Johnf nash was born in June 1928. Professor of mathematics at Princeton University. 1950, johnf nash received his doctorate from the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, USA. An important discovery in his 27-page doctoral thesis is the game theory that was later called "Nash equilibrium". John Forbes Nash Jr John Nash was born in June 1928 13. My father is an electronic engineer and teacher, a veteran of World War I. Nash was lonely and introverted as a child. Although his parents take good care of him, the teacher thinks he is unsociable and unsociable. Engaged in Game Theory Nash began to engage in pure mathematical game theory research when he was in college, and he became more comfortable after entering Princeton University from 65438 to 0948. He was just in his early twenties when he was a Ph.D. student at Princeton University, but his doctoral thesis and other related articles on non-cooperative game established his status as a master of game theory. By the end of 1950s, he had become a world-famous scientist. Especially in the field of economic game theory, he has made epoch-making contributions and is one of the greatest game theory masters after von Neumann. His famous Nash equilibrium concept plays a central role in the theory of non-cooperative games. Later researchers' contributions to game theory are all based on this concept. The presentation and continuous improvement of Nash equilibrium has laid a solid theoretical foundation for the wide application of game theory in economics, management, sociology, political science, military science and other fields. However, at the height of his career, 30-year-old Nash suffered from severe schizophrenia. His wife Alicia is a graduate of Physics Department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She showed an iron will: she survived the days when her husband was confined for treatment and isolation, and she survived the shock and sadness that her only son was also suffering from schizophrenia ... After a long half century, her patience and perseverance finally produced a miracle: Professor Nash, like her son, recovered gradually and won the Nobel Prize in Economics on 1994. Today, Nash has basically returned to normal and resumed his scientific research work. He is now a professor of mathematics at Princeton University, but he no longer teaches. The economics department of the school often holds forums on game theory. Nash sometimes participates, but he almost never speaks. He always comes quietly and goes quietly. George W. john nash is the most unfortunate and fortunate person among all the Nobel Prize winners in economics. Nash is not a perfect person. He is eccentric in character and behavior. I once wanted to give up my American citizenship, almost abandoned my cohabiting girlfriend and my own son, and divorced my dear wife Alicia ... Two important academic papers on non-cooperative game theory 1950 and 195 1 Nash completely changed people's views on competition and market. He proved the non-cooperative game and its equilibrium solution, and proved the existence of equilibrium solution, namely the famous Nash equilibrium. Thus, the internal relationship between game equilibrium and economic equilibrium is revealed. Nash's research laid the cornerstone of modern non-cooperative game theory, and later game theory research basically followed this main line. However, Nash's genius discovery was flatly denied by von Neumann, and before that, he was also given a cold shoulder by Einstein. But the nature of challenging and despising authority in his bones made Nash stick to his point of view and eventually become a master. If it hadn't been for more than 30 years of serious mental illness, I'm afraid he would have stood on the podium of the Nobel Prize, and he would never share this honor with others. Nash, a mathematician known as genius, is a very talented mathematician. His major contribution was made from 1950 to 195 1 when he was a doctor at Princeton. But his genius found that the equilibrium of non-cooperative game, namely "Nash equilibrium", was not smooth sailing. 1948 Nash went to Princeton University to study for a doctorate in mathematics. He was less than 20 years old that year. At that time, Princeton was outstanding and talented. Einstein, von Neumann, Levshetz (Head of the Department of Mathematics), Albert Tucker, Alenzo Cech, Harold Kuhn, Norman Sting Rhodes, Fawkes, etc. It's all here. Game theory was mainly founded by von Neumann (1903-1957). He is a talented mathematician who was born in Hungary. He not only founded the economic game theory, but also invented the computer. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, zermelo, Borer and von Neumann began to study the exact mathematical expressions of games. Until 1939, von Neumann got to know the economist oskar morgenstern and cooperated with him, which made game theory enter the broad field of economics. The publication of Game Theory and Economic Behavior 1944 The publication of the famous book Game Theory and Economic Behavior co-authored by john von neumann and Oscar Morgenstein marks the initial formation of modern system game theory. Although the research on the nature of games can be traced back to19th century or even earlier. For example, the Cournot simple duopoly game of 1838; Bertrand of 1883 and Edgeworth of 1925 studied the output and price monopoly of two oligarchs; More than 2,000 years ago, Sun Bin, a descendant of Sun Wu, a famous military strategist in China, used game theory to help Tian Ji win the horse race, and so on, all of which were the seeds of early game theory, characterized by scattered research, great contingency and no system. The concepts and analytical methods of standard, extended and cooperative game model solutions put forward by von Neumann and Morgan Stern in Game Theory and Economic Behavior laid the theoretical foundation of this discipline. The cooperative game reached its peak in the 1950s. However, the limitations of Neumann's game theory are increasingly exposed. Because it is too abstract, its application scope is greatly limited. For a long time, people know little about the study of game theory, which is only the patent of a few mathematicians, so its influence is very limited. It is at this time that the non-cooperative game-"Nash equilibrium" came into being, which marked the beginning of a new era of game theory! Nash is not a step-by-step student. He often plays truant. According to his classmates' recollection, they can't remember when they had a complete required course with Nash, but Nash argued that he had at least taken Steen Rhodes' algebraic topology. Steen Rhodes was the founder of this subject, but after several classes, Nash decided that this course was not to his taste. So he left again. However, Nash is, after all, an extraordinary person with talent. He is deeply fascinated by every branch of the kingdom of mathematics, such as topology, algebraic geometry, logic, game theory and so on. Nash often shows his distinctive self-confidence and conceit, full of aggressive academic ambitions. 1950 all summer, Nash was busy with nervous exams, and his game theory research was interrupted. He thought it was a great waste. I don't know this temporary "giving up", but under the subconscious constant thinking, it has gradually formed a clear vein, and I was inspired by generate! In the month of 10 this year, he suddenly felt a surge of talent and dreams. One of the most dazzling highlights of Nash equilibrium is the concept of non-cooperative game equilibrium, which will be called Nash equilibrium in the future. Nash's major academic contributions are embodied in two papers (including a doctoral thesis): 1950 and195/kloc-0. It was not until 1950 that he wrote a long doctoral thesis entitled "Non-cooperative Game", which was published in 1950+0 1 Monthly Bulletin of the American Academy of Sciences and immediately caused a sensation. Speaking of it, it all depends on the work of Brother David Gale. Just a few days after being demoted by von Neumann, he met Gail and told him that he pushed von Neumann's minimax solution into the field of non-cooperative games and found a universal method and equilibrium point. Gail listened carefully to Nash in film and television works. He finally realized that Nash's thinking and Beavon Neumann's cooperative game theory can better reflect the reality, and his rigorous and beautiful mathematical proof left a deep impression on him. Gail suggested that he tidy it up and publish it immediately, lest others beat him to it. Nash, a fledgling boy, didn't know the danger of competition and never thought about it. So Gail acted as his "agent" and drafted a short message to the Academy of Sciences on his behalf. Lev Shetz, the head of the department, personally submitted the manuscript to the Academy of Sciences. Nash doesn't write many articles, just a few, but it's enough, because they are among the best. This is also worth pondering. How many articles does a domestic professor need to publish in "core journals"? According to this standard, Nash may not be qualified. Morris, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics from 65438 to 0996, did not publish any articles when he was a professor of economics in edgeworth at Oxford University. Special talents should have special selection methods. Brief introduction of life Nash 1928, a lonely genius, was born in a wealthy family in bloomfield, an industrial city in West Virginia, USA. His father is a well-educated electronic engineer and his mother is a Latin teacher. Nash was withdrawn from his childhood. He would rather get into a pile of books than go out to play with children of his own age. But Nash didn't do well in math at that time. Primary school teachers often complain to his parents about Nash's math problems because he often solves them in some strange ways. In middle school, this kind of situation is more frequent. The teacher calculated the whole blackboard exercise on the blackboard, and Nash could work out the answer in just a few simple steps. After graduating from high school, Nash entered Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh and then entered the Department of Chemical Engineering at Carnegie Institute of Technology. 1948 Nash, a junior in college, was admitted to Harvard, Princeton, Chicago and the University of Michigan at the same time, and Princeton University showed more enthusiasm. When Lefschetz, head of the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University, felt Nash's hesitation, he immediately wrote to urge him to choose Princeton, which prompted Nash to accept a scholarship of 1 150 dollars. At that time, Princeton had become the mathematical center of the world, with world-class masters such as Einstein gathered. In the free academic atmosphere of Princeton, Nash is like a duck to water. 265,438+0-year-old doctor graduated, and he was already famous before he was 30 years old. From 65438 to 0958, Nash was named the most outstanding figure among the new generation of talented mathematicians by American Fortune magazine for his outstanding work in the field of mathematics. Nash's most important theory is "Nash equilibrium" which is widely used in economics textbooks. The most famous example of "Nash equilibrium" is "prisoner's dilemma", that is, two suspects in a case are tried separately, and the police officer tells the two prisoners that if they don't confess, they will each be sentenced to one year; You confess, the other party does not confess, you are sentenced to three months, and the other party is sentenced to ten years; If both of them confess, both of them will be sentenced to five years in prison. As a result, the two fell into a dilemma of whether to be frank or not. The choice of two prisoners in their own interests is confession. If they don't confess, they are both sentenced to 1 year, and the strategy that was originally beneficial to both sides will not appear. In this way, both of them chose Frank's strategy and were sentenced to five years' imprisonment. The result is called "Nash equilibrium", which is also called non-cooperative equilibrium. Nash Equilibrium was his doctoral thesis when he was 2 1 year old, which laid the foundation for him to win the Nobel Prize in Economics several decades later. At that time, Nash was "handsome as a god." He is 1.85 meters tall and weighs nearly 77 kilograms. His fingers are slender and elegant, his hands are soft and beautiful, and he also has the appearance of an English aristocrat. His talent and personal charm attracted a beautiful girl-Alicia, who was one of the only two girls in the physics department of MIT at that time. 1957, they got married. It proved after a long time that this may be more important than winning the Nobel Prize in Nash's life. Even when his career and love are both proud, Nash is also called a "lonely genius" because he likes to be alone and solve math problems that torture people. He is not a person who is good at dealing with people and is popular with most people. He has the common pride and self-centeredness of geniuses. Most of his peers think he is unreasonable. They said he was "withdrawn, arrogant, heartless, ghostly and eccentric, obsessed with his own secret world and unable to understand worldly affairs that others were worried about." Ghost of Princeton 1958 In the autumn, while Alicia was half surprised and half happy to find out that she was pregnant, Nash was full of worries about her future and became more and more uneasy. Dean Martin promised to give him a permanent teaching position that winter, but Nash showed all kinds of strange behaviors: he was worried that being drafted into the army would ruin his mathematical creativity, and he dreamed of establishing a world government. He thinks that every letter in The New York Times has a mysterious meaning, which only he can understand. He believes that everything in the world can be expressed by a mathematical formula. He wrote letters to the United Nations and went to Washington to send letters to embassies of every country, asking them to support his idea of establishing a world government. He was so fascinated by French that he even wanted to write a math paper in French. He thinks there is a mysterious connection between language and mathematics ... Finally, Nash was sent to a mental hospital before the baby was born. A few years later, because Alicia couldn't stand living in Nash's shadow, they divorced, but she didn't give up Nash. Alicia never got married after the divorce. Relying on the meager income of computer programmers and the help of relatives and friends, she continued to take care of her ex-husband and their only son She insists that Nash should stay in Princeton, because if a person behaves strangely, he will be regarded as a madman in other places, and in Princeton, a place where talents are widely accepted, people will lovingly think that he may be a genius. Therefore, in the 1970s and 1980s, students and scholars at Princeton University could always see a very strange, thin and silent person wandering around the campus. He wears purple slippers and occasionally writes down numerology topics on the blackboard. They called him a "ghost". They knew that the "ghost" was a mathematical genius, but suddenly he went crazy. Anyone who dares to complain that Nash is uncomfortable wandering around will be warned immediately: "You will never be an outstanding mathematician like him in your life!" " "When Nash himself was in a fantastic mental state, his name began to appear in various fields of economics textbooks, evolutionary biology papers, political science monographs and mathematical journals in the 1970s and 1980s. His name has become a noun in economics or mathematics, such as Nash equilibrium, Nash negotiation solution, Nash scheme, Degeorge-Nash result, Nash embedding, Nash breaking and so on. Nash's game theory is becoming more and more influential, but he himself is unknown. Most young mathematicians and economists who use his theory take it for granted that he has died according to the publication date of his paper. Even though some people know that Nash is still alive, they regard Nash as a dying cripple because of his special illness and state. The legend continues. Some people say that scientists standing at the top of the pyramid have extremely lonely brains. Nash is crazy because he is so lonely. However, Nash was not alone after he went crazy. His wife, friends and colleagues did not abandon him, but spared no effort to help him and save him, trying to pull him out of the abyss of illness. Although Nash was determined to resign as a professor at MIT, his colleagues and bosses managed to keep his insurance. When his colleagues heard that he was imprisoned in a mental hospital, they called the famous American psychiatrist at that time and said, "For the sake of national interests, we must do our best to restore Professor Nash to that creative person." More and more people gathered around Nash. They set up a fund to support Nash's treatment and launched a fund-raising activity at the American Mathematical Society. The founder of the fund wrote: "If there is anything that can help Nash return to the field of mathematics, even on a small scale, it is not only good for him, but also good for mathematics. "For everything Princeton University has done for him, Nash woke up and said," I am sheltered here, so I have not become homeless. "Loyal wife, love for his wife and friends finally paid off. One morning in the late 1980s, when Professor Dyson from Preston Institute for Advanced Studies greeted Nash as usual, Nash replied, "I saw your daughter on TV again today. "Dyson, who has never heard Nash's speech, still remembers the shock at that time. He said: "I think the most wonderful thing is this slow awakening. Gradually, he became more and more sober. No one ever wakes up like him. "Nash gradually recovered from madness, and his awakening seems to be to meet an important event in his life: winning the Nobel Prize in Economics. When the King of Sweden announced in 1994 that the winner of the annual Nobel Prize in Economics was john nash, many mathematicians were amazed that Nash was still alive. Nash didn't give up his research because he won the Nobel Prize. In the autobiography of the Nobel Prize winner, he wrote: Statistically, no 66-year-old mathematician or scientist can make further progress in his or her previous achievements through continuous research work. However, I still keep trying. My situation may be that I have been out of touch with the routine because I have had some unrealistic thoughts for 25 years, which is equivalent to providing some kind of vacation. Therefore, I hope to achieve some valuable results through the current research results or any new ideas in the future. 200 1, after decades of ups and downs, Alicia remarried with john nash. In fact, in the long years, Alicia never left Nash mentally. This great woman has been playing with fate all her life, and finally she won. Nash, on the other hand, achieved a balance in the game of gain and loss. On the evening of June 1 2005, the Nobel Beijing Forum closed in the East Garden Theater of Changpuhe Park on the east side of the Forbidden City. After the lively dinner, Nash did not take the special car arranged by the organizer, but walked out of the Dongyuan Theater with a folder. He walked through Changpuhe Park like an ordinary old man, and then went around the crosswalk on the west side of Nanhe Street to wait for the traffic lights. The green light turned on, and the lonely figure in the corner of the old man drifted away in the twilight and finally disappeared. Nash, an introverted boy, was born in Bloomfield, West Virginia on June 1928. Since childhood, Nash has been described as a withdrawn, introverted, withdrawn and lacking in social skills. He didn't show much unusual talent in primary school and middle school. Later, because he won the George Westinghouse Competition Scholarship, he entered Carnegie Mellon University on June 1945 and began to major in chemical engineering. Later, he gradually showed his talent in mathematics. He took part in Putnam's math contest twice, but he didn't get into the top five, which made him feel a little depressed. 1948, aged 20, graduated with a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in mathematics, and was admitted as a graduate student in mathematics by Harvard, Princeton, Chicago and Michigan. Rich scholarship Because of the rich scholarship, Nash chose Princeton, came to the place where Albert Einstein lived at that time, and got in touch with him. He showed interest in topology, algebraic geometry, game theory and logic. John vonNeumann and Princeton economist OskarMorgenstern wrote Game Theory and Economic Behavior in 1944, which formally laid the foundation of modern game theory by explaining the two-person zero-sum game theory. 1950, 22-year-old Nash graduated with a 27-page doctoral thesis on non-cooperative games. In the same year, Melvin Deresjo and Meryl Flod formally introduced a·w· Tucker's prisoner's dilemma in an experiment of RandCorporation. Nash's paper puts forward the concepts of multiplayer non-cooperative game and Nash equilibrium, which makes a fundamental contribution to the theory of non-cooperative game and negotiation. Non-cooperative game deals with the best strategy of each player when many people participate in the game, rather than only two people are in the prisoner's dilemma.