Portugal lies in the southwest of Europe. It is one of the oldest countries in Europe. In the 7th century BC, there were Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans and Visigoths in Portugal.
1 140, Portugal broke away from Spanish rule and Henrik became the first king of the country.
The present Portuguese territory was formed during the reign of Alfonso III in 1249.
In the first Millennium BC, there were several tribes living in the Iberian Peninsula, and the earliest evidence supported them was the Celts. He lived in northern Portugal and Galicia, Spain, in the 8th and 9th centuries BC. At the same time, the Phoenicians established fishing villages along Algavi, and they have been exploring northward until now Lisbon. Greeks and Catholics live in the southern and western coastal areas.
The Romans defeated the Carthaginians in 20 1 year BC, and after defeating the Celts in 20 140 BC, they controlled central and southern Portugal. During the six centuries of Roman rule, the introduction of Portuguese and the customs belonging to Latin families also laid the foundation for the introduction of Christianity.
During the rule of Visigoths and Arabs (469- 1 139), the Roman Empire was weak in the 3rd and 4th centuries, which affected the sovereignty of this region. In 469 AD, the Germanic visigoths crossed the Pyrenees and came here, and Christianity was introduced in the 7th century.
In 7 1 1 AD, Muslims invaded and overthrew the West Goethe Dynasty and established the Kingdom of Lyus in Có rdoba. Although Muslim rulers did not exclude Judaism and Christianity, many Christians converted to Islam, which flourished in the 9th century and10th century.
After nearly four centuries of Muslim rule, there are still many Muslim architectural landmarks in Portugal, as well as many customs from Islam and Arabia, which have also influenced the local dialects.
During the Crusade and the founding of Portugal (1139-1415)10/39, an aristocrat from the border of Portugal (a territory centered on Bordeaux)? Afonso Henriques)(Afonso I) declared independence and claimed to be the first Portuguese king. With the help of the Crusaders, he fought against Muslims, regained Lisbon in 1 147, and defeated the remaining Muslims in Arentho and Nana Ogawa in 1249.
Denis I (1279- 1325) promoted the use of Portuguese (instead of Spanish), 1290 founded the first university, 1297 signed the kanis Treaty? Ices) established national boundaries and became the first independent country in Europe in the14th century.
During the Great Expedition (A.D. 14 15- 1580), the first king of Arvid family (Jo? O I) (A.D. 1385- 1433) achieved unprecedented prosperity in Portugal, laying a solid foundation for future territorial expansion and economic growth. In order to strengthen our national strength, we signed the Windsor Treaty with Britain and established a permanent alliance.
15th century is the golden age of sea power era. Under the leadership of Joao's son, the navigator Prince Henry, Portugal has become a world leader in marine technology and exploration. Portuguese adventurers from Morocco and Madeira Islands to uninhabited Azores Islands marched into the African continent for slaves and wealth.
AD 1488 bartholomew? After Bartholomeu Diaz bypassed the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, the world changed. He not only opened the door to the East, but also opened the entrance of Portuguese spice trade. Next, although Portugal missed Christopher Columbus, it was still in A.D. 1498, which was founded by vasco? Da? Vasco da gama led the first expedition fleet to India and laid many colonies in East Africa and Indonesia. Two years later, Pedro? Orverish？ Pedro lvares Cabral won Brazil and established a huge Portuguese empire.
During the Habsburg and Bragansa dynasties (1580- 1807), the Arvid dynasty fell from power in 1580, and Spanish King Felipe II insisted that he was half Portuguese royal blood, which made the sovereignty of Iberian Peninsula return to one country. During the Habsburg dynasty (Habsburg family), Portugal was involved in several wars, the most serious of which was 1588, when the Spanish-Portuguese armada was defeated by Britain. After these years, the Portuguese empire gradually disappeared.
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History of Portugal
In 1640, the Portuguese Bragan dynasty (Bragan dynasty? A) Philip IV declared its independence against Spain. In order to resist Spain and safeguard national independence, he made a long journey and made peace with Britain again. Half a century later, Joao V (A.D. 1706- 1750) used gold and diamonds mined in Brazil to revitalize the economy and make Portugal prosperous again.
The earthquake in 1755 destroyed Lisbon and southern Portugal, and more than 15000 people died. Marquês de Pombal cooperates with national economic reform to rebuild Lisbon.
Napoleon and the post-Napoleonic period (A.D. 1807- 19 10) Napoleon invaded Portugal in A.D. 1807, but the royal family fled to Brazil to save their lives. Joao VI returned to Lisbon in A.D. 182 1, but he faced a complicated political atmosphere caused by the disturbing Portuguese royal family. His son Pedro became the king of Brazil and declared his independence. After the death of Joao VI in A.D. 1826, there was a war between two brothers (A.D. 1826).
Because in 1822, the constitution was drafted in the absence of the royal family, and the power of the monarch was greatly cut off. In 1826, constitutionalists (Pedro, the first king of Brazil) and monarchists (Miguel, Pedro's brother) broke out all over Portugal. After eight years of bloody conflict, Miguel was exiled, and Pedro's sister Maria II of Portugal (15 years old) succeeded to the throne. However, in the next 75 years, the liberal Democrats and monarchists continued to confront each other.
The * * and salazar periods (19/kloc-0-1974) witnessed the death of Manuel II in Britain, which officially declared the end of the political uproar in the last century. However, first of all, challenging the power of the church triggered a worldwide rebound, and the release of labor rights and interests also caused the confrontation between the government and workers.
Joining World War I made the economy shake and the country turbulent. The military action in A.D. 1926 officially ended the fragile government, Antonio? General Antonio Karmona became the leader of the interim military government. In order to solve the economic crisis, he appointed Antonio carmone, a famous professor of economics. De? Oliveira? António de Oliveira Salazar served as finance minister and became prime minister in A.D. 1932, but he soon became a dictator, still clinging to power. The horrible secret police arrested people who opposed Salazar, brutally suppressed the rebellion in Africa, and also dragged down Portugal's national economy.
During the revolutionary transition period (A.D.1974-1999), in the early 1970s, the international voice against imperialism was rising, and domestic soldiers were tired of suppressing African colonies. So on April 25th, A.D. 1974, the leftist army staged a coup, which was called the carnation revolution. In every town in Portugal, there is a festival called April.
1975, the socialist government renounced its jurisdiction over African colonies. 1976 held the first election, and the popular Mario was elected. Mario Suarez is the Prime Minister. Facing the domestic economic crisis, he proposed the "100-day reform" to revitalize the economy. 1986, Portugal joined the EU (now the EU). This new challenge still can't stop Sores from winning this year's presidential election. He was also the first civilian president of Portugal.
Portugal today is still trying to catch up with other western European countries economically. It seems that joining the European Union has not had a negative impact on Portugal's economy. The economic growth rate reached 3.5% in AD 1999, and public construction has made a lot of progress in recent years. Although Expo 1998 held in Lisbon was not very successful and the number of participants was not as expected, the preparatory process improved the traffic in Lisbon and enhanced Portugal's international momentum.
The reborn Portugal plays a brand-new role in the post-colonial era. In the past few years, it has been helping former colonies Angola and East Timor to seek peace. 199965438+On February 20th, Portugal agreed to give up the last colony of Macau and return it to China, ending its 442-year rule.