Step 1: standardize the pronunciation of words
Reading aloud is different from speaking. When reading any article, readers are required to be faithful to the original, not to add, delete or change words, and to meet the standard of Putonghua pronunciation in initials, finals, tones, light tones, inflections, sound changes and sentence expressions.
1. Pay attention to the phonetic differences between Putonghua and your own dialect. The phonetic differences between Mandarin and dialects are mostly regular. There are big and small rules, and there are often some exceptions in the rules, so we should sum them up ourselves. It's not enough to just summarize. You should look up the dictionary, look it up, strengthen your memory and practice it again and again. In practice, we should not only pay attention to the phonological differences, but also pay attention to the learning of light words and vowels.
2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of polyphonic words. One word with multiple tones is one of the important reasons for misunderstanding, which must be paid great attention to. Disyllabic words can be learned from two aspects. The first category is polysyllabic words. We should focus on understanding their different meanings and memorizing their different pronunciations from different meanings. The second category is polyphonic words with the same meaning, so we should focus on their different use occasions. Most cases of this polyphonic word are, a voice use occasion? Wide? , a voice use occasion? Narrow? Just remember? Narrow? Yes, you can.
3. Pay attention to the misreading caused by similar or radical analogies. This kind of misreading is very common, because the glyphs from A to B are very similar, and the misreading caused by analogy between the pronunciation of radical itself or the pronunciation of common words composed of radical is also very common. So-called? Show to read half a word? Laughter refers to this misunderstanding.
4. Pay attention to the pronunciation of different words. In Putonghua vocabulary, some words (or morphemes in words) have the same sound and meaning, but they are customarily pronounced in two or more different ways. These are called. If it is different? . In order to standardize these pronunciations, the state organized them in the 1950s? Mandarin Audition Committee? The pronunciation of words with different pronunciations in Putonghua is also investigated. Decades have passed and several drafts have been changed. 1985. The state has published the Phonetic Evaluation Form for Variants of Putonghua, which requires that the pronunciation and phonetic notation of Variants of Putonghua involved in departments and industries such as culture, education, publishing and broadcasting should be based on this new phonetic evaluation form. When using the phonetic alphabet, it is best to compare it with reference books (such as Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary). Look at all the pronunciations, meanings and use cases of a word first, and then look at the pronunciations and use cases in the audition table. After comparison, if there is any discrepancy between the two, the audition form shall prevail. In this way, the purpose of pronunciation standardization is achieved.
Step 2: Summarize the theme.
Theme refers to the ideological significance of an article, also called the central idea. Summarizing the theme is conducive to revealing the profound ideological meaning and mobilizing the thoughts and feelings of the reciter.
How to summarize the central idea of the article?
1, see the title of the article. In some articles, the title itself reveals the central idea or a high summary of the central idea. From the title, we can see what the article mainly wrote and reflected. By answering these questions and connecting these answers, the central idea is summarized.
For example, the title "Dong Cunrui laid down his life to blow up the bunker" tells us, what is the article about? Blow it up And expand. Giving one's life means giving up one's body, so the title means that Dong Cunrui gave his life for bombing the bunker. It also points out the center of the article and praises Dong Cunrui's spirit of being loyal to the revolutionary cause and not afraid of sacrifice.
2. Look at the beginning and end of the article. A good article, in order to make it easier for readers to grasp the theme of the article, usually has clear sentences or paragraphs at the beginning or end. Generally speaking, there is a leading article at the beginning and a summary at the end, pointing out the center. By analyzing these beginnings and endings, we can accurately summarize the central idea of the article.
For example, Lao She's "Raising Flowers" ends:? There are joys and sorrows, laughter and tears, flowers and fruits, and fragrant colors. Work and study. This is the fun of growing flowers. ? This ending not only summarizes the fun of flower cultivation, but also points out the central idea of the article.
3. Look at the central sentence of the article. The central sentence of the article reflects the concentration of thoughts and feelings of the article, embodies the author's writing purpose, and often points out the central idea directly. If you find the right central sentence, you can summarize the central idea of the article. Where does the central sentence of that article usually appear? More common at the beginning and end of the article.
For example, Zhan Tianyou begins:? Zhan Tianyou is an outstanding patriotic engineer in China. ? Looking at the full text, it is not difficult to see that the full text closely revolves around? Patriotic? And then what? Outstanding? For writing? Patriotic? And then what? Outstanding? It reveals the central idea of the full text concisely and profoundly. Appearing at the beginning always plays the role of an article.
4. Look at the key paragraphs. The key paragraphs of the article are to highlight the central idea of the article. By grasping the analysis of the key paragraphs, we can accurately summarize the central idea of the article.
For example, the key passage of "Flying over the Luding Bridge" is to seize time and attack natural risks. Think about why soldiers can arrive at Luding Bridge first in the rainy night. Think again why soldiers can capture the natural barrier of the Yangtze River. It is not difficult to see that it embodies the bravery of soldiers and the fearless revolutionary spirit of soldiers under the leadership of the party.
5. Look at important people. Writing character narratives often reflects the central ideas from important people. By grasping what important people have done, what they have done, what they have thought and what they have felt, we can grasp the central idea of the article.
For example, fishermen Sang Na, Simon, Simon's two children and Sang Na's five children were mentioned in the course. Who is the important person? Think about it and you'll know it's Sang Na and the fisherman. Through the analysis of important figures, it is not difficult to draw such a conclusion: the article praised the noble qualities of sauna and fisherman's diligence and kindness.
6. Look at the main events. Narrative, there are major events and minor events. Grasp the major events to analyze, think about what was written, praised, reflected and explained. You can grasp the central idea of the article.
For example, in the article "Grass Boat Borrows Arrows", Zhuge Liang skillfully borrowed 100,000 arrows. Catch it? Coincidence Words to analyze, it is not difficult to attract praise for Zhuge Liang's outstanding talent and broad mind.
7. Reading articles is lyrical. In the article, the narrative and description are like the finishing touch, the discussion and lyric are the finishing touch, and the finishing touch can often reveal the central idea of the article.
For example, the following passage was written at work one night: On the way back, I kept thinking and said to myself: This is the Prime Minister of our new China. I saw him working all night. How difficult and simple is he? . The lyricism of this sentence not only sums up Premier Zhou's noble quality of hard work and simplicity, but also expresses his sincere love for Premier Zhou, which deeply prompts the central idea of the full text.
8. Look at the details of the article. The detailed description of the article serves the center of expression. Therefore, it is of great help to understand the details of the article and understand the role of these details in highlighting the center of the article.
For example, the article "Fanka" describes Fanka's apprentice life: grasping three aspects, being beaten, being scolded and not sleeping. A careful understanding of the details of three aspects can help us to understand the pain of Fanka's apprentice life, reflect the tragic fate of children in Russian times, expose the darkness of capitalist society and show the author's sympathy.
9. Look at the description of the language, actions and psychological activities of key figures. The description of characters' language, movements and psychological activities can often reflect the central idea of the article.
Like the father of peanuts. ? People should be useful, not just decent, which is not good for others? The father's words not only hope for the children, but also point out the center of the article.
10, depending on the genre. If the article is expository and has its own characteristics, the main content of the article is the central idea, and it is not necessary to wear boots and hats. The theme is generally used? Reveal by praise (or criticism)? Summarize sentence patterns.
Step 3: Grasp the tone.
Tone refers to the basic mood of the work, that is, the overall attitude and feeling of the work, the overall color and weight. Any work will have a unified and complete tone. When reading a work aloud, we must grasp the tone of the work, because the tone of the work is a whole concept and a comprehensive expression of specific thoughts and feelings in levels, paragraphs and sentences. To grasp the keynote, we must deeply analyze and understand the ideological content of the work, and strive to make a serious, full and effective analysis from the aspects of genre, theme, structure, language and the style formed by integrating various elements. Only in this way can readers have real feelings, clear attitudes and the inner rhythm of eager expression. Only through such a complicated process can the thought of the work become the reader's thought, the emotion of the work become the reader's emotion, and the language expression of the work become what the reader wants to say. Only through such a complicated process can readers grasp the keynote from the ideological content of the works. Grasp the emotion of the article as a whole and understand the author's emotions.
Reading comprehension is to be familiar with the works first, and to rationally grasp the ideological content and spiritual essence of the works. Only through thorough understanding can we have profound feelings, accurately grasp the artistic conception and rhythm of the works and correctly express the thoughts and feelings of the works.
First understand the author's thoughts at that time and the background of his works.
Second, a deep understanding of the theme of the work is the key to a deep understanding of the work.
Third, according to the characteristics of different genres of works, be familiar with the content and structure of works. For lyric works, we should be familiar with their lyric clues and emotional styles. For narrative works, we should be familiar with the plot and character of the works. For a short passage, it is necessary to analyze and understand it paragraph by paragraph, grasp the central argument and sub-argument, clarify the argument and discussion method of the article, or grasp the interpretation order and interpretation method of the article. In short, only by mastering the characteristics of different works and being familiar with the specific content of the works can we accurately grasp different reading methods.
What is the theme of this article? Bright, low, dull, sonorous, sad, angry? And so on, but each article expresses different feelings and has its own unique tone. Some articles even have different tone in different parts. As the following example:
1, Mao Zedong's "Qinyuanchun? Snow is a typical high-spirited tone;
2, Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha? Qiu Si belongs to a typical bleak and depressed tone;
3. The tone of Guo Moruo's A Street Lamp in the Sky is beautiful, quiet and slight? A little melancholy;
4. The emotional tone of Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond is generally interpreted as? There is both a touch of sadness and a touch of joy? .
5. The article "Lin Hai" in the textbook for the sixth grade of primary school should be high-pitched and enthusiastic in order to express the feelings of loving nature;
6. The emotional tone of Liu Zongyuan's Little Stone Pond is sad;
7. In Mao Zedong's "Remembering Qin E Lou Shan Guan", the upper tone is gloomy and depressing, the lower tone is high and passionate, and the emotional contrast is strong, which just reflects the author's optimism and commanding courage;
8. The tone of Su Shi's Water Tune Song Tou is optimistic;
9. The emotional tone of Cao Cao's Looking at the Sea should be desolate and generous, tragic and passionate;
10, Wang Anyi's work "Planting Lotus Roots in Hong Ling" is a delicate and gentle tone;
1 1. The tone of most expositions is peaceful.
Step 4: Hierarchical.
Hierarchical means to find out the structure of the article. When you get an article, you should sort out the paragraphs of the article and classify the paragraphs that are internally related.
There are seven common ways to divide the level of paragraphs in an article.
1, divided by time and spatial order.
For example, writing the hero Luda's "Luti governs the boxing town of Kansai", which is not afraid of violence, brave and courageous, and can be divided into? Before the game? (knowing the situation)? When fighting (hit the nail on the head, dripping wet)? After the fight? (Shang Zhi Dan Liang) Three parts; What are the "hometown" written back to hometown in chronological order? Go to your hometown, leave your hometown and stay in your hometown? Three parts. Writing "Mr. Fujino" about studying abroad and missing teachers can be divided into? Before going to Sendai? (in Tokyo)? Sendai from Sendai? (returning to China) three.
2. According to the grammatical structure of the topic.
Like what? From to? From "Hundred Herbs Garden" to "San Tan Yin Yue", this prepositional phrase is taken as the title, and it changes because of the location. How to divide the article? Baicaoyuan San Tan Yin Yue? Two major parts; The book from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Microfilm is a time-structured full text, which can be segmented according to the development and evolution of the book. Under the scorching sun and heavy rain can be divided into? Under the scorching sun and heavy rain? Two parts.
3. according to the meaning of the question.
For example, desert marching can be divided into? Why March into the desert? The harmfulness of desert? How to March into the desert? (prevention and control measures)? How about marching into the desert? (Existing achievements and bright prospects) Three parts. Walking in Lingguan Gorge at night? At night? (Hakodate) refers to time. Lingguan gorge? Table position? Going? Table writing clues, articles can be pressed? Are you going for a walk? It is divided into three parts.
4. According to the structural characteristics of the article. What is the article? Total? Integral? Structurally, it can be divided into two sections; what's up Total? Integral? Total? Structurally, it can be divided into three parts.
For example, Suzhou Gardens: Suzhou Gardens are specimens of gardens in China. Layout characteristics of pavilions, rockery ponds, flowers and trees, etc. Who is the cutest person? Always lyrical, praising the excellent qualities of volunteer soldiers. There are three typical examples. Always lyrical, once again praise the excellent quality of volunteer soldiers.
5. according to the central sentence. If the central sentence is at the beginning of the paragraph, it plays the role of outlining; If in the paragraph, it plays a connecting role; If it is at the end of the paragraph, it plays a summary role. Where there is a central sentence, it means that this is a paragraph or a level of the article. The relationship between the central sentence and other sentences is that some other sentences are used to explain and expand the meaning of the central sentence; Some are used to explain and support the subordinate support relationship of the central sentence; Some are used to explain the causes of the meaning of the central sentence.
6. Divided by emotional clues.
For example, the emotional clue of litchi honey is: don't like bees very much? Want to see bees? Appreciate bees? Want to be a bee, the full text is divided into four paragraphs. Is the "jujube pit" coming? Homesickness? Seek clues:? Me? Doubt about bringing jujube stones for friends; A jujube pit in a friend's hand; Among Chinese-American friends, the weight of jujube stone is almost equal to that of hometown.
7. According to different stylistic features. Argumentative writing is usually divided into three sections: asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems (drawing conclusions). Some stories and novels are usually divided into? Start? Development? Climax ending? Four parts.
Step 5: Design skills
Design skill is how to express the thoughts and feelings of the original work through the concrete image of sound on the basis of profound understanding of the content of the work.
The reading scheme of the whole work should be considered as a whole. For example, how to read the scenery in the works? Where is the climax of the work? How to arrange speed, height, stress and staccato.
Skill design, in addition to the use of sound, but also with the help of body language such as eyes, gestures to help express the feelings of the work, causing the audience to sing. Reading aloud is often accompanied by gestures, gestures and other body language. However, there should not be too many postures or gestures when reading aloud. After all, reading aloud is different from acting. When performing, the actors do not communicate directly with the audience. He plays the characters in the play and imitates their language and actions. He only communicates with the actors on the same stage, and the readers communicate directly with the audience. He mainly conveys his feelings to the audience through his voice, which causes the audience to sing. Gestures and gestures are only auxiliary tools to help express feelings and should not be overdone.
Step 6: mobilize emotions.
If you read an article aloud, if you lack inner feelings, even if you have more skills, your voice will appear dry and unable to impress people. When reading aloud, readers should fully brew their feelings through the methods of scene reproduction, internal language and sense of object. , so that their feelings will change with the content of the text, grasp the discretion of attitude and feelings, and form an emotional, lively and appropriate voice.
1, scene reproduction:
Readers expand their imagination according to the language content and reproduce the scenes described in words in their own consciousness. This process is scene reproduction. Through scene reproduction, readers can feel immersive, thus triggering corresponding attitudes and emotions.
Example: The storm roared by, and he was blown down the ravine several times. The heavy rain poured down, and the dangerous rocks were smooth and slippery, which made him unable to move. Hail mixed with fine sand pounced on him mercilessly. His head and face began to bleed, but he was not discouraged at all. He crawled forward and pulled Prometheus up. Readers can feel the harsh climate when they reproduce the scene of this passage. Him? Strong, enhance the courage and perseverance when reading aloud. )
2. Internal language: In the broadcasting and hosting major, the sentence relationship and sentence essence that language cannot reveal, is inconvenient to reveal or is not fully revealed are called? Internal language? . What is often said in life? Moral? 、? The implication? Acting major? Subtext? Actually, they are all internal languages. Mining the internal language of the article can start from the following three aspects:
First, read through the manuscript and determine the purpose of broadcasting. Secondly, it reflects the characteristics and intention of the manuscript at a large level, mainly reflected in the cohesion of sentences. Finally, explore the author's attitude and feelings in each specific sentence and see what the author hides behind the text.
For example, linguist Lv Shuxiang was invited to give an academic lecture at a university. In the meantime, my friend suddenly asked Lu Lao to talk about the current situation of modern Chinese grammar research. After hearing this, Teacher Lu said humorously, "I have long expected that there will be a downpour after the thunder. ?
The implication is:? I thought you wouldn't invite me just to give an academic report. This is just an introduction (Ray). When I come, you will let me say some more difficult and deeper questions (downpour). ?
3, sense of object: that is, when reading aloud, I imagine the existence and reaction of the audience, so as to mobilize my thoughts and feelings, and always communicate and echo with the audience, that is, although? Arrogant , but? Someone in your heart? .
Only when readers have a sense of object can they grasp the psychological requirements, wishes and interests of the object, integrate sincerity, respect and care, shorten the distance between communication and acceptance, and make the audience happy to accept it.
So how do you get a sense of object?
We should imagine according to the theme and purpose reflected in the article to get a sense of object. Grasp the quality and quantity of the sense of object;
Quality environment, atmosphere, psychology, literacy and other related objects' personality requirements.
Measure the general situation of related objects such as gender, age, occupation and number of people.
Among them? Quality? Is fundamental. As far as a manuscript is concerned, the sense of object should be stable and unified.
Taking Motherly Love as an example, the following is a detailed analysis with the six-step drafting method:
mother love
The story takes place in the western desert area, which is extremely short of water. Here, each person's daily water consumption is only three catties. Drinking water, washing clothes, washing vegetables and washing clothes, including feeding animals, all depend on these three catties of precious water. Water must be brought from far away by the garrison.
People can't live without water, and livestock can't live without water. Finally, one day, an old cow, who has always been docile, broke free from the reins and rushed to the road where the water truck must pass. The military vehicle carrying water came, and the old cow rushed to the road. The driver braked suddenly and stopped. The old cow stood in front of the car and refused to move a step, no matter how hard the driver rushed. Five minutes passed, ten minutes passed, and the two sides were still deadlocked. Soldiers carrying water have encountered cows blocking water before, but they are not as stubborn as this cow. Man and cow are facing each other like this. The impatient driver honked the horn repeatedly, but the old cow still didn't move.
Later, the owner of the cow came. The angry master raised his whip and severely whipped the bony old cow. The cow was beaten to tears, but still refused to get out of the way. Its shrill cry, in contrast with the cold wind in the desert, is particularly tragic. The water truck on the side cried, and so did the driver. Finally, the water carrier said, let me make an exception. I am willing to accept punishment. ? He took out half a basin of water from the waterwheel and put it in front of the cow.
Surprisingly, the old cow didn't drink water, but looked up at the sunset as if calling for something. A calf ran behind the sand not far away. The old cow lovingly watched the calf drink the water greedily, sticking out his tongue and licking the calf's eyes, and the calf licked the old cow's eyes. In silence, people saw tears in the eyes of mother and son. Before the host shouted, they turned their heads and walked slowly back in silence.
Analysis:
Step 1: standardize pronunciation. The reciter will read the article first to see if there are any words he doesn't know or is not sure about. In the example, we should pay attention to three pronunciations:
1, solid l? n x？ N (1) describes peaks, rocks, buildings, etc. It also describes people as skinny: rugged mountains | skinny. The metaphor is straightforward: rugged.
2. use: h? Sing in harmony: high and low. Write poems according to the theme or genre of other people's poems: harmony poems.
3. The onomatopoeia of Tian Yang Dragon moo mōu( 1), the voice of Niu Jiao. Cleisthenes is called.
Step 2: Summarize the theme.
Reading the text "Motherly Love", it is the sacred and great maternal love that strongly impacts the chest. Due to the extreme lack of water in the living place, the honest old cow rushed to the road to stop the military vehicle. Grab water? Action. Let people drive away, intimidate, and whip. The stubbornness and tenacity of the old cow for survival touched everyone. The water bearer would rather be punished than send water to the old cow, but the old cow who got his wish unexpectedly called his own child and let him finish the water greedily.
Therefore, the central idea of this paper is to praise the greatness of maternal love spirit through the story of an old cow fighting desperately to win a pot of water for her child in a desert area in Qinghai Province.
Step 3: Grasp the tone.
By reading the article, we know that this is an article praising the deep and heavy maternal love, and we can establish the reading tone of the article as: full of affection through feeling.
Step 4: Hierarchical.
Through reading aloud, we obviously feel the trilogy played by maternal love:
The first step is to present the beginning of the text and feel it. Little water? To pave the way for understanding the occurrence of subsequent stories. This is the first part of the article.
The second step is to present the main plot of the text and understand it. Bulls are extremely stubborn? Know the old cow? Fight for survival? And I am glad that the old cow finally has water to drink. This is the second part of the article.