Before taking office as president, Mandela was an active anti-apartheid activist and the leader of the National Spear, the armed organization of the African National Congress. When he led the anti-apartheid movement, the South African court convicted him of plotting to overthrow the government. According to the verdict, Mandela served 27 years in prison. 1990 After he was released from prison, he turned to support mediation and consultation and stepped forward to lead South Africa during the transitional period of promoting multi-ethnic democracy. Since the end of apartheid, Mandela has been praised by all walks of life, including former opponents.
Mandela has won more than 100 awards in the past 40 years, the most striking of which is 1993 Nobel Peace Prize. In 2004, he was elected as the greatest South African.
20 13, 12 On February 6th (5th South Africa time), Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg at the age of 95. South Africa held a state funeral for Mandela, and the national flag flew at half mast.
Mandela is the only member of the family who has been to school, and the primary school teacher named him Nelson. When Mandela was 9 years old, his father died of tuberculosis. The regent of the tribe became his guardian, and Mandela went to the Wesleyan Church School not far from his father's palace. According to the habit of tengbu,/kloc-began to study at the age of 0/6. It took Mandela two years to complete his junior high school education, which usually takes three years. Because of his father's position, he was appointed as the heir of the dynasty. [2]
When Mandela was studying at Fordhal University, he met Oliver, a lifelong friend and colleague. In the first year of Mandela's university career, Tambo participated in the activities of the student union to resist the unreasonable policies of the school. He was ordered to drop out of school and told that he could not go back to school unless he accepted the election results of the student union. Since then, Mandela has obtained a correspondence law degree from London University in prison.
Shortly after leaving Fordhal, Mandela arranged to marry the heir of the Tembu family. But he chose to escape and left his hometown for Johannesburg. Just arrived in Johannesburg, he found a job as a coal mine security guard. However, when the mine owner discovered that Mandela was an escaped aristocrat, he was quickly dismissed. Mandela later found a clerical job in a law firm in Johannesburg, during which he completed his bachelor's degree at the University of South Africa by correspondence. After that, he began to study law at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. While studying at the University of the Witwatersrand, Mandela lived in Alexandra, a town north of Johannesburg, and met his later anti-apartheid colleagues-Joslova, Harris Woz and Ruth Foster. [3]
"The greatest glory in life lies not in never falling, but in always getting up after falling." -Mandela
Throw oneself into politics
[2]
1944 participated in the African National Congress of South Africa, which advocated non-violent struggle.
1948, the South African Nationalist Party ruled by Boer won the general election. Because this party supported the policy of apartheid, Mandela began to take an active part in politics. He played a leading role in the rebellion of the ANC in 1952 and the people's assembly in 1955. The foundation of these movements is the Charter of Freedom. At the same time, Mandela and his colleague oliver tambo opened Mandela Tambo Law Firm to provide free or low-cost legal advice to blacks who can't afford defense lawyers, and successively served as the Executive Committee of the ANC, President transvaal province and Vice President of the State. At the end of 1952, he successfully organized and led the "contempt for unfair laws movement" and won the respect of all blacks. To this end, the South African authorities twice banned him from attending public meetings.
1September 2, 958, Hendrick? French? Vivald becomes Prime Minister of South Africa. During his administration, he promulgated the Ban Toustain Act, which confined more than100000 African blacks to the territory of South Africa 12.5%, and at the same time implemented an enhanced pass system at home, which intensified the contradiction between blacks and whites in South Africa and eventually led to the Sha Burwell tragedy.
1960 On March 2 1, the South African military and police opened fire on 5,000 protesters who were demonstrating in Chapel. The tragedy * * * led to 69 deaths 180 injuries. Mandela was arrested and imprisoned, but he was acquitted in court debate.
196 1 led a strike movement to protest against the boycott of the "Republic of South Africa" founded by white racists; After that, he turned to underground armed struggle. Mandela founded Umkhonto we Sizwe, a military organization of the ANC, and served as commander-in-chief. He had secretly visited foreign countries, attended the meeting of the anti-freedom movement in Addis Ababa, and called for economic sanctions against South Africa. [4]
Be arrested and imprisoned
1962 In August, with the help of the CIA, Mandela was arrested and imprisoned by the apartheid regime in South Africa. At that time, the government sentenced Mandela to five years in prison for "incitement" and "illegal border crossing". Since then, Mandela began his 27-year "prison career".
19621June15th, Mandela was detained in Pretoria District Prison. There, Mandela was held in solitary confinement for his own benefit. The detention time is as long as 23 hours a day, only half an hour in the morning and half an hour in the afternoon. There is no natural light, no writing objects in the confined room, and everything is isolated from the outside world. In the end, Mandela gave up some of his rights and wanted to communicate with others.
1In June 1964, the South African government sentenced Mandela, who was serving his sentence, to life imprisonment on the charge of "attempting to overthrow the government by violence", and he was transferred to Robben Island that year. Robben Island was the largest secret prison in South Africa from the mid-1960s to the period of 199 1, where a large number of black political prisoners were held. Mandela's cell in Robben Island is only 4.5 square meters, where he was treated inhumanely. Robben Island prisoners were forced by jailers to toil in the island's quarries. On the island, Mandela hoped that the prison would allow him to open a vegetable garden in the prison yard. The prison refused many times, but finally agreed to Mandela's request. On the island, Mandela still insisted on physical exercise, such as running in his cell and doing push-ups.
1982, Mandela left Robben Island and was transferred to Polsmore prison. Since then, Mandela has ended his imprisonment of 18 years in Robben Island. He also opened a vegetable garden here and planted nearly 900 plants.
1984 in may, mandela and his wife were officially allowed to have a "contact" visit. When his wife heard the news, she thought that Mandela might be ill. When they visited, they hugged each other. Mandela said, "This is the first time I have kissed my wife for so many years. Well, I haven't touched my wife's hand for 2 1 year. " [5]
Regain freedom
In the later period of apartheid, South Africa was severely sanctioned by the international community, which eventually led to the release of apartheid and national reconciliation in 1990.
On February 1990, South African President de Klerk announced the unconditional release of Mandela. 1990 In February, Mandela finally regained his freedom after spending 27 years in prison. On the day of his release from prison, he went to Soweto Football Stadium and delivered a famous "Release Speech" to 654.38+0.2 million people. [5] 1990. In March, he was appointed by the National Executive Committee of the ANC as the vice-chairman and acting as the chairman.
Be president
1In April 1994, the ANC won the first non-racial general election in South Africa. On May 9, after the results of the first multi-ethnic election in South Africa were announced, Mandela became the first black president in South Africa's history.
19971997 In February, Mandela resigned as the chairman of the ANC and said that he would not participate in the presidential election in June. 1999. [5]
1March 1999 12, awarded honorary doctorate by Leiden University, a famous European university. In May, President Mandela was invited to visit China. He is the first South African head of state to visit China. Officially resigned in June.
Personality assessment
In order to overthrow the racist rule of white people in South Africa, Mandela waged an arduous struggle for 50 years (1944- 1994) and stood behind bars for 28 years (1962- 1990). In the end, he jumped from a prisoner to the first black president of South Africa, creating a new situation of democratic unity in South Africa. Honorary President of South Africa for life. Because he often wears a smile on his face, he is called "smiling ambassador" by South African people.
Nelson? Mandela was one of the most dazzling pacifists in African and even world politics in the 1990s. The ANC he led played an extremely important role in the struggle to end racism in South Africa. 1the birth of the new south Africa in April 1994 marked the successful completion of the political liberation task of anti-imperialism, anti-colonialism and anti-apartheid on the African continent [14]. Finally, he was elected as the first black president in the history of South Africa, enjoying a high reputation and being known as the "global president".
Even in prison, Mandela has repeatedly become the global focus. His appeal and influence spread all over the world. 2,000 mayors from 53 countries around the world signed a petition demanding the release of Mandela. Seventy-eight British parliamentarians issued a joint statement, and mayors of more than 50 cities marched in London, demanding that the British Prime Minister put pressure on South Africa to restore Mandela's freedom.
Mandela is a symbol. He represents the political changes that the South African people have gone through a lot of hardships and sacrificed their lives. For this country, he played the role of "the father of the country".
Mandela's moral integrity was highly praised by sages and won wide acclaim. Mandela spent 27 years in prison, and just two years after he became president, he was at the peak of his political career, that is, at the ANC National Congress in June 65438 +0996+February 65438, he resolutely resigned as the chairman of the ANC and recommended Mbeki to prepare for his succession. This move shocked home and abroad. Since then, Mann has been promoting Mbeki as a modest elder, saying that "he is better than an old man like me". [ 1