Seek and appreciate a high school-level Tang poem

2 1, Zeng, Gong Xihua were seated.

● Notes on text appreciation

This article is an example of Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Through the dialogue between Confucius and four students, taking the expression of ambition as a clue, the students' interests and personalities were written, and Confucius' thoughts and attitudes were expressed.

First, the overall perception

The text can be divided into three parts.

Part I (para. 1).

In this part, Confucius asked the students about their aspirations. However, Confucius did not let his disciples express their feelings directly, but first dispelled students' concerns with gentle and self-deprecating words and created a relaxed, cordial and active environment for them. As soon as Confucius appeared, he gave people the impression of being kind, wise and open-minded, which showed that Confucius was indeed a brilliant teacher.

The second part ("Luz rate"-"I and the point also." ), can be divided into four levels.

1 level ("Luz leads the way"-"Fu Zi Branch One"): At this level, write a story and tell your ambition. Confucius laughed at Luz because he saw that he was not humble. This is suggestive criticism without hurting their self-esteem.

The second level ("What about begging?" -"Be a gentleman." ): At this level, writing Ran has narrative ambition. He is "good at government" and thinks that the highest ideal of Confucianism-the realization of rule by courtesy-can only be realized with the help of gentlemen.

The third level ("Hong, how could you do this"-"May it be a small matter." ): At this level, Gong Xihua's narrative is recorded. He attaches great importance to politeness. Although he is very young, his attitude is very humble.

The fourth level ("What's the point?" -"I agree with that." ): At this level, write Zeng's narrative. Confucius praised Zeng Xi.

In this part, Lutz first replied that he has the talent to govern "a country for thousands of years". Confucius dismissed his words and laughed them off. You Ran's answer is: He can only rule a small country of dozens of miles in Fiona Fang. Gong Xihua's answer is modest. He said that his talent only deserves to be a small host. Confucius did not immediately express his attitude towards what You Ran and Gong Xihua said. He once said that he didn't want to be an official, but the beautiful picture of teachers and students traveling in the late spring he described was exactly the scene of the "rule by courtesy" society that Confucianism yearned for, and it was the highest realm of "rule by courtesy", which concentrated and vividly reflected the political ideal of Confucianism. Confucius was very emotional about his words and immediately agreed.

The third part ("Three sons coming out"-the end of the article).

In this part, after Gong Xihua left, she asked the teacher about the conversation of three students. Confucius evaluated the aspirations of Lutz, You Ran and Gong Xihua one by one. Confucius said that governing the country should pay attention to courtesy, but Lutz's words were not modest, so he laughed at him. However, I am satisfied with the humility of You Ran and Gong Xihua, especially Gong Xihua. Judging from his talent and moral character, he is qualified to be a master of ceremonies.

Confucius was a great educator. In this article, we can see that their teacher-student relationship is very harmonious and equal. He cares about students, loves them and knows everyone's situation like the back of his hand. Even in daily conversation, students are guided to be firm-willed, care about state affairs and adhere to positive education, which has achieved good results. As a teacher, he played a major role. After the four students stated their ambitions, he raised their speeches to the level of "ruling the country with courtesy" and raised what they were going to do to the level related to governing the country, which was very instructive.

translate

, Zeng, Gong Xihua sat with Confucius. Confucius said, "Because I am older than you, don't talk about it because of me." . You always say,' Nobody knows me!' What would you do if someone knew about you? "

Lutz replied without thinking: "A country with 1000 personnel carriers is sandwiched between big countries and is often invaded by foreign troops. In addition, there is internal famine. If I am allowed to govern and wait for another three years, I can make everyone brave and good at fighting and know the truth of being a man. " Confucius laughed it off.

Confucius asked again, "Ran Qiu, how are you?"

Ran Qiu replied: "A country with a vertical and horizontal length of 60-70 miles, or 50-60 miles, can make its people rich within three years if I am allowed to govern it. As for the cultivation of rites and music, you have to ask for another master. "

Confucius asked again, "Gongxichi, how are you?"

Gong Xichi replied: "I dare not say that I can do it, but I am willing to learn. I am willing to wear a dress and a hat to make a small tribute in the affairs of the ancestral temple sacrifice, or when the princes meet and greet the emperor. "

Confucius asked again, "Ceng Dian, how are you?" At this time, the sound of Ceng Dian playing the harpsichord gradually became sparse, and then with a clang, he put down the harpsichord and straightened up and replied, "My talent is different from the three of them!" Confucius said, "What does that matter? Just talking about their own ambitions. " Ceng Dian said, "Spring clothes have been put on in late spring. I went to the Yihe River to take a bath with five or six adults and six or seven teenagers, blew a breeze on the platform and sang songs all the way back. " Confucius sighed and said, "I agree with Ceng Dian's idea!"

You Ran and Gong Xihua all went out and stayed. Once asked: "What about the words of the three of them?" Confucius said, "Just talk about your own aspirations." Zeng Xi said, "Why do you laugh at Zhong You?" Confucius said: "to govern a country, we should pay attention to etiquette, but he is not humble at all, so I laugh at him." Isn't Ran Qiu talking about national affairs? Where is it that sixty or seventy miles or fifty or sixty miles is not a national event? Isn't Gong Xichi talking about national affairs? Sacrificing in the ancestral temple, meeting with the emperor, what is not a major event for the emperor? If Gong Xichi can only be a small praise, who can be a big praise? "

● Problem solving guidance

First, this question is mainly to familiarize students with the text.

1., Zeng, Gong Xihua's ambitions, except Zeng, are all "determined to go into politics", but they are all state-owned. He once advocated "taking etiquette as the country" and strengthened education, and finally achieved the goal of governing the country by etiquette.

Lutz's straightforward personality can be seen from Being Right. Ran is modest, which can be seen from his saying "be like a gentleman"; Gong Xihua is more modest. From the dialogue of "If you can't do it, you are willing to learn", you can see that ... you are willing to make a small portrait. He used to be easy-going and polite, which can be seen from his gesture of "pass the parcel, with a voice like Hong Zhong, walking with others".

2. See "Notes on Text Appreciation".

Second, this question is mainly to let students sort out the meanings of classical Chinese words they have contacted in the past and accumulate commonly used classical Chinese words.

Thirdly, this question is mainly to let students practice translation and understand some thoughts of Confucius.

1. Usually (you) will say, "(others) don't understand me! If someone knows you, what do you use? "

2. Isn't it a virtuous person that others don't understand (themselves) but are not angry?

I'm not afraid that others don't know myself. What I fear most is that you don't understand others!

4. Don't be afraid that no one knows yourself, just pursue those skills that are enough for others to know.

I'm not afraid that others don't understand me, but I'm afraid that I'm incompetent.

All the above is to be strict with yourself, enrich yourself, strive for others to understand yourself, and don't be afraid that others won't understand yourself.

● Teaching suggestions

This paper can take "expressing ambition" as a clue to determine the teaching ideas from the perspective of analyzing characters. The analysis of characters should be combined with the analysis of the language and writing characteristics of the article. There should not be too much analysis of Confucius' thoughts. It is also inappropriate to discuss too much why Confucius should "keep pace with the times".

● Relevant information

A Brief Introduction to Confucius' Life and The Analects of Confucius

Confucius (55 BC1-479), a famous hill, was born in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. When Lu was in Qi Huangong, he was the general manager in Lu. Later, he started a private school and traveled around the world to publicize his political opinions. In his later years, he also compiled six classics (poetry, calligraphy, Yi, Li, Yue, Spring and Autumn). He is the founder of Confucianism. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the orthodoxy of feudal culture for more than two thousand years, with great influence. The feudal rulers always regarded him as a saint. He is also a great educator, and his educational thoughts have far-reaching influence, so that today.

The Analects of Confucius is a collection of prose that records the style. It is a record of Confucius' words and deeds compiled by Confucius' disciples and disciples, which comprehensively reflects Confucius' philosophy, politics, culture and educational thoughts, and is the most important work of Confucianism. Confucianism in Song Dynasty called The Analects of Confucius, Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius "Four Books". Twenty Analects of Confucius, each of which is divided into several chapters, are not connected with each other; Concise, it contains Confucius' profound knowledge and rich life experience; While remembering words, it conveys the attitude of the characters; In some chapters, it also vividly embodies the personality characteristics of the characters; Many of these incisive remarks have become common proverbs and idioms, which have a great influence on later literary language.

Second, about "Me and Point"

Why Confucius said "I and Point" has always been controversial. Some words (from Late Spring to Singing Back) have been interpreted positively. He thinks that he once advocated governing the country by courtesy, and what he said is the result of courtesy, which accords with Confucius' political views of "benevolent governance", "rule by courtesy" and "education". Therefore, Confucius said, "I and point also" (this understanding is adopted in textbooks).

On the other hand, from the opposite side, I think that I once advocated passive seclusion, which is in line with Confucius' proposition that "I can't do it, but float on the sea by fork", so Confucius said "I will follow the point". There are some reasons.

(1) From Confucius' point of view. Throughout Confucius' life, it should be said that active salvation is the dominant aspect of his thought. In order to carry out his political ideas, he traveled around the world, "forgetting to eat when he was angry, forgetting to worry when he was worried, and not knowing that the old man would die" (The Analects of Confucius). His idea doesn't work in all countries. He was "rejected by Qi, relied on and trapped between Chen and Cai" (Historical Records of Confucius' Family), but he "knew it was impossible to do it" (The Analects of Confucius). However, because he hit a wall everywhere, he sometimes showed negative emotions, especially after he retired to Shandong in his later years. Confucius said in The Analects of Confucius, Gongye Chang, "If the Tao fails, you can float on the sea with a fork.". Historical Records Confucius Family also said: "Lu can't use Confucius in the end, and Confucius doesn't want to be an official. ..... "(Confucius) said," My way is poor ... "These are all negative aspects of Confucius' thought.

The events recorded in Lian Zuo should be in Confucius' later years, because Gong Xihua is the youngest of the four disciples, 42 years younger than Confucius (according to Liu Baonan's The Analects of Justice), and when Confucius went to Lu Shiwei, he was 56 years old (according to Historical Records Confucius Family), and Gong Xihua was only 65,438+04 years old, so it is probably impossible to go abroad with Confucius. You Gong Xihua is a native of Shandong (according to Ci Hai). It is impossible for him to join Confucius when he travels around the world. Therefore, Gong Xihua became a disciple of Confucius after Confucius returned to Shandong, that is, after he was 65 years old. It can be seen that it is impossible for Confucius to have positive political thoughts when he "points out the area".

(2) From Confucius' different attitudes towards He Zeng. The chapter "Sit down" records that after Lutz expressed his ambition, "the master whispered". A "Yi" and a "He" have completely different attitudes. Why did Confucius "change" Luz? Because "it is a gift for the country, its words are not allowed, so it is embarrassing." When Lutz said that he could rule a country "thousands of times", he was not modest. If Ceng Dian's goal is to turn this country into an ideal "peaceful" country with "a sense of security for the elderly, a sense of trust for friends, few pregnancies and business as usual", wouldn't it be even more modest? If so, Confucius would not "get along" but only "laugh" or even "laugh". It can be seen that Confucius' "harmony" is not because Ceng Dian has great ambition to help the world.

(3) From the different contents stated by Ceng Dian and Lutz. With the goal of governing "a thousand times the country", Ran aims to govern "a country of sixty or seventy, such as a country of fifty or sixty", and Gong Xihua aims to be a minor figure and participate in "the affairs of ancestral temples, such as the affairs of the society". Although the ambitions of the second son and the third son are arrogant and modest, they are not different in essence, and they all aim at politics. Confucius said, "Sixty or seventy is like fifty or sixty, not a country. Who cares?" "Too temple fair, not governors' meeting?" Ceng Dian claimed that he was "the work of three extraordinary sons". If Ceng Dian is determined to become a politician, then why is Ceng Dian's ambition "written by three sons"? It can be seen that Ceng Dian is "not for politics".

(4) Relevant records from other chapters of The Analects. "Gongye Chang" records: "I made Qi transfer An Kai to be an official and said to him,' I failed your trust. "Confucius said (Si, which means to be an official, is the same as Yue)." I am determined to learn the Tao, but I don't want to be an official ... Confucius was happy when he saw that he didn't paint in Rong Lu and knew his deep ambition. " Since Confucius likes Qi Diaokai's "Don't want to be an official", it is no accident that he agrees with Ceng Dian's "Don't want to be a politician". This record in Gongye Chang is a footnote to Confucius' theory of harmony in Zuo Shi.

Third, Confucius' related thoughts and propositions.

1. Confucius advocated rule by courtesy and opposed the rule of law. The meaning of ceremony is very extensive in ancient times, which refers to the etiquette of international communication, the coronation, wedding and funeral, sacrifice and dinner of nobles, including political system and moral norms. Confucius said, "You know the gains and losses of Yin; Because of Zhou, its gains and losses are also known; Its successors have been known for hundreds of generations. " ("The Analects of Confucius Learn and Learn") It seems that Zhou Zhili is the unchangeable principle from generation to generation. When the State of Jin cast a tripod, he sharply opposed it, saying, "If the State of Jin dies, it will lose its degree. "

2. Economically, he opposed the feudal land tax system and tried his best to maintain the land tax system since the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Zuo Zhuan's eleven years of mourning for the public": "Ji wants to use the land tax to make Ran You. Zhong Ni, You Ran's private, said, "A gentleman's trip is also polite. Take what is thick, what is thick, and what is thin. In that case, hills are enough. If you don't pay attention to etiquette, but you are insatiable, it is not enough to use land tax. And if the son Ji Sun wants to follow the law, the code of the Duke of Zhou is there; If you want to do it, why not? "

3. Confucius advocated the idea of maintaining hierarchy. He advocated the hierarchical system of "Jun Jun, minister, father and son", which was in line with the "ceremony". Confucius said, "If the name is irregular, it won't work. If you don't succeed, you will be in danger. If you are in danger, you won't be punished. The punishment is not correct and the people are at a loss. " (The Analects of Confucius Lutz)

4. Confucius advocated self-denial. "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan" records: "Yan Yuan asked benevolence. Confucius said:' Self-denial and courtesy are benevolence. When it comes to self-denial, the world will return to benevolence. ""Yan Yuan asked what the specific content of' self-denial' was, and Confucius said,' see no evil, don't listen to evil, don't say evil, don't move until evil.' "

5. In ethics, Confucius advocated benevolence. The basic spirit of Confucius' "benevolence" is to teach people to adjust the contradictions within the ruling class according to Zhou Li. His "benevolence" generally does not include laborers. Confucius said, "A gentleman who is not kind has a husband, and a benevolent person has no villain." Ceng Zi summed up the meaning of "benevolence" with the word "loyalty and forgiveness", which is closer to the original intention. The way of loyalty and forgiveness is "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you".

6. In philosophy, Confucius advocated the concept of destiny. Confucius advocated destiny. On one occasion, he was besieged by Kuang people. He said: "Heaven will lose its grace, and the deceased will not be gentle." If the sky does not fall, what will the people do? Confucius said, "What does heaven say?" When you are at four o'clock, everything is born. What is the sky? "(The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo) According to Confucius," Heaven "is the master of all things in the universe. Confucius thought that he was acting according to his own destiny. Confucius said, "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, be puzzled at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen at sixty, and act at seventy without overstepping the bounds." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics") He took the restoration of the rites of Zhou as his historical mission and said, "I am a widower until the phoenix bird comes, and the river does not draw!" ("The Analects of Confucius Zi Han")

7. In education, Confucius advocated the spirit of "teaching without distinction", "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "never tire of learning and never tire of teaching".

8. In terms of morality, he advocates "tolerance, shame, faith, sensitivity, kindness, softness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and tolerance".

4. On, Zeng, and Gong Xihua (Zhu Hongda)

The seating arrangement of Zeng, Zeng, Gong Xihua (hereinafter referred to as seating arrangement) is a chapter in The Analects of Confucius. It seems that there are not many words and the length is not long, but it is a rare long story in The Analects.

The Analects of Confucius consists of 20 articles with 498 chapters (arranged by Zhu), about 12700 words. Most chapters are very short, even only a few words. However, the structure of Zuo Shi is complete from beginning to end, and its image is quite distinct. Through dialogue, they expressed their different interests, personalities and ambitions, which made people think deeply after reading. Plain and natural, with profound meaning, there is no trace of axe chisel, but in front of people, I hand-painted a sage's opinion. Of course, we don't have to talk about the so-called "Ceng Dian Meteorology" and "Sage Meteorology" of Song Like Confucianism in this article (Zhu quoted: "Confucius and Zeng Dian, Gai and Sage have the same ambition, that is, Yao and Shun Meteorology." 】, but we have to admit that this is the most literary chapter in The Analects. In particular, the language of the characters recorded in this article is full of individuality and the descriptions of the characters are different, which not only embodies the language characteristics of The Analects of Confucius, but also represents the literary achievements of the whole book, which can be said to be the origin of Wei and Jin note novels.

one

At the beginning of Zuo Shi, Confucius said directly to Zeng, Gong Xihua, "If you were alive, you would say,' I don't know.' If you know me, why bother? "This clearly puts forward the center of this conversation and the center of the article. Talking about ambition, in our words today, is talking about ideals. Most of the Analects of Confucius talks about benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith, but there are also many pages about life, ideals and learning. This article inspired his disciples to talk about ideals and expressed different views and comments on the content and attitude of their ideals.

Lutz is a keen person. Confucius spoke first as soon as his voice fell. The word "rate" accurately shows Lutz's forthright and reckless character. Lutz's "Thousand Riding Countries" is about small countries at that time, and thousands of riding countries such as Jin, Chu, Qi and Qin Dou are big countries. Lutz believes that it is more than enough to govern a medium-sized country by one's own talents. Even if the country is in a critical situation of foreign invasion and internal famine, he can turn the corner; It won't take a few years to make this country strong and let the people there understand etiquette.

It was not until Confucius called the roll that You Ran and Gong Xihua expressed their opinions. What the two men said is about the vassal state, which is essentially no different from what Lutz said, but their attitude is much more modest and cautious, and their tone is much more euphemistic. They think that they can only do some specific work in a small vassal state or doctor's fief like "square sixty or seventy, such as fifty or sixty"; Either make the people rich or compromise. As for the edification and education of rites and music, we can only ask the wise. You Ran said, "Politeness and happiness are like gentlemen"; Gong Xihua said: "I am willing to make a small picture." It looks so simple and modest that it can be called a gentleman among Confucius' disciples.

What I once said is completely different from others. If he doesn't talk about politics, he is running the country; I don't say alliance, I portray a scene and describe a scene: "Mo Chun, the spring clothes have been finished, the champion is five or six, the boy is six or seven, taking a bath and dancing, singing the opposite." Judging from the poetic scene description, Zeng's ideal is expressed in twists and turns; It looks so carefree, carefree and even a little wild, but it has aroused the infinite admiration of Confucius; Confucius said, "Me and Dianye!" "Clearly expressed his ideological tendency.

The ideal of life is a general concept, which actually includes political pursuit and moral cultivation. Although Lutz, You Ran and Gong Xihua talked about different ideals, they all paid attention to politics. In The Analects of Confucius and Ye Gonglong, his disciples' comments on ambition are more ethical:

Yan Yuan, Shi. Confucius said, "Why do you say it?" Luz said, "I wish your clothes and friends all the best." Yan Yuan said: "I hope that there is no good cut, and I will get it for nothing." Lutz said, "I want to hear about Zizi's ambition." Confucius said, "Old people are safe, friends believe, and young people are pregnant."

Zeng's genius lies in his ability to combine two political ideals with moral ideals, which can be understood as both the sustenance of political ideals and the pursuit of moral cultivation, giving readers room for thinking.

two

It is an important way of Confucius' education to criticize and evaluate his disciples' views according to the method of persuasion and the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. In "Zuo Shi", Confucius expressed three different attitudes towards his disciples' ideals of life, and made comments on them respectively. Agree with Zeng's point of view and even appreciate it. (2) negative Lutz, but calm, just in a slight smile reveals a trace of dissatisfaction. (3) Say no to You Ran and Gong Xihua. Here we first analyze ② and ③.

According to the Analects of Confucius, Confucius once divided his disciples into four categories according to their respective specialties: morality, politics, language and literature (referring to reading ancient documents). Lutz and You Ran belong to the category of political affairs, and they are two politically talented figures [Advanced Analects of Confucius]: "Germany: Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong. Word: Kill me, Zi Gong. Politics: You Ran, Lu Ji. Literature: Ziyou, Xia Zi. " 〕。

Lutz:

Ji Kangzi asked: "Can Zhong You engage in politics?" Confucius said, "What does it matter to be in politics?" ...... Ji Kangzi asked: "Can you make politics by asking?" Confucius said, "What's the point of pursuing art politically?"

Ye Gong Long:

Meng Wubo asked, "Is Luz kind?" Confucius said, "I don't know." Ask again, Confucius said: "The country is also a thousand times; I can make it a blessing (referring to military service and military and political work), I don't know its benevolence. "

It can be seen that Lutz's talk about governing the country is not a boast that is divorced from reality, but what he can do. Confucius criticized him because he "spoke with righteousness" and "refused to tolerate words". In Confucius' view, without ceremony, there is nothing; Even with great political talent, a country can't be governed well. Besides, there was a certain etiquette in the conversation between teachers and students at that time. The first chapter of the Book of Rites Quli says: "It is necessary to do something for a gentleman."

"Ye Gonglong" remember:

Meng asked, "What is the demand?" Confucius said: "Ye Qiu, there are thousands of rooms in the city and hundreds of guests in the family. You can slaughter it (referring to the county magistrate or general manager) without knowing its benevolence."

Meng Wubo asked, "What about red?" Confucius said, "Master Chi, if you set up a court, you can negotiate with the guests (referring to receiving foreign guests). I don't know how grateful you are."

This proves that the ideals that You Ran and Gong Xihua talked about are basically consistent with Confucius' evaluation of them. Confucius thought that although they were humble, they were not "correct". What they talked about was nothing more than a set of things for the country, which seemed to Confucius at that time to be of little interest.

three

Then why did Confucius admire Zeng Xi and say "I have my opinion"? Moreover, the recorder created an atmosphere before he spoke: "drums, singing, singing", which deliberately showed an extraordinary atmosphere [Song Confucianism praised it, while scholars in the Ming Dynasty criticized it slightly. For example, Zhang Dai said, "Ceng Dian should be compared with the third son, and he can't be trusted." Yang Sheng 'an said: "Ceng Dian was so violent because he planted melons and hurt Ceng Zi, and he rushed to the servant land. Is it spring breeze, so he is confident after all? " 〕? There have been different opinions on this issue. Since liberation, there are roughly the following representative statements:

(1) "Confucius and Ceng Dian epitomize a peaceful society with their words." [See Yang Shuda's The Analects].

② "The full text highlights the Confucian ideal of governing the country through rites and music." [Selected Works of China Past Dynasties, edited by Sui et al., Volume I 1 16]

(3) "According to the Analects of Confucius, Confucius had the heart to save the world by doing things, but he failed in the end, so he had the thoughts of' can't do things, take a fork and float on the sea' and' want to live in Jiuyi'"; Confucius said:' Dieting (eating coarse food) and drinking water, bending your arms and resting on it, is also fun; "Unfair, rich and expensive are like a cloud to me!" "["pre-Qin literature resources "on page 349]

(4) This is not Confucianism, but Taoism; Moreover, this passage is also very long in The Analects of Confucius, probably written by Confucius after the Warring States Period. [Selected Prose of China in Past Dynasties, edited by Sui, Volume I, p. 1 16. 〕