1. What kind of paper is a high-quality paper?
The main purpose of economics research is to explain reality, solve problems and create new theories. As long as a paper achieves one of the three purposes here, it is basically qualified. So, what is a good paper?
We often hear people say, "This paper is very good, and the viewpoint is novel"! Here, if the person who evaluates the paper is not an expert in the field of the paper, then the paper is not necessarily a high-quality paper. Even if the evaluator is an expert in the research field of this paper, but there is no latest research literature review in the paper, and the evaluator does not understand this situation, then the paper is not necessarily a good paper. Obviously, whether the paper contains literature review is an important factor to measure the quality of the paper.
To understand the quality of a paper, we need to have theoretical knowledge about it. As we know, academic paper is an argumentative style used to express academic research results. The difference between a paper and other styles, such as narration and lyricism, lies in "discussion", that is, discussion, argumentation and argumentation. The types of papers can be divided into academic papers and non-academic papers according to whether they are academic or not. Non-academic papers refer to papers in general newspapers and magazines, such as editorials, comments, short articles, current reviews, commentator's articles, etc. Academic papers, including academic papers in academic newspapers, special research papers (long special research papers are so-called monographs) and dissertations, are styles used to express scientific research achievements.
Academic papers can be divided into: general academic papers; Professional academic papers. General academic papers refer to academic papers in academic journals, which are generally short in length. Professional academic papers, including long monographic research papers, master's dissertations and doctoral dissertations. The process of writing academic papers is the process of academic research. The process of text research, that is, writing a paper, analyzing facts, studying problems and writing a paper, is simultaneous and inseparable. Therefore, specializing in the writing process of academic papers is the process of academic research. Thesis is the product of academic research. The conclusion of the research, that is, the academic opinion, is finally formed when the thesis writing is completed, that is, when the academic research process is over.
Non-academic papers are different from general academic papers. Basic academic viewpoints have existed for a long time. At the time of writing, the theme idea already exists. As the saying goes, "I have a plan." The writing process of non-academic papers is not a research process, but an expression process. Among them, argumentation, discussion and argument are only to express the existing themes and basic viewpoints. Of course, research-oriented academic papers also have arguments, expositions and arguments, mainly for research, in order to draw research conclusions, that is, to form basic viewpoints.
Master's/doctor's degree thesis is a typical academic thesis. Generally, it includes seven elements: 1, topic 2, data 3, structure 4, method 5, viewpoint 6 and style of writing.
7. Social responsibility
Strictly speaking, a paper with these seven elements is a qualified paper. High-quality papers mainly require high academic value. Therefore, it cannot be simply said that a novel paper is a good paper. This is not only because different evaluators have different views on the novelty and correctness of the paper, but more importantly, the conclusion of the paper research is a result of the paper research process. The criterion of this result is not whether the viewpoint is novel, but whether it explains the reality, solves the problem or establishes a new theory.
How do professors evaluate master's/doctoral dissertations in practical teaching and scientific research? I consulted the doctoral teaching and research system of China Academy of Social Sciences, and the requirements for doctoral thesis writing in famous universities such as Peking University, Tianjin University, Chongqing University and Wuhan University. According to the situation of China Ocean University in our college, the quality requirements and grading standards (using the percentage system) for dissertations are arranged as follows:
1, topic selection, theme and abstract expression account for 10 of high-quality topic selection, indicating that the author has discovered a key or extremely important problem in this subject field. The topic is the refinement and accurate expression of the topic. It is the abbreviation of the whole paper, which embodies the author's academic research ability and foundation. The so-called abbreviation of the paper means that you can see the contents of each chapter from the first chapter to the last chapter of the paper. Now, the common mistake is to use the abstract as the abbreviation of the first chapter of the paper. High-quality topics should be topics that can efficiently solve or explain major practical problems, have universal applicability, and are breakthrough, forward-looking and one-by-one in theory. Of course, the determination of the topic should be suitable for the author's research ability.
Of course, the grading objects in this part also include: the copyright of master's/doctoral thesis and citation statement of reference materials, cover, table of contents, thanks, Chinese and English abstracts and keywords, charts and tables, etc.
2. Introduction and literature review, accounting for 15.
Introduction is also called introduction and introduction. In the introduction or introduction of the first chapter, the researcher should discuss the background of the problem, the reason for choosing this topic, the relationship between the paper and the actual management work, what the research problem is, the importance and purpose of the research. Sometimes, research hypotheses or questions to be answered, definitions of nouns and variables, research scope and limitations are also explained in the introduction. When writing an introduction, researchers can highlight the contribution of research to improving academic knowledge and solving problems, and affirm the role, value and expected results of research from both theoretical basis and practical efficiency.
Literature review mainly tells readers: who are the main representatives of academic or industrial research on this topic, and what are the latest research progress and cutting-edge research achievements of academic research on this topic? What is the relationship between the problems studied in this paper and these latest research progress and cutting-edge research results, so that readers can understand the nature of the problems studied and solved in this paper, the starting point and level of the paper, and which theoretical field the problems studied in this paper belong to, and what is its theoretical cornerstone/foundation, that is, the foundation of the research problem. Some people say that whether a paper is of high quality depends first on whether his literature review is in place and accurate. This makes sense.
3, research methods and design, accounting for 20 points.
The description of research methods in this paper aims to tell readers how the paper was written and what steps, procedures and technical tools were adopted to express the authenticity of the research process and results. Research design is the general idea of the paper and the arrangement of the research operation scheme, and usually the theoretical hypothesis of the research problem is stated in the research design.
The description of research methods and design is an important part of academic papers. Without this part, the authenticity and rigor of the conclusion of the paper will be questioned and damaged, and the academic value of the paper will decline. The advanced degree of the research methods used in the paper directly affects the quality and cost of the paper. The research method can be the existing common technical methods, or the new technical methods or tools invented by ourselves. The evaluation of research methods depends not only on the elaboration of research methods in the paper, but also on the application of research methods in the whole paper.
Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data in a planned and systematic way, with the aim of obtaining reliable methods to solve problems. When writing, you should try to be true and detailed, and you can't hide or cover up the lack of methods and the negligence of procedures. Therefore, the author should clearly explain the procedures for collecting factual information (including time,
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Location, method, process, etc. ), so that readers can judge the feasibility of research methods and procedures and the validity of factual data, thus increasing the credibility, objectivity and reliability of research results.
The description of the research tools used should focus on the nature, content, reliability and effectiveness of the measuring tools. If a researcher uses a ready-made measuring tool, it is necessary to describe the application and effect of the tool in the research literature, as well as the reasons and benefits of the researcher's choice. If the measuring tool is compiled or invented by the researcher himself, the researcher should explain in detail the theoretical basis and invention process of compiling or inventing the research tool. In particular, it is necessary to explain the process of pre-test, connection and analysis with research questions, and establishment of reliability and validity to confirm the effectiveness and reliability of measurement tools.
4. Organize data, analyze facts and discuss principles, accounting for 30 points.
This is the core part of the paper. Researchers must elaborate on the statistical methods and analysis procedures of research data. In the writing process, it is necessary to explain the research findings first, and it is best to analyze and discuss them based on the questions to be answered or research assumptions. Data analysis should conform to facts and be supported by facts, and inference should not be over-generalized. Frankly speaking, the interpretation of research data has limitations. If there are contradictions or inconsistencies, we should distinguish facts from inferences and discuss and explain them appropriately.
Usually, the quantitative analysis method of "quantitative research" needs to apply statistical methods to process data. If you want to apply the computer statistical program, you must explain the program name, the statistical items to be requisitioned, and the data processing method (such as sum, mean, maximum/minimum, standard deviation, etc.). The data in the chart should be clear, not messy and clear at a glance. A constructive chart can effectively compress relevant data, make it easy for readers to understand, and it is easier to summarize and express the central idea than a large number of words and arguments. If you want to use charts to assist the description of words, tables and figures must follow the content of the paper. The numbering system shall conform to the positions of chapters (for example, "Figure 3.2: Relationship between XXX Capital and Value" refers to the second figure in Chapter 3) for the convenience of text expression.
Qualitative analysis focuses on content description, including speech, writing and observable behavior. The methods of collecting data mainly include observation, report, comment, interview, case study and literature collection. This analysis is usually displayed in the form of words rather than charts.
5, conclusions and suggestions, accounting for 20 points.
Finally, the submission of conclusions and personal opinions can best highlight the researcher's insight, academic accomplishment, writing skills and objective reasoning ability, which is the most exciting part of the whole paper. Conclusion According to the research results and findings, the main viewpoints, schemes, countermeasures and measures are expounded, and specific suggestions are put forward to directly answer the research questions. The conclusion should be cautious and supported by evidence. The practical significance, application value and concrete feasibility of the research, as well as the places to be improved. Writing should be objective and correct, and the expression should be concise and to the point, so as to avoid dragging the article with meaningless or irrelevant information; We must also avoid unnecessary repetition, colloquialism and the use of obscure terms. Don't generalize or speculate with subjective prejudice, elaborate, extend and explain without authorization, and cover up objective facts. Grasp the scope of inference, take a cautious attitude and avoid cliches or big and inappropriate conclusions.
6, the overall content of the arrangement and paper format, accounting for 5 points.
The thesis should reflect the graduate students' learning and research achievements, the economic level of graduate students, and the breadth and depth of management expertise; Attention should be paid to the combination of theory and practice, the unity of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, and the consistency of empirical research and normative research. Attention should be paid to the reasonable overall structure, close to the theme, clear views, sufficient arguments, clear levels, clear paragraphs and clear ideas. The text is concise and fluent, and the expression is clear, and the full text is done in one go. Pay attention to the format of doctoral dissertations, such as table of contents, charts, appendices, images, tables, text, titles, etc., and arrange them reasonably in the right way. When quoting other people's words (including speeches), data or charts, the source should be indicated in brackets, and references must be listed at the end of the paper.
The number of words in a master's degree thesis is usually 20,000 to 30,000. The main body of the doctoral thesis is about 80000 words (excluding cover, table of contents, appendix, notes and references, etc.). ). According to the content of the evaluation form for master's/doctoral dissertations in our school and the standard for the format of dissertations, it can be described by listing the contents of theses. Please refer to the following table of contents.