Error correction is a subjective question, which requires candidates to find and correct 10 errors in a short essay within 15 minutes.
First of all, there are three forms of error correction:
1. Wrong word. In the line marked on the topic, there is a word with errors in morphology, collocation or meaning. Candidates are required to find out the errors and put on the correct words. This kind of mistakes account for the vast majority of all mistakes.
2. Missing words. If there are any missing words in the line marked with the title number, including before the first word and after the last word, candidates are required to find out the missing words and make up the missing words according to the needs of grammar, collocation or contextual semantics.
3. Words are superfluous. There is a word in the line marked with the question number, which is purely redundant according to the requirements of grammar, collocation or contextual semantics. Ask the candidates to find out the redundant words and cross out one word. There are 10 mistakes in the composition * * *, but which line is missing a word or wrong, which is irregular and marked. Statistics of examination questions over the years show that most mistakes are designed as typos. The main reason is not only the propositional factor, but also the difficulty of this wrong form, which can better examine the examinee's actual language control ability.
Rule of correcting mistakes: No matter whether it is a typo, a missing word or multiple words, candidates can only move one word when correcting mistakes.
Second, the composition correction proposition test center:
1) Error in context semantics
1. antonym. This is the most frequent and characteristic error type in correcting errors in short passages. This kind of mistake can only be found and corrected on the basis of a thorough understanding of contextual semantics. Such common mistakes are: ① Deriving antonyms. Such as: exploitation-discovery, loading-unloading, satisfaction-dissatisfaction, etc. ② Complementary antonyms. Such as: life and death, boys and girls, men and women, men and women, brothers and sisters, married and single, etc. ③ Transposition antonym. Such as: buy-sell, give-receive, borrow-borrow, husband and wife, parent-child, left and right, etc. ④ Relative antonym. Such as: easy-difficult, big-small, cold-hot, old-little, wide-narrow, love and hate, etc. ⑤ According to the context semantics, not or no is often used in a line, or it must be added.
2. Connectives. Although conjunctions belong to traditional grammatical problems, their usage is mainly based on the logical relationship of context semantics, that is, the understanding of context. Errors in correcting conjunctions in composition design are:
① coordinate conjunctions. Such as: and, but, for, or and so on. ② Principal-subordinate conjunctions. There are many such words, such as: (al) although, if, never, before, after, never, as, though, where, etc. ③ Connective adverbs. In any case, however, in addition, however, then, therefore, etc. 4 connect prepositions. Because, though, ideal, not waiting.
2) Usage and collocation errors
1. preposition. Preposition mainly involves usage and collocation, which is the most common question type for correcting mistakes in short passages, and it is also the easiest for candidates to lose points. In order to make a breakthrough in distinguishing and correcting mistakes in this kind of questions, candidates must pay attention to the accumulation of preposition usage knowledge. Please pay attention to the following aspects when correcting mistakes. ① collocation of prepositions and verbs. Accuse sb., accuse sb. Stop someone. Come from, forbid sb to come from, be different from, contribute to, etc. ② Collocation of prepositions and nouns. For example: dependence, influence, improvement, belief, trust, advantages, preferences, attitudes, solutions, etc. ③ Collocation of prepositions and adjectives. Such as: different, independent, dependent, independent, guilty, innocent, lasting, informative and so on.
4 phrases caused by prepositions. On the contrary, in turn, in the long run, through, as far as … is concerned, have a good/bad relationship with …, on the contrary, by accident, by turns, etc.
2. idioms. The topic of correcting mistakes in short passages is often aimed at various idioms, especially the singular and plural forms of prepositions, articles and nouns in idioms. The frequency of such errors is also high. ① preposition error. Such as: take pride in (→in), abide by (→by), persist in (→in), and don't listen (→for). 2 the article is wrong. Such as: in contrast (in contrast), suddenly (suddenly), neck and neck (neck and neck) and so on. Nouns are singular and plural. Such as: taking turns (taking turns), making friends (making friends), keeping promises/breaking promises (keeping promises/breaking promises), etc.
3) Verb error. Errors in this respect mainly include:
1. participle. Mainly the misuse of present participle and past participle. A puzzling question → a puzzling question
An excited girl → an excited girl
2. Connecting verbs.
① Verbs other than be are misused as behavioral verbs, followed by adjectives as predications, but adverbs. For example, the meat processing factory is very poor. The meat grinder is broken.
② Influenced by Chinese, the copula verb be before some adjectives is often omitted. These adjectives include Africa, alive, aware, considerate, guilty, worthy and so on.
3. Transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. When correcting mistakes, intransitive verbs are often mistaken for transitive verbs (lack of prepositions) or intransitive verbs (multiple prepositions). The former is like complaining about the poor service there (of should be added) while the latter is like considering his suggestion (of should be deleted).
4. phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs with prepositions or adverbs are always counted as errors of prepositions or adverbs. Since such mistakes are mainly collocation problems, we will classify them into the second category and discuss them together.
5. sentence patterns. This error mainly includes:
① Verb sentence patterns. It is mainly a fixed collocation pattern of verbs with complex objects. Find it necessary to do sth. /spend some time doing sth. /make sb. Do sth. /Leave something behind. To sb. Be seen doing sth. Wait a minute.
② Traditional sentence patterns. That is, the sentence patterns related to verbs in traditional grammatical concepts. There are mainly the following categories: a) omitting sentence patterns. For example:
While watching TV, they heard someone shouting "fire!" Fire! " (Watch → Watch)
B) The non-predicate forms of verbs are used as subjects and objects. It is sometimes used as a formal subject or object. It's no use arguing with him. (this → it)
We think it necessary to build the bridge first. (that → it)
In the compound object, sometimes the gerund can be directly used as the object; Gerund or infinitive can be the subject, but the prototype of verb can't be the subject of sentence directly. For example:
The new policy enables us to make ends meet. It is not enough to know the rules. (Know → Know or Will Know)
6. Tone, voice and tense. This kind of mistakes account for a small proportion in number, mainly the misuse of subjunctive mood, the misuse of passive voice and the mixture of past tense and present tense.
4) Other grammatical errors.
1. Part of speech. Involve: ① Misuse of nouns and verbs. For example, approve-approve, sell-sell ② Misuse of nouns and adjectives. Such as: medicine-medical/medicinal, emotion-emotional ③ Misuse of adjectives and adverbs. For example: tall, just-just
This kind of mistake often appears after the copula other than be. Such as: uncomfortable → uncomfortable and uneasy growth → uneasy growth.
2. Pronouns. Pronoun error is one of several types of errors that often occur in correcting short passages, and it appears in almost every set of test questions. Mainly involved in:
(1) refers to mistakes. Mainly the misuse of the third person pronoun reference; The mixing of indefinite pronouns's one and thans with personal pronouns you and them, and the misuse of reference and reference.
② Misuse of relative pronouns. Mainly manifested in the misuse of that and where, who and where, as and where; A mixture of what and that;
③ The misuse of formal pronoun it and this and that. For example:
It is very important to find this point for previewing the text.
④ Misuse of indefinite pronouns. Mainly the misuse of indefinite pronouns and demonstrative pronouns or personal pronouns; Somone/sombody, everybody/everybody is misused as plural reference; A mixture of some, any and no compound pronouns, and so on.
3. Number of nouns. This kind of mistakes mainly involve: ① confusing countable nouns with uncountable nouns; ② Misuse singular when plural is needed; ③ The tortuous form of irregular plural nouns is wrong. Such as: looking for a job → looking for a job → 2 female doctors → 2 female doctors → Feinuo → Feinuo.
4. Articles. The main manifestations are as follows: ① Omitting articles; ② Articles should not be used repeatedly; ③ misuse of a/an; ④a and an are mixed. Such as: telling the truth → telling the truth causes → causing "S" sign → an "S" sign.
5. Subject-predicate agreement. This kind of mistake is often designed in the structure of complex sentence patterns, so be especially careful. The following situations are common:
① The subject is long or the predicate verb is far from the subject:
The child cared for by his grandparents is deaf and dumb. (are →is)
② Inverted sentences:
Standing in a row along the corridor are three groups of young pioneers, who will set out to explore. (Yes → Yes)
③ Attributive clause:
The book that many students find interesting was published only last month. It was written by a famous American scientist. (past → past)
④ Special sentence patterns:
There are no facts to deny, and there are no facts to turn a blind eye to. (The first one is → Yes)
6. Adjectives, adverbs and their comparative degrees. The design errors of adjectives and adverbs are mainly as follows: ① the parts of speech are confused; ② Contrast error. The former has been discussed in the previous part of speech, and the latter mainly involves the parallelism between the comparator and the compared. For example:
My first daughter's eyes are a little bigger than my second. (→ Second daughter's)
5) Similar forms and similar meanings are wrong.
1. Close to shape. Mainly refers to words that are easily confused in spelling. For example:
Adaptation-adoption, collision-crushing, confirmation-conformity, abandonment-abandonment, form-front, cleverness-naivety, instance-immediacy, personal-personnel, main-principle, static-static, etc.
2. Near meaning. Mainly refers to words with similar meanings and concepts. For example:
Besides-except, doubt-doubt, discovery-invention, high efficiency-effectiveness, noise-sound.
3. Close to form and close to meaning. Mainly refers to words whose concepts and spelling are easily confused. This kind of error is more common than near-form or near-meaning, and it is relatively more difficult. These words are:
Intersection, influence-effect, economy-economy, immigration-immigration, history-history, continuity-continuity, guarantee-guarantee-guarantee, later-later-later, medicine-medicine, rise-rise-excitation, technology-technology, etc.
Third, the solution to the problem
1. Three-step solution:
(1) Read through the full text to understand the main idea and theme of the full text;
(2) Find and correct mistakes;
(3) Read the full text and check it.
2. In the process of correcting composition errors, the following steps must be followed:
(1) On the basis of understanding the sentence, first judge whether there are any mistakes in this respect and the wrong position from the perspective of verbs and syntax;
(2) After making sure that there are no syntactic errors, consider the errors in usage, collocation and similarity; (3) After the above two possibilities are ruled out, it is important to find out whether there are contextual semantic errors from the perspective of discourse (pay attention to conjunctions and those words that may have antonyms);
(4) Pay attention to the errors of each line marked with the question number adjacent to the uplink or downlink;
(5) If you can't make a mistake after the above steps, just give up the line temporarily and continue to do it, and then make a judgment after you finish the full text and have a deeper and more complete understanding of the full text. More attention should be paid to prepositions and some simple and easily overlooked grammatical "nuances".
An important decision for American students preparing for higher education is whether to choose a big university or a small college.
(providing various professional departments, with a large number) 1. ____
Courses in these departments. Small colleges, (therefore, generally offer a limited number) 2. _ _ _ _ (courses and majors, but providing better students-teachers) 3. ____
(proportion, thus allowing students to pay attention to their aptitude. ) 4.____
Due to its huge student population (usually more than 20,000) (including many people from different countries), 5. ____
This university exposes students to many different courses (cultural, social and extracurricular). On the other hand. ____
Hands, smaller, more uniform students
This university offers more opportunities. ____
Such an activity. Finally, this university is very close.
The real world provides a relaxed and impersonal atmosphere. ____
And sometimes the existence of anonymity. exist
(contrast, the intimate atmosphere of small colleges) 9. ____
Allow students to live a structured life for four years.
(Expectation and preparation for the real world. Making his) 10. ____
Therefore, students must consider many factors when choosing educational institutions.
This is an exposition of the different characteristics of comprehensive universities and ordinary universities. This paper expounds the choice of two types of universities from the perspective of students' enrollment, and makes it in a comparative way. There are three main points: ① curriculum; ② Students' social and cultural activities; ③ Living environment and atmosphere.
After mastering these contents and characteristics of the essay, we should predict that there are more antonyms in the essay. You can pay more attention to correcting mistakes, and now analyze them one by one as follows:
7 1. and → and, missing words. In fixed phrases, and is a connective prepositional phrase, and may also appear before noun phrases.
72. There → There is a typo anyway. Conjunction error, this topic is located in the first point of the essay: the differences between the two types of universities in curriculum setting should use turning words to express comparative relations.
73.offer → offer, an error in sentence structure. The verb "offer" is parallel to "provides" through the conjunction "but" and is dominated by the subject "The small college".
74. permit→permit, the non-predicate form of verbs is also an error in sentence structure. The sentence structures of permit and offer in the previous line interfere with each other, which makes many candidates fall into a trap. But at the same syntactic level, permit must be preceded by a coordinate conjunction, because it is the last item in the coordinate (grammatical rule: there must be a coordinate conjunction between the last two items of multiple juxtaposition). Therefore, the two verbs are not in a coordinate relationship. If there is no coordinate conjunction before the connecting adverb thus (or therefore), the verb behind it.
Collocation of phrasal verbs and prepositions. According to context semantics, it should be "composed of ..." rather than "being", so it should be composed of ...
76. Culture → culture, coordinate structure and part-of-speech errors. Context semantics should be "to expose students to many different cultural, social and extracurricular activities".
77. Big → small, antonym. According to the context, it is obvious that college belongs to a small college.
78. Delete and or which, multi-word questions. Errors in sentence structure and attributive clauses. There must be an attributive clause before which, but not before which. Therefore, it is deleted to make which clause the attribute of the real world: let the real world (as the logical subject of the provider) provide students with a relaxed, impersonal and sometimes almost anonymous lifestyle. Or delete which, so that provides and approximates are juxtaposed. Semantically, this change is more logical than deleting and. But there is nothing wrong with either.
79. In contrast → In contrast, the fixed phrase uses the wrong word. Many candidates change the prepositiOn on to in this question, mainly because they think of short words of comparison, but they can't delete that at the same time, so they can't change it like this.
80. prepare → prepare, and the verb in the coordinate structure is wrong. Obviously, there must be verbs in the same form before and after the coordinate conjunction and, but there is no present participle in front of preparing (note: living in the same industry is the antecedent of which in, so it must be a noun, not a present participle-this is the interference on the surface of the word form), so we can only change preparing to make it consistent with the infinitive expect in front. Some candidates also changed preparing to preparing, which is consistent with the predicate verb allows in the sentence, but it should be noted that the infinitive expect in the sentence is a transitive verb, and its object is "real world", which must be shared with preparations for * * *.