Second, the policy has not been fully implemented. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council are determined to solve the problem of students from poor families in colleges and universities. China has also established a complete subsidy policy system and made great achievements in practice. We believe that as long as the relevant national policies and regulations are faithfully implemented, it is entirely possible to ensure that every student admitted to public colleges and universities can successfully enter and complete their studies. However, in practice, some policies have not been fully implemented because the main leaders of a few places and universities have not paid enough attention to this work.
For this reason, in the coming period, on the one hand, I hope that news organizations can continue to pay more attention to and publicize the financial aid for poor college students, give full play to their respective characteristics and advantages, publicize national policies seriously, comprehensively and widely, and relieve the worries of the broad masses of the people, students and parents; On the other hand, under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, all regions, departments and institutions of higher learning should always keep in mind the requirements of the CPC Central Committee of "building the party for the public, governing for the people" and "attaching importance to the people, using power for the people and benefiting the people", attach great importance to them ideologically and implement them in action. So as to ensure that new students from poor families can enter school smoothly and complete their studies at school smoothly. As an important task for the education system to seriously study, implement and practice Theory of Three Represents and maintain the advanced nature of Communist party member, we should take further measures, pay close attention to the implementation of various policies, and further promote the new policy and mechanism of national student loans.