…… …… …… …… …… …… …… ……
Source: Pre-Qin Mencius Disciples Record "I am in the Country"
…… …… …… …… …… …… …… ……
Original text:
King Hui of Liang said, "I am a country, and I devote myself to it. If Hanoi is fierce, the people will move to Hedong and the millet will move to Hanoi; Hedong is also fierce. People who observe the politics of neighboring countries have no intention like me. There are not many people in neighboring countries, and there are not many people in my country. Why? "
Mencius said to him, "The king is belligerent. Please use the metaphor of war. Replenish drums, weapons company, abandon armor. Or stop after a hundred steps, or stop after fifty steps. What if the pot is too black? "
He said, "No, it's not a hundred steps straight, it's also a walk."
He said: "If Wang knows this, there is no hope that there will be more people in neighboring countries.
If you don't go against the farming season, the valley can't take food; If you don't count, neither fish nor turtle can be eaten. Axe gold gets into the mountain in time, and mywood can't be used. Valley and fish turtles can't fight for food, and wood and wood can't fight for it, which makes people lose their lives and have no regrets. Keeping in good health and dying without regret is the beginning of kingly way.
Five acres of houses, trees are mulberry, and fifty people can wear clothes and silks. Chickens, dolphins and dogs are all domestic animals, so there is no time to waste. Seventy people can eat meat. A hundred acres of land, if you don't hurry, a family of several can be hungry; I sincerely hope that the godson of the cult will be filial, and the winners will not be on the road. Seventy people eat meat, clothes and silk, and the Lebanese are neither hungry nor cold, but they are not kings and have nothing.
Dogs don't know what to do when they eat people, and they don't know what to do when they are hungry. If people die, they will say,' it's not me, it's age.' What's the difference between stabbing people and killing people, saying,' It's not me, it's a soldier'? The king is innocent, and the people in the world are heavy. "
…… …… …… …… …… …… …… ……
Translation:
Liang said: "I finally did my best for my country. When there was a famine in Hanoi, people there were moved to Hedong, and food from Hedong was transported to Hanoi. The same is true in Hedong, in case of famine. No one knows the politics of neighboring countries like me. The number of people in neighboring countries has not decreased, and my number has not increased. Why? "
Mencius replied, "Your Majesty likes fighting. Let me use the metaphor of war. Drumming, the two armies go to war, and the defeated throw away their armor and drag their weapons to escape. Some people escape a hundred steps and then stop, while others escape fifty steps and then stop. What if you only run fifty steps and laugh at others for running a hundred steps? " Liang said, "no way. It's just that I didn't run a hundred steps. This is also an escape. Mencius said, "If you understand this truth, don't expect your own people to be more than your neighbors.
"Don't delay the season of agricultural production, food will continue. If the dense nets don't enter the pond, aquatic products such as fish and turtles will be inexhaustible. Logging in the mountains according to a certain season will produce inexhaustible wood. Food and aquatic products can't be eaten up, and wood can't be used up, so that the people are not dissatisfied with living, raising and burial. People die when they are not satisfied with their lives, which is the beginning of kingly way. " Five acres of residential land, mulberry trees, fifty-year-old people can wear silk. Don't delay the breeding opportunities of chickens, pigs and dogs. Only people aged 70 can eat meat. A hundred acres of land, without delaying its farming season, can save a family from hunger. Carefully set up school education and repeatedly tell the people the truth of respecting the old and loving the young. The old man with gray hair is either carrying something on his back on the road. 70-year-old people can wear silk and eat meat. None of the people are hungry and cold. No one has ever unified the world and won't be king. "Pigs and dogs eat their food and don't stop; There are people starving to death on the road, and I don't know how to open a warehouse for relief. When people die, they say,' It's not my fault, it's because I'm young.' What's the difference between this statement and killing someone with a knife and saying,' I didn't kill anyone, it was a murder weapon'? Your Majesty, don't blame Niancheng, then everyone in the world will come to submit. "
…… …… …… …… …… …… …… ……
Precautions:
Liang: The monarch of Wei in the Warring States Period, surnamed Wei, was named Gui. Weidu is located in Daliang, northwest of Kaifeng City, Henan Province, so it is also called Liang.
Widow: A man with no virtue. It is a humble title of the ancient monarch to himself.
Y: preposition, right.
Meaning: Words, words and meanings are all auxiliary words at the end of a sentence, which are used repeatedly to emphasize tone.
Hanoi: In today's Henan Province, north of the Yellow River. The ancients took the Central Plains as the center, so the north of the Yellow River was called Hanoi, and the south of the Yellow River was called Waihe.
Fierce: poor harvest. Famine year. ?
Hedong: The place east of the Yellow River. In the southwest of Shanxi today. The Yellow River flows through Shanxi Province from north to south, so the area east of the Yellow River in Shanxi Province is called Hedong.
Millet: Millet, called millet after hulling, also refers to grain.
The same is true: the same is true.
Nothing: nothing like it. ...
Add less: less. The following "add more", more. Add, adverb, more, in.
Militant: like to fight. During the Warring States period, governors of various countries were keen to attack and annex each other.
Please use the metaphor of war: let me use the metaphor of war. Please, it means "please allow me".
Fill in: Onomatopoeic words, imitating drums.
Drum: Beat the drum and launch an attack. The ancients beat drums to attack and sounded gongs to retreat. Drum, verb. There is no meaningful interlayer.
The weapons of the two armies have been in contact, which means that the battle has begun. Soldiers, weapons, weapons. Yes, it has already started. Pick it up, touch it and face it.
Abandon armor and drag troops: abandon armor and drag weapons. Pull, pull, pull.
Go: run, here refers to escape.
Or: some people.
Take: excuse.
Laugh: to laugh at or sneer at.
Straight: Just, but.
Yes: pronoun, which means "fifty steps and then stop."
Do nothing: say "no" and don't.
Don't go against the busy farming season: don't call people to serve in the busy farming season. Violation, violation, violation, here refers to procrastination.
Valley: the general term for grain.
Can't eat: I can't finish eating. Victory, exhaustion.
Don't count fish in the pool: this is to prevent the growth and reproduction of fish from being damaged. Number, c, secret. You, G incarnation, net. Mianchi: Pond, pond.
Turtle: Bi, turtle or tuanyu.
Kim: It's similar to an axe, but smaller with a horizontal blade.
Time: seasonal season. Cutting down trees should be carried out after vegetation withers and in autumn and winter during the growing season.
Health: support the living.
Mourning: A funeral for the dead.
Regret: Regret.
Wang Dao: Governing the country with benevolence and righteousness is the political proposition of Confucianism. Contrary to the "hegemony" pursued by the governors at that time to unify the world by force.
Five acres: Five acres in the pre-Qin period is about two cents per acre in this century.
Trees: planting.
Clothes and silk: put on silk clothes. Clothes, used as verbs, wear.
Dolphin: soup, a little pig.
Bi: Zhi, pig.
Livestock: Xu, livestock breeding, breeding.
Do nothing: say "no" and don't.
100 mu of land: in ancient times, a male labor force could get 100 mu of cultivated land.
Take: lose, violate.
Sincerity: caution, here refers to serious engagement.
Xu Xiang: Studies on Ancient Rural Areas. Book of rites? Learning Notes: "The ancient teachers have learned, the party is embarrassed, the technique is orderly, and the state-owned learning." Home "means" Lu "here. Twenty-five households in one lane are called Lu. Shu, No.1 Middle School. Party, 500 households attended the party. Yao No.1 Middle School is located in the Party School. Operation, with "hence", twelve thousand five hundred is hence. Preface, located in Suizhong school. Country, capital. Study, college. Hey, xiánɡ
Teaching: enlightenment.
Shen: Repeat the statement.
Filial piety: love parents and brothers. t .
Righteousness: truth.
White: gray hair. Grant, through the "site".
Negative wear: negative, carry things. Dai, you have something on your head.
CoCo Lee: People.
Wang: The verb used here is to be king, and to be king means to make the people of the world submit.
Nothing: nothing. It means "seventy people eat meat, and the people are not hungry or cold, but they are not kings."
Cannibalism: the front "food", verb, eat; The latter "food", a noun, refers to food.
Check: check, stop and restrain.
Tu: Understand "Tao" and Tao.
Hunger: People who starve to death. ? ????????????????????????????98
Fa: It refers to opening granaries to help the people.
Years old: years old and years old
Sin: strange, strange.
S: Then, then.
…… …… …… …… …… …… …… ……
Appreciate:
This article is about the conversation between Mencius and Liang. At that time, in order to increase grain production and expand the army, all countries were suffering from labor shortage. To this end, Liang Wang wanted to compete with neighboring countries for the hearts of the people and took self-righteous "special" measures, but the goal was not achieved. Mencius grasped this contradiction, pointed out that Liang's "dedication" could not make the people submit, and at the same time put forward his own opinion that only "Wang Dao ren Zheng" is the fundamental way to govern the country. The full text can be divided into three parts.
Part I (para. 106). 1) puts forward the problem of "not many people". During the Warring States period, the rulers of various vassal states attacked each other for cities and land. Fight for the city and kill the city "; Cruel exploitation at home, heavy labor, destruction of productivity. This has caused a shortage of soldiers and labor. Competing for manpower has become a top priority for the rulers of various vassal States. Before Liang raised the question that "there are not many people", he once boasted that "I am a country and I am dedicated to this country". Then, taking disaster relief as an example, he declared that he was better at governing the country than "neighboring politics". If Hanoi is fierce, it will emigrate to Hedong and move millet to Hanoi; Hedong is also fierce. "Describe the concrete measures of disaster relief from two aspects." Observing the politicians of neighboring countries, they have no intention of being like me ",which further highlights Liang's self-esteem and paves the way for the later" pot calling the kettle black ". There are not many people in neighboring countries, and there are not many people in my country. Why? Liang hopes that more people will join him. Mencius used Liang's psychology to publicize the idea of "benevolent politics" and wanted to guide him to practice kingly politics.
The second part (paragraphs 2-4) analyzes the reasons for "not many people". Mencius did not directly answer the question of "people are not living well", but used Liang's familiar metaphor to inspire each other and make it easy to accept. "Wang is belligerent, please use the metaphor of war." By the way, I would like to cite two cases in which two deserters "abandoned their armour and left". According to the distance between defeat and escape, the rhetorical question "What if you hold a pot of pot calling the kettle black?" Being put forward further inspires and induces the other party to unconsciously say something that denies his argument: "No, you can't go straight, even if you leave." Finally, the child's spear attacked the child's shield. "If Wang knew this, there would be no hope for more people than neighboring countries." These two sentences hit the nail on the head at once, which not only answered the reason of "people living in poverty", but also revealed the moral of pot calling the kettle black: Liang's "immigrant millet" is not committed to governing the country with the rulers of neighboring countries, but is essentially the same, just different in form and quantity. This implies that Wang Huiliang's small act of kindness will not increase the number of people. To increase the number of people, he must be benevolent and have the demeanor of a king. So the article naturally transitions from the second part to the third part.
The third part (paragraphs 5-7) expounds the concrete content of Mencius' "benevolent government"-the fundamental measures to increase the number of people.
The fifth paragraph expounds the truth of "the beginning of kingly way". Mencius believed that the rational development of production, so that people can "keep fit and die without regret", is the beginning of implementing benevolent policies and the initial measure to increase the number of people. "Don't go against the farming season, the valley can't win food. If you don't count, neither fish nor turtle can be eaten. Axes and pounds enter the mountains in time, and wood and firewood cannot be used. " Three groups of sentences put forward three measures to develop production and the effects of taking these measures. The sentence pattern of "invincible" ... also "gives people an inexhaustible feeling, which greatly increases the persuasiveness and appeal of the article. Then the first three groups of sentences are summarized as "five grains and fish and turtles can't eat, and wood and wood can't be used", and a new conclusion is put forward on the premise of this conclusion: "Wang also begins." Here, the author closely links three meanings and three aspects, and closely links the problem of "making the people more" with Wang's practice.
The sixth part expounds the reasons for Wang Dao's success. In this passage, Mencius further put forward the benevolent policy of educating the people and making them submit, which is also the fundamental measure of "increasing the people". Chickens, dolphins and dogs are all domestic animals, so there is no time to waste. Seventy people can eat meat. A hundred acres of land, if you don't hurry, a family can be hungry. " These three sentences also put forward three measures to develop production and the effects of these measures. Compared with the above three measures, these three measures are obviously a step forward and have stronger subjective initiative. Mencius not only advocated nurturing the people, but also advocated teaching them: "I am willing to teach them to make orders, use them in the sense of filial piety, and those who teach them white can't bear to wear them to the Tao." Here, the author uses four groups of sentences to describe his ideas layer by layer, rendering them vividly, showing a bright future for Liang. Then, with the phrase "seventy people eat clothes, silk and meat, and the people are not hungry or cold", it is logical to draw the conclusion that "however, without the king, there is nothing", which echoes the previous "the beginning of the king"
In the seventh paragraph, the author expounds the attitude that should be adopted to make the people more. Mencius criticized the tyranny of the ruler and proved his correctness from the opposite side. The first two paragraphs have thoroughly explained the truth of being king, and this paragraph takes care of the beginning of the article. Liang keeps saying that he is "patriotic", but how can he be "patriotic" when "dogs eat people's food without knowing it, and dogs are clothed with hunger without knowing it"? The sharp contrast between "dogs eat people" and "wearing a coat of hunger" profoundly revealed the social inequality at that time. Then, in view of the prevarication that the ruler blames the year, the author refutes it with a metaphor: it is as absurd to blame the poor year for "painting with hunger" as it is to blame the weapon for "stabbing people to death", and it is not the famine year that harms the people, but the tyranny of the ruler. The last two sentences, "the king is innocent, and everyone in the world is heavy", are concise. Instead of complaining about others, it is better to reflect on ourselves, get rid of abusive politics, be benevolent, be king, let the people live in houses, plant fields, have ample food and clothing, receive education, know the etiquette and justice, and make them submit. "How many people are there in the world" answered the question of "not many people" put forward by Liang at the beginning.
…… …… …… …… …… …… …… ……
Theme:
There is also a chapter on My Country in Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang, which is one of the articles that show Mencius' thought of "benevolent government". This paper discusses how to implement "benevolent government" and unify the world with "kingly way". "Keeping in good health and losing one's life is the beginning of kingly way" and "seventy people are clothed with meat, and the people are not hungry or cold, but they are not kings, so there is nothing" are the crowning touch of the article, highlighting the main idea of this article: only by implementing benevolent government can we win the hearts of the people; Only by winning the hearts of the people can we win the world. This idea of "protecting the people is king" is actually the embodiment of Mencius' people-oriented thought.
The thoughts and opinions expressed by Mencius in the article.
Mencius opposed the endless war between princes, and the sentence "Wang is belligerent, please use the metaphor of war" fully revealed this thought.
Second, Mencius believed that people should benefit from it and have the opportunity to recuperate. He believes that Liang's "intention" to the people is far from enough, which is different from other countries' "hundred steps" and "fifty steps" to collect money from the people unsatisfactorily.
Three Mencius showed Liang his ideal of governing the people, specifically, to let the people have "five acres of houses", "one hundred acres of fields" and "chickens, dolphins and dogs". Moreover, Mencius attached great importance to enlightenment and put forward the idea of "keeping order". His highest ideal is that CoCo Lee "eats meat with clothes and silk" and "is neither hungry nor cold".
On the basis of his own argument, Mencius further pointed out that Liang, as the supreme ruler, has an unshirkable responsibility in the face of the social reality that the upper class is extravagant and wasteful and the people are hungry and cold.
…… …… …… …… …… …… …… ……
Writing characteristics:
On the characteristics of Mencius' prose from this article
When talking about a problem, first hide the main idea, and start from the side, the opposite side and the periphery, and gradually lead to this topic. If the original intention is to talk about benevolent government, but first use war as a metaphor, from the opposite side, so that Liang unconsciously followed him. In this way, the article is like a winding path; The literary trend is ups and downs, not stagnant.
2. The logic is rigorous and in-depth.
On the surface, the article is rambling, but in fact, the logic is clear, the paragraphs are clear and the levels are orderly. If you ask questions first and then analyze the reasons, the following measures, starting from the king, implementing the king, and implementing benevolent government, are all in-depth and interlocking.
3. The writing is rich and vivid, full of rationality.
Make good use of appropriate metaphors, powerful arrangements, exquisite words and sentences. Odd sentences and even sentences, monosyllabic sentences and compound sentence are used alternately, with flexible and confident brushwork and sharp and aggressive conversation. This article is full of eloquence.