The use of ironware and the popularity of Niu Geng were the signs of productivity improvement at that time.
The use of iron in China began in Shang Dynasty. In 1970s, an iron-edged copper cymbal was unearthed in Rongcheng County, Hebei Province and Pinggu County, Beijing. According to scientific appraisal, the blade is forged by meteorite heating. Such ironware is naturally rare. Around the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were more ironware. Therefore, there is a poem in The Book of Songs Qin Feng, which is written by Qin Xianggong (777-766 BC). The use of iron to describe the color of horses was not allowed until iron became a common thing. Around the early spring and autumn period, there were iron farm tools. "Strange Words of Mandarin" records that Guan Zhong suggested to Qi Huangong: "Cast swords and halberds with US dollars to try dogs and horses; Evil gold is used to cast hoes to test loam. " "Yuan" refers to bronze and "evil gold" refers to iron. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a sentence in the inscription of Qi Zhong, which was the first word of iron. It can be seen that the scale of iron smelting by the government at that time was quite large. It is no wonder that by the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, ironware had been widely used in Qi. "Guanzi Neptune" records: "Today, iron officials say that women must have a needle and a knife, and ... the tiller must have a shovel." According to archaeological findings, there are iron bars and pieces unearthed from Chengqiao in Liuhe, Jiangsu, iron knives unearthed from Longdong in Changsha, iron cans unearthed from Zhiziling in Changsha, iron knives unearthed from Changde, and several iron cans and iron knives unearthed from Chu Tomb in Changsha, all of which can be identified as the late Spring and Autumn Period. This shows that in the late Spring and Autumn Period, iron was also used in southern China.
Niu Geng also originated in Shang Dynasty. There is a "plow" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It can be seen that plowing with oxen was invented in Shang Dynasty. In Guoyu Yujin, it is mentioned that Fan and China Bank use ancestral temples to sacrifice their fields. His disciple Sima Geng was named, and Ran Boniu was named Geng. There was a Hercules named Niu Geng in the State of Jin. Cattle were associated with agriculture and were used as names, which reflected that Niu Geng method was widely popularized in the Spring and Autumn Period.
The use of ironware and the popularization of Niu Geng have brought convenience for people to open up vast mountains and build large-scale water conservancy projects. Cultivated land area and agricultural output have increased substantially.
The development of agriculture makes it possible for small-scale production and small-scale peasant class characterized by self-employment to become the social foundation. The collective labor form of well-field system is out of date, and the decentralized, unified and one-family feudal economic form is emerging.
As early as the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, some slave owners and nobles forced slaves to reclaim the vacant land outside the mining field in order to extract extra labor from it. The land reclaimed in this way cannot be square, nor can it have a certain acre of land. It is private property, which is kept secret from the government and does not pay taxes. This is called private land. The inscription on Gui in the period of the Duke of Zhou recorded that four horses were exchanged for 30 mu of land, which is proof, because the commons are not allowed to be exchanged. By the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the existence of private fields was quite remarkable. There are also many records of fighting for farmland and exchanging land. The inscription on the Sanskrit disk in Zhou Liwang describes that the Maya invaded the cities of the diaspora and were defeated, so they used two fields to compensate the diaspora. Zhou Liwang also has two bronzes, one from Ding and the other from Ding. The former is about you. You gave you Wei Mu from other places, but you Wei Mu didn't pay him, so it became a lawsuit. The latter describes that Zhang changed fields with eight towns and Liang changed fields with five towns, all of which were successful. The nobles' desire for private land is increasing day by day. When they were captured by Zhou Youwang, they even tried to take public land for themselves. Zhou Wang once again took the commons from the nobles as before, which caused strong dissatisfaction among the nobles. The Book of Songs Daya Zhanmao recorded the complaints of the nobles at that time: "People have soil fields, but you have them; People have people, you take it back. " In the Spring and Autumn Period, the use of ironware and the popularity of Niu Geng increased the number of private fields dramatically. The governor and the doctor became rich. Zhou Wang can't invade their fields at will. In 7 12 BC, King Huan of Zhou took Zheng's land. In exchange, he got Su Qiu's land in Ji Wang. Conflicts and lawsuits between nobles for land are also emerging one after another. In 580 BC, Dr. Jin went to compete with Zhou for fields. In 574 AD, Jin took five fields in Yiyang, but he competed with Changyu for fields. In 533 BC, man and Jia competed for Yantian; In 528 BC, Duke Xiang of Jin and Yong Zi competed for farmland and so on. All these events show that the land system is undergoing profound changes.
Opening up and cultivating a large number of private fields requires a lot of labor. However, the method of slavery can no longer arouse the enthusiasm of producers. He xiuzhu in the biography of the ram said: "the people at that time refused to do their best in the public arena." As a result, some nobles who adapted to the new situation changed their exploitation methods in order to attract labor. For example, the state of Qi levied taxes on the people to fight small battles, and lent them grain to fight big battles. The Han, Wei and Zhao in the state of Jin bought people's hearts by expanding the land area without increasing taxes. In this way, the slaves fled from the public to the private door and "returned like water." Feudal dependence resulted from this. The "clan", "hermit", "Meng Bin" and "private disciple" recorded in the Spring and Autumn Period all refer to these escaped slaves. Although their status is not yet free, they are different from slaves. They can occupy a small amount of means of production and independently operate agriculture and household sideline related to agriculture. They are the forerunners of feudal peasants. The escape of slaves made the public interests of some countries "arrogant". "Beautiful and Jie Jie" (The Book of Songs Qi Feng Fu Tian) became a wasteland. The well site system can no longer be maintained.
According to Zuo Zhuan, in 594 BC, Lu implemented the "initial tax mu", officially abolished the well field system, recognized the legitimacy of private fields, and levied all taxes. In 548 BC, the State of Chu ordered Yin to rectify the farmland system and "pay taxes according to the amount" depending on the level of land. Later, countries followed suit. Originally, the purpose of these reforms was to maintain the old order, but because they acknowledged the facts to a certain extent, they backfired. A gap has been opened in the well site system. The gap is opened one after another, and the collapse of well site system is an inevitable trend.
No-well farmland system in Zhou dynasty
The existence of the well-field system has been debated by many people in ancient and modern times, but most of them are not focused on the big picture, but rich but few. The biggest reason why Yu Jin denied the mining field theory was that the king of Zhou had no land to give to the people.
Zhou is a feudal society Who is feudalism? In other words, the son of heaven granted the land to the princes and established the country. Governors have fiefs, and doctors in Qing dynasty have the right to use fiefs, which are not owned by the emperor. Even the land within the capital was given to Doctor Qing, not owned by the son of heaven. The land in the whole country has been divided again and again, and there is not much left, so it is also reasonable to say that the son of heaven gave the people land and implemented the well-field system.
Some commentators said that although the Emperor of Heaven had no land to give to the people, Zhou had been unified: "Is it the land of the king or the minister of the king under the world?" Beggars can issue decrees and order governors to carry them out, without giving them to the people in person. Yes or no, Zhou's centralization is relative rather than absolute, and it is possible rather than inevitable. The world was ruled by the Zhou Dynasty, which was recognized by the governors. But Zhou can only live in it, but he can't really order it. Governors can only live in it, but they can't really be ordered by Zhou. The so-called "facing the princes, winning the world" is also true. The relationship between the vassal and the son of heaven is only once, and it doesn't matter if you don't go to court. The son of heaven has no world, unlike the meaning of later monarchs and ministers. The emperor doesn't ask about the internal affairs of princes. Actually, I have no right to ask. For example, when the monarch taught, many brothers in Lu were brothers and sisters, while countries such as Qi and Jin were handed down, depending on their own circumstances, which were different from the direct line of the Zhou Dynasty. Another example is "Arrival Report", which was also heard in Qi Taigong in May and the Green Wave Bird for three years [Note 1]. There are no certain laws and regulations on the week, and the rulers do not necessarily use the week system. On the contrary, it stands to reason that the system of the mine field can make orders and travel all over the world, and it is better. The premise of implementing the well-field system is that the emperor has enough land and the central power is sound and centralized, but if Zhou can't do this, I don't know where to start the implementation of the well-field system.
Looking at the agricultural production pattern of the Zhou Dynasty, there is no large-scale manor economy in the history books. There are no small farms organized by mines. First, large-scale farming. The Book of Songs has the cultivation of "a thousand even clouds" (Zhou Song's Records) and "three miles to the end" (Xi Xi). In the mine field system, only Fang is a well, and there are eight people in the mouth of eight families, 8864 people. How can it be coupled with Sanli? Second, a large number of crops. The serfs cultivated for the big landlords and gained a lot. The Book of Songs has chants of "thousands of silks", "ten thousand boxes" (Xian, Ya) and "thirty signs" (Zhou Song's bumper year). That is, serfs themselves also have "income" and accumulated millet. Its worship is like a hill, and its opening is like a comb. One hundred rooms are full of surplus, and women and children are peaceful "("Zhou Song Liang Ji "). In the Jing Tian system, how can a family of eight have one hundred rooms? One hundred acres, one hundred acres of income, but one hundred stones [note 2], how can you take so much?
In addition, according to the land grant system of the Zhou Dynasty, the so-called well field system is also difficult to establish and implement. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang said that the mining field could not go well: "As we all know, the weekly system gives the field a hundred mu of land, which is easy to change to 200 mu and 300 mu. As we all know, there are seven people in Shangdi, six in Zhongdi and five in Xia Di. Farmers in the world eat nine people, followed by eight people and seven people, so it is well known that people are diligent in farming. Farmers are divided into 100 mu of land, and all the men in the family are husbands. 16 years old does not grant 25 mu, and the merchants receive 5 mu of land. As farmers, each mouth receives 20 mu, and their people are long or short, or scholars or businessmen or workers. This is also well known. ..... There have been disputes over land in later generations, and those who have not been resolved for decades, the government has given the people land, and the desire is flat. " (Millennium Eye, Volume 1) We can know the number of people who need to know the land grant. However, in the Zhou dynasty, these two points were not easy, so it was not easy to implement the well-field system.
From the perspective of the labor force in Zhou Dynasty, it was difficult to establish and implement the well-field system. The so-called mining field system means that "nine husbands are wells, there are ditches between wells, four wells are cities, four cities are high, four hills are temples, the temples are 80 miles, one mile is 10% next to them, and there are hundreds of wells in between, while the square is 10 miles, four counties are counties, four cities are 80 miles, and ten miles is next to them." Even if you try your best to get the plain wilderness and plan it, you must drive away the people on earth and run out of food on earth. After hundreds of years, you can devote yourself to this and not treat other things. Then you can look at the land in the world and make it a minefield and a ditch. "("Literature General Examination Tian Fu I "Volume I) It can be seen that the mining field system is not easy to implement in theory or in practice.
The historical basis for trying to establish the mining field system was first found in The Book of Songs, followed by Mencius and Zhou Li. So discuss it from these three aspects.
There is a saying in The Book of Songs Xiaoya Datian that "I am a public field when it rains, so I am a private field". The so-called public land, who advocates the well-field system, is the public land cultivated by eight mining fields. Actually, it is not. Zhou is a feudal society, the son of heaven has his homeland, and Dr. Qing has Guitian. This is the so-called "public domain", not the public domain in the mine field. The so-called forced labor is also a sign that the public field borrows people's power to plow the fields. It is also reasonable to decide whether the commons is Qi Huangong's commons or Gongsun's commons. In the Han Dynasty, the land owned by the Emperor of Heaven was still called the commons, so it was more appropriate for Sun Zhitian, the son of Qi Huangong, to take the name of the Lord. The native land and Guitian were only a small part of all the fields owned by emperors and princes, and most of them were cultivated by serfs. So is the so-called "personal". Therefore, it is not enough for the foundation of the mine field to say that "it rains on my public land, and then it is my private property".
The ore fields mentioned in Mencius Teng Wengong are older, which is not enough to prove. Zhang Wan's textual research on Mencius is said to have said: "Gou asked:' What about Zhou Shi Ban Juelu?' Mencius said:' I can't get the details, but I can hear them ... but I have tasted them. Mencius neither witnessed nor heard in detail in Zhou Zhi, so in Teng Pian, he said that "everything is one" and "from this point of view, although Zhou is helpful", which is vague and arbitrary, so that it is actually untrue. Zhou is by no means loyal, completely wrong. But judging from what he said at that time, Mr. Teng Wen asked for the country, and Chen said his opinion on land reform. Teng Wengong is indeed a promising master. He is good at benevolent governance. When people want to see it, they will contribute their opinions. Therefore, in addition to Mencius' suggestion on the well field system, Xu Xing and Chen Zhongzi also suggested that he and the Chu people should work with vines. Farming, on the other hand, is a system of supporting grain and collecting land, so why not? Therefore, Mencius' words are not enough to think that Zhou Xing's well-field system is based on this.
In addition, the minefield mentioned by Zhou Li is even more contradictory and insufficient. There are nine husbands and ten husbands in the mine field. [Note 4] The craftsman called Stuart Xiao Stuart by the unit is different from the Dingkou family. Taking the family as a unit, the big Stuart and the little Stuart are divided into two parts [Note 5], both of which are a book, and their records are chaotic and full of contradictions, which shows that Zhou Li is a fake book. What is said in the minefield is not credible, and I know that the world is fake, but is it already?
Another commentator said: If there is no ore field, why does Mencius record that "Xia Houshi paid 50 tribute, Yin people helped 70 people, and Zhou people paid 100 mu, all of which are one family"? Why does the world call Shang Yang a waste minefield? However, the abandonment of the mining field did not begin with Shang Yang. The Book of Song and Yuan Dynasties (Volume 80) and The Study of Rivers and Mountains quoted Wei Yue as saying: "It is worse than the break between Qu Liang and Shang Yang that the ore field changed from the expected people into an internal affair. Zhou people call it a powerful, unassuming, quiet and peaceful husband! " There is no minefield in Zhou Shi, so why give it up? Therefore, what does Wang Xuan expect of its people, and what is the relationship between Qi Huan's internal affairs and minefields? What is the relationship between Shang Yang's separation from architecture and the ore field? I changed it again and then intensified it, but I don't know what it was based on. There is no more reliable historical record of Shang Yang than Historical Records. However, Biography of Historical Records of Shang Jun records that he "expanded the territory", while Biography of Historical Records of Cai Zezhuan calls him "broken the territory" and says nothing about abandoned ore fields. Moreover, when Shang Yang was in power, Qin had not unified the whole country. Even if there is a well-field system, it is unreasonable for Shang Yang to study how to abolish it. During the Warring States period, the population increased, the vassals fought and merged, the land was concentrated in the hands of a few big landlords, and the poor had no place to stand, which caused serious social problems. Scholars are in trouble and are in urgent need of good advice. Confucianism, like Mencius, advocates the well-field system; Farmers advocate the cultivation of both the monarch and the people; Legalists, such as Shang Yang, advocate acting according to one's ability, and various schools offer suggestions and suggestions. Well-field system, if you want to persuade the big landlords to hand over the surplus land to the poor with your breath and public opinion, it is tantamount to stealing the bell, wasting time and casting pearls before swine. On the theory of parallel agriculture, the pampered monarch should work with the people, so that there will be no exploitation and no class in society. In fact, it's just an armchair strategist and difficult to implement. Legalists believe that such an idea is unrealistic, so it is better to advocate improving production efficiency and do our best to save people's livelihood in order to solve the national problem with a large population and a small population. Shang Yang broke the balcony, that is, he did his best to teach. It's true that different people have different opinions, and the wise have different opinions. Why bother to waste the minefield?
As for Mencius' so-called 50 mu, 70 mu and 100 mu, it's just Mencius' usual mantra, not the exact number. For example, Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang said: "A family of five acres can wear mulberry and fifty people can wear silk. Chickens, dolphins and dogs are all domestic animals, so there is no time to waste. Seventy people can eat meat. " "Heart and soul" said: "A five-acre house, with mulberry under the tree wall, women and silkworms, is enough to support the elderly. Five hens, two females, have no time to waste, and the old man can eat enough meat. " The facts contained in the two articles are the same, but "Liang"; It says: "Fifty people … seventy people …" and "Dedicate yourself" says: "Old people … Old people …" We can know fifty or seventy, but the name of the old people is not an exact number. Therefore, Mencius' so-called "stop after 100 steps, or stop after 50 steps", "soup is 70 miles, the king of literature is 100 miles", "public officials are all 100 miles, servants are 70 miles, and sons and men are 50 miles" cannot be accurately referenced. Is the three-generation farmland system really 50, 70 or 100 mu? Moreover, the three generations of taxes, the so-called Gong Assistant Committee, Mencius called it "in fact, everything is one." According to the new system, Xia Shiyi and Shang Fu are 9 1, while there is 1 1 tax, which is completely different. What's more, the farmland system of 50, 70, 100 mu has nothing to do with Gong Zhuche? There are no minefields for three generations, so you can't pay taxes in minefields. Therefore, tribute is not even a contribution, nor is it a help (see the former Mencius said, "Even if you help in the week"), and help is not just a sign of forced labor. According to the tribute, you can make a contribution, that is, pay tribute to it. The initial tribute has no fixed time, no fixed products and no fixed number of products, which is called white tribute. Then there are regular, fixed products and fixed numbers. Today's toast, four methods are promoted. "Gang" is a sign of forced labor, and the sound is the same as "rent". It can also be used for tax settlement in Gu Mi. [Note 7] has many meanings. As far as the tax system of the Zhou Dynasty is concerned, it means that farmers offer things without fixed time. In other words, the income of the flux field is taken from the people. It is different from tribute and assistance. Tribute means that farmers provide things without fixed quota, while assistance means that farmers provide power and things with fixed quota. Although aid and tribute are different in weight, certainty and uncertainty, their collection methods are from bottom to top. However, in terms of cross-field, tax collection and tax collection, it is from top to bottom, and from top to bottom, with tribute to help the poor.
In ancient small countries, few people, political power and clan forces were integrated, so the tribute law was implemented. After that, the territory became wider and wider, the personnel became more and more complicated, the government organization became larger and larger, and the property owners cultivated the Japanese people, so we should help them. As I said, Xia was a tribal society, and Yin began to establish the country. It was a feudal society, and it was also proved in taxation.
To sum up, the mining field system can no longer be established on the premise, and it is not enough to quote the Book of Songs. In addition, Mencius and Zhou Li are particularly contradictory. Fifty, seventy, one hundred acres, has nothing to do with the princess car. The world has praised the mine field and is willing to believe in the ancient times. I would like to pay tribute to these three. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's "No Well Field System in Zhou Dynasty", published in the eighth issue of Sweep Newspaper (Weekly of Literature, History and Geography),1941March19; It also includes pages 325-329 of Huang Xianfan's Preliminary Interpretation of Ancient Books-Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan, Guangxi Normal University Press, July 2004, p. 1 page).
Minefield: the idea of toilet innovation revolution becoming a national brand
On the eve of the 9th Tao Bo Conference, Foshan Jing Tian Ceramic Technology Co., Ltd., which has been committed to "saving water through science and technology", received good news: Jing Tian has launched the world's first vacuum siphon squatting pan, super-large public toilet products and world-class multifunctional urinals. The former is the scientific and technological achievement of applying the principle of toilet structure to squatting toilets; The latter is the world's first floor-standing siphon urinal with automatic flushing of one liter of water, which has the functions of three-dimensional flushing, automatic water absorption and odor isolation. Both of them adopt CIQ series high-tech induction faucets and "lithium battery induction" technology to realize the full automation of products and the humanized effect of induction technology.
In the exhibition hall of Jing Tian Ceramics Headquarters, the "Big Red Bull": the head of the bull, the tail of the lion and the feet of the Siberian tiger, hunched back, stood in front of the world. Master Mei Wending's inscription "Well is meritorious, Tian Tian shares the same interests" and the self-encouragement of minefield people "Self-confidence is invincible, only action can surpass ourselves" are hung on the wall. In addition, the bathroom products in the exhibition hall are uniquely arranged, with both the "Bird's Nest Project" in the minefield and the "The Great Wall will never fall" as the backing. Classical music surrounds the whole space and permeates the atmosphere of the oriental nation everywhere.
In an interview, Mr. Chen said that technological innovation is one of the most important core competitiveness of minefields. The new product launched this time is the fifth generation product of minefield. It uses lithium batteries which are much smaller than those popular in the market. It is durable and the chip is small. This is a great reform in the minefield. This product realizes 1 liter water flushing siphon urinal and vacuum siphon squat urinal. Based on the principle of atmospheric natural pressure, a liter of water is hidden behind the water spraying device, and the effects of vacuum siphon and high-pressure water spraying can be realized only by sensing a little natural pressure. This is the inspiration that Mr. Chen got when he recalled fishing in his hometown fish pond after pumping water when he was a child.
Teacher Chen revealed that the first generation of minefield products are mechanized products, using plastic materials. Because its "joints" are easy to wear, it was recalled in 2004, and it was not until 2006 that the first generation products of the last batch of minefields were successfully recalled. This created a precedent for sanitary ware enterprises to implement product recall system. The first generation of internal mechanical devices applied for the patent of Professor Chen of Xiamen University. Although the second generation, the third generation and the fourth generation of mining fields have all undergone technical improvements, realizing the process from manual mechanization to full automation, and also making great improvements in energy saving and water saving, they have not been listed because they have not solved the problem of underground pipeline blockage in customers' houses.
"Minefield people will make the best products and be national brands in their hearts. I will not market products that I am not satisfied with. " Mr. Chen told reporters like this.
The fifth generation bathroom products with independent intellectual property rights owned by minefield people have been successfully developed. After numerous failures and successful tempering, vacuum siphon and spray washing technology have been fully applied by minefields. Mr. Chen said, "The toilets in China are terrible. To build your own national brand, although you dare not start from a minefield, you are already working hard. " At this point, CENTY (Minefield) "Everything is saving water" sounded the horn of the rise!