Zeng Guofan's influence on the political situation in the late Qing Dynasty 1. The decline of centralization and the expansion of local rulers' power
The military power moved down, and the governor mastered the semi-localized and semi-privatized army;
The financial power moved down, and the governor gradually grasped the local financial power;
The Qing Dynasty relied on the Xiang Huai Army to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, so it had to give them great power, thus creating a historical premise for the governor's dictatorship. In this way, the centralization of power in the Qing dynasty was seriously weakened, while the power of local governors was expanded.
2. Changes in the strength contrast between Manchu and Han.
The political status of Manchu is declining, and the political power of Han nationality is growing. In this redistribution of political power, the position of Han people was obviously enhanced, which led to the expansion of centrifugal force and made the ruling foundation of Manchu nobles increasingly shaken.
3. Promote the opening-up and Westernization Movement in Qing Dynasty.
Seek more realistic and effective ways to relieve internal and external troubles. In this way, the enlightened and pragmatic Westernization School came into being. They persisted in opening to the outside world, successively established a number of military enterprises, civilian enterprises and modern navy, established new schools and sent overseas students, which promoted the modernization of China and made it take a difficult and dignified step.
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Chapter 1 Return to Freedom (1)
1On March 2, 872, it was cloudy in Jinling City in early spring. The weather seems to have changed since midnight the day before yesterday. At first, it was a little stuffy. Then, the dense spring rain came with mist. The sky is overcast, always like a mist, which is not true at all. Even the people on the other side can't see why, only a slight outline can be seen.
This is a very strange weather. The street in front of the governor's office of Liangjiang is always bustling, but now there are few pedestrians, or it may be because of the cold weather that people hide in the house to catch cold in spring. A few people who are in a hurry outside will know the seriousness of the wretched rain. They are all wet, especially their hair, and the dripping water seems to be crystallized. When did it rain? Reach out, but don't feel the rain. What a strange thing! Rain can be said to be the corpse of snow. Compared with the snow a few days ago, rain is really gloomy, or difficult to grasp. They can't compare with snow! Snow is like an elf in the sky. As soon as it appeared, the whole world seemed to be dancing. Then, the clouds broke the sunrise-but now, the snow is dead, but the wandering souls of the snow appeared.
In the morning, I was already in the governor's office of Liangjiang. ...
Ask if you need anything else.
How to evaluate Zeng Guofan? Born in the wrong age. Zeng Guofan was a first-rate figure in the old society of China, loyal and devoted. It's just that his time is already an era of alternation between the old and the new. Even if he is an elite of the old times, he will still be evaluated in the face of irreversible trends.
Zeng Guofan is a man of the hour in China's modernization and a pioneer in China's modern modernization.
Zeng Guofan was the first person who really practiced actively in the history of China. Under his guidance, he built the first ship in China, which started the modern manufacturing industry. The establishment of the first ordnance school initiated the modern higher education in China. The first translation and printing of western books not only laid the scientific and technological foundation of modern China, but also greatly broadened the horizons of Chinese people. The arrangement of the first batch of overseas students to study in the United States has cultivated a large number of outstanding talents for the country, among which Tang, the first Prime Minister of the Republic of China, Zhan Tianyou, the "father of railways" in China, Liang Dunyan, the foreign minister in the late Qing Dynasty, and the first president of Tsinghua are outstanding.
Is the founder of China's ideological and political work. Zeng Guofan claimed: "I am a talent for training soldiers, not for fighting." He taught soldiers to "point the head of a stubborn stone and suffer the blood of cuckoo." He trained in the spirit of Confucianism and made it an organized team. His "Love Folk Songs" made A Xiang a great success. * * * On this basis, I wrote "Three Disciplines and Eight Notices". When Chiang Kai-shek built the army in Huangpu, he also published his "Love Folk Songs" for students to sing, which achieved great results. Seeing that Hong Xiuquan's devotion to Catholicism was not in line with China's national conditions, he wrote an article "Begging for Guangdong Bandits", which made many intellectuals take off their robes and lead the wussy peasants to throw themselves under the banner of Xiang, and fought against the Taiping rebels to win the final victory.
It is the first perfect person to cultivate one's morality and govern the country. Since ancient times, China has said "three immortals", such as making contributions (accomplishing great things), becoming a spiritual model of the world, and making a statement (leaving a theory for future generations), but few people can really do it, and Zeng Guofan is one of them. He defeated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and saved the Qing Dynasty, so he was the "savior" of the Qing Dynasty. He "saved the time", purged the political style and learned western culture, which contributed to the emergence of "Tongzhi Zhongxing" in the late Qing Dynasty. He has always been strict with himself, advocating integrity, flaunting morality, and making every effort to win support from top to bottom; His academic articles are eclectic, extensive and profound, and he is a master of modern Confucianism. "His works are required reading for any politician" (Chiang Kai-shek) has achieved the cause of Confucian self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country, leveling the world, making contributions, establishing morality and establishing "three immortals", and is worthy of being "the first perfect person in China".
It is a model of the fastest promotion, the best official protection and the most stable. Zeng Guofan went to school in politics and Hu Xueyan went to school in business. Zeng Guofan was regarded as a "model of officialdom" by politicians in modern times. This is because, first, he was promoted the fastest, at the age of 37, and he was the only one in the Qing Dynasty. Second, it is best to be an official with a prominent political voice and the words of governing for the people; Third, the official is the most stable, surviving the storm of the official sea, safe and sound, and the honor lasts forever. He is familiar with the history of China, knows the way of officialdom, and has accumulated a whole set of officialdom Juexue, which has been applied to the officialdom of China and is invincible.
Is the first master of recruiting, recommending and using talents. Zeng Guofan devoted his life to making friends, netting talents, cultivating talents, recommending talents and using talents. His shogunate is the largest and most combative shogunate in China's history, which has gathered the talents from all over the country. In order to attract and retain talents, he gave up his humble face and wrote to recommend his subordinates many times to seek official positions and positions for them. He recommended thousands of subordinates in his life, including more than 40 officials and governors. They include strategic military talents such as Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Guo Songtao, Li, and first-class scholars and scientists such as Yu Yue, Li, Hua and Xu Shou. This is the greatest achievement of China's traditional culture in educating children. Zeng Guofan is the best son, who can reassure his parents; He is the best brother, teaching and caring for his siblings, and being considerate. Zeng Guofan is a kind father and a good example for children. His Letter from Home emphasizes the ideal of life, spiritual realm and moral cultivation. In the modern society, where kinship is becoming increasingly indifferent and relatives in the neighborhood are strangers, it does have the value of persuading the world to change customs, and it is worth reading. There are less than three generations of official families, but the Zeng family is full of talented people, and a number of famous diplomats, poets, educators, scientists and senior cadres have emerged.
He is a typical representative of personality spirit in China traditional culture. Zeng Guofan is a scholar-bureaucrat of "above average" among his peers, but his ambition, stubbornness, strong will and diligence are beyond people's reach. Since he was a teenager, he has been "struggling hard and determined to adjust himself to the customs", writing a diary every day to reflect on himself, and not a day goes by without monitoring himself and teaching himself a lesson. He treats his colleagues with humility and self-control, is open-minded and generous, and has made a wide range of friends and is highly respected throughout his life. He remained honest and worked hard. No matter how hard you are, you are not discouraged, but you can make persistent efforts and stick to it. This is the fundamental secret of his success.
China is the last spiritual idol of feudal society. Zeng Guofan is knowledgeable and cultivated, and he is a "person who works (does business) and preaches (leaves thoughts and theories behind)" (* *). "The Draft of Qing History-Biography of Zeng Guofan" also said: "Guo Chen is better than learning and is good at etiquette." He studied hard all his life, respected Confucianism and emphasized practical application, becoming another "Confucian master" after Confucius, Mencius and Zhu. He innovated article study's theory of the New Tongcheng School, and his poetry and prose presided over the literary world of Taoism (light), virtue (abundance) and general governance, which can be described as "the highest generation of moral articles".
Biography of Zeng Guofan in Qing Dynasty: Frant Gwo is very powerful, beautiful, and has a triangular eye. For each pair of guests, if they look away without saying a word, those who see them will be surprised, those who shrink back will remember their own advantages and disadvantages, and those who don't shrink back will be indifferent. Kindness of nature, tireless treatment for life, family law is not confined to a teacher. His theory of learning combined Han and Song Dynasties, and was called the way to govern the world by the former king. He was always courteous. Cherish Qin's five rites and pass the examination of food, which is a series of six volumes: salt remedial classes, shipping, money law and river embankment; There is no military ceremony in the ancient ceremony, and the military ceremony should have its own special products, such as Qi Jingyuan's catch-up. Critics say that the camp system and rules formulated by vassal States are almost the same as those formulated by military ceremonies. In his later years, he was quiet and civilized and educated with high salary. Old Confucianism stays in school and returns to the group. I know people very well, I am good at dating people, and the number of people I have achieved is not enough. You should be aware of it as soon as you see it. Give grandparents the training to learn and teach their families. When you meet a chess piece, if you are a child, be afraid of it and enjoy it. Living in Jiangnan for a long time has the highest merit. The contribution of the state and vassals is based on learning, so it is good to be polite. The heart of public sincerity is particularly prominent. Its military management, in order to follow reality. Anyone who has planned what's going on in the world for a long time is called Zhuge Liang in the Han Dynasty, Pei Du in the Tang Dynasty and Wang Shouren in the Ming Dynasty. It's almost impossible, how can it prosper! Guo Fan also tasted the portraits of 33 ancient and modern sages, and praised them greatly. He thought that they were teachers, and their lifelong aspirations and great knowledge were evident here. In order to make a name for himself, he took it as his duty to recommend talents, served as a handsome minister in Xinjiang and made several missions to the country. With personnel, we can live up to our expectations. Oh! Since ZTE, I have been alone. Zuo's elegy for Zeng Guofan: seeking the loyalty of the country, knowing the wisdom of people, shame is not as good as; Unity is like gold, attacking the wrong stone is beyond redemption.
Li Hongzhang: I have been a teacher for nearly 30 years, and my salary has been spread on the fire, creating a room for my students; Wan Li's fame and fortune have rocked nine places, and talents in the world are hard to meet.
Hu Linyi: Ceng Gong is famous for his insight. He studied many wise generals.
Shi Dakai: Although he is not good at fighting, he can identify and select talented generals, and he is meticulous in planning and hard to find. This is the case of a general, which has never happened since the incident.
Xue Fucheng: Zeng Guofan's insight into people is getting more and more ancient and modern, and we met in the dust. At first glance, he thinks it is a great tool, or he looks for his deeds, and he is really a guide.
Yang Changji: Song, Han and Fan were also called, and Qing Zeng and Zuo were also called. However, people who work in North Korea and Zuo are also people who work and preach.
Wang Kaiyun: If you use the general, you will win; If you use a general, you will lose.
Hong Rong: Therefore, although his body has passed away, he is immortal. He is brilliant and modest, and he is a first-class figure in the Qing Dynasty, also known as a special figure of the old religion.
Cai E: Both Mr. Zeng and Mr. Hu are outstanding officials of ZTE, and what happened to them was only half a century ago.
Liang Qichao: Not only in modern times, but also in adults who have never seen it before. Not only in China, but also in the world. However, Wen is not an unparalleled genius. He is called the slowest of all sages. His suffering will also be the middle of his life; Those who are immortal in virtue, make meritorious deeds, keep their word, make contributions in the future, and stay in Beijing, are determined to extricate themselves from vulgarity, but they are trapped in prison and knowingly commit crimes, but they are unwilling to go through hundreds of difficulties without being frustrated, not seeking short-term achievements, and enjoy it, vain, diligent, persistent, loyal, sincere, brave and diligent. I thought China was going to be saved by him when he was still in his prime.
* * *: (1) It's perfect to be close to others and serve Ceng Wenzheng alone and watch him clean up the flood and Yang Yi's battle. So if he changes his position today, can he be so perfect? Zeng Guofan is the most powerful figure in the landlord class.
Chiang Kai-shek: 19 1 1 years ago, I read the complete works of Ceng Wenzheng ... After the failure in the second year of the Republic of China, I carefully studied Zeng's books and books ... I really deserve to be a world celebrity.
Fu: In the past 500 years, only two people were able to show their knowledge in their careers: Wang Shouren in the Ming Dynasty and Zeng Guofan in the Qing Dynasty.
Zhang Taiyan: Zeng Guofan's reputation is a saint, and his praise is the culprit. We should be talented, trustworthy and fickle (hypocritical). ..... Jinling's move (killing Zhongjun) ...... was nothing more than sealing the marquis and seeking glory and purple ... Thirty years after his death, his family still said that "my ancestors were thieves". Sad husband: Although he is a dutiful son and grandson, he will never change his life. (Inspection magazine, Volume 8)
Zeng Guofan's knowledge of people may have many factors. Zeng Guofan can play a mainstay role in the surging tide of the world, because he has widely recruited talented people and gathered a large number of talent think tanks around him to use others' abilities for his own use. Zeng Guofan attached great importance to the talent problem. Politically, he believes that "when the country is strong, the people are strong." Militarily, he emphasized that "the way to use soldiers lies in people, not weapons." He raised the issue of talents to a height related to the rise and fall of the country, and took selecting, cultivating and bringing up talents as an important measure to save the ruling crisis in the late Qing Dynasty. Paying attention to people, knowing people, taking people and employing people are Zeng Guofan's specialties. On one occasion, Li Hongzhang recommended three talents to Zeng Guofan, and Zeng Guofan just went for a walk. Li Hongzhang motioned for three people to wait outside the hall. When Zeng Guofan came back from a walk, Li Hongzhang explained his purpose and invited Zeng Guofan to inspect three people. Zeng Guofan said: "No, facing the hall door, the man standing on the left is an honest man. He is careful and reassuring. He can be sent to do logistics and other work; The man in the middle who is duplicitous and duplicitous is not trustworthy. He should only assign some unimportant jobs instead of taking on major responsibilities. The one on the right is the general. He can stand alone. He will do a lot in the future and should be reused. " Li Hongzhang was surprised and asked Zeng Guofan when to inspect. Zeng Guofan smiled and said, "I just came back from a walk and saw those three people. When they passed by, the one on the left bowed his head and dared not look up. I can see that he is an honest and cautious man, so he is suitable for logistics and so on. On the surface, the one in the middle is respectful, but when I pass by, I look around, which shows that he is a duplicitous person, so he can't be reused. The one on the right is always tall and straight, like a pillar, with his eyes facing forward, neither humble nor humble, and he is a general. " Zeng Guofan's "general's talent" was Liu Mingchuan, the valiant general of Huai Army and later governor of Taiwan Province. Zeng Guofan's ability to "subtly observe people" and his high accuracy are all due to his "long knowledge". Zeng Guofan summed up the method of discovering and cultivating talents in eight words: "There are four ways to get people, namely, wide acceptance, careful use, diligent teaching and strict rope." Wide recruitment means wide visits and wide recruitment of talents. Once eager for talents, he suggested that "anyone who has a skill will never dare to despise it." Everywhere I go, every time I communicate and talk with people, I ask them to recommend talents. He often keeps diaries of gifted scholars, and divides what he sees and hears into three categories: smell, smell and see. In his diary without a waiting room, there is a special project "Remember People", which records a large number of recommended names and attaches the income from his own investigation. It has been put forward that "talents are not limited to one pattern" and "talents spare no effort", and it is opposed to measuring people by their origins and qualifications. Many people were recommended to enter the curtain of the Zeng family. Zeng usually pays great attention to observing and understanding the talents of his family, and finds many talents from it. Careful use is to distinguish between good and bad, to know people and to be good at their duties. Zeng Guofan said: "We must choose people to do things. The wider we accept, the more careful we use them." . I used to be very cautious in employing people, abiding by "not taking people in" and "not taking people in". To this end, he attaches great importance to the inspection of talents and advocates the selection of people who "know what they are, know what they are, know what they are, know what they are with their hands, know what they are with their mouths, and know what they are with their eyes". The main way to observe people is to be ethical, bureaucratic, more organized and less talkative. For the recruited talents, on the one hand, we should use their strengths and do what we can, on the other hand, we should do what we can, so that most people can do their jobs well. It is precisely because he was able to "look at heroes coldly" that his shogunate was full of talents. Diligent teaching means being good at sharpening and promoting its success. It was once thought that talents, especially those dealing with military affairs, were trained through hard work. Li Hongzhang is Zeng's favorite pupil. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, he led the Xiang army to capture Jiujiang, and Li Hongzhang went to Zeng's home from Zhenjiang. However, he used to be busy with military affairs and didn't meet each other, and even ridiculed Li Hongzhang in front of everyone. In fact, it's not that the Tsengs are unwilling to accept Li Hongzhang, but that Li is arrogant and wants to dampen his spirit and round his edges and corners. This is also a student who has been painstakingly trained. Since then, Li Hongzhang has been severely polished. Li Hongzhang once said to people: "I used to follow several generals, and I was confused and didn't get to the point; Following Ceng Shuai is like having a compass. "Zeng's painstaking cultivation finally honed Li Hongzhang into a pillar of the late Qing Dynasty. Strict rope means strict supervision and responsibility, honesty and prudence. Zeng's self-discipline is very strict, "self-reliance, self-discipline", and strict supervision and responsibility for subordinates, so that subordinates "follow the rules." "He always abides by the words" cautious independence and sincerity "and sets an example by asking his subordinates to focus on the overall situation and start from small things. The discipline of subordinates can be treated differently according to different objects, or given priority to encouragement or more prevention; In terms of methods, it is "Yang is good at court, and his rules are too private", which embodies the superb leadership art. Zeng Guofan has been in power for 40 years, with more than 400 aides, most of whom are senior cadres of the court, army and local governments trained and recommended by him, among whom Zuo, Li Hongzhang and many other famous ministers are outstanding.
How to know Zeng Guofan Zeng Guofan (181year165438+1October 26th-1March 872 12), whose real name is inherited. In the late Qing dynasty, he was the founder and commander-in-chief of Xiang Army. Military strategist and politician in Qing Dynasty, founder of the "Xiangxiang School" in late Qing Dynasty. One of the "Four Famous Ministers of Zhongxing" in the late Qing Dynasty, from the official to the governor of Liangjiang, the governor of Zhili and the university student of Wuyingdian, was awarded the first-class Hou Yong and Zheng Wen. * * * once said: "The so-called source of stupidity is just to promote learning. Learning is like a foundation. Today, people have no knowledge, so they don't have a strong foundation and dare not remember. Foolish loyalty and approachable, alone with Ceng Wenzheng, watching him clean up the battle of Hongyang is perfect. If people today change their positions, can they be so perfect? " Express admiration for the deceased compatriots.
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The first chapter return to freedom (3)
After a false alarm, Zeng Guofan was glad that the trouble was not linked to the item. But before long, another unexpected thing annoyed Zeng Guofan-1 871June1Sunday, two former rebels of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom-Li Shizhong and Chen Guorui clashed in Yangzhou. First, there was a fight and several people were killed. Then, Chen Guorui was kidnapped by Li Shizhong, that is, Li Zhaoshou, and almost died. This official scandal caused an uproar and made Zeng Guofan, the governor of Liangjiang, lose face. It is a long story to mention Zeng Guofan's "old enemy" Chen Guorui. He once brought Zeng Guofan three big troubles: the first time, when he went north to suppress twists, Chen Guorui took his hand and fought Liu Mingchuan's "Ming", which made Zeng Guofan bother to deal with it for a long time; The second time, it was related to the "Tianjin Teaching Plan". What happened in Chen Guorui on the day of the lesson plan? This guy happened to pass by Tianjin, and when he heard someone making trouble, he rushed to the crime scene to fan the flames. As a result, Britain and France urged Chen Guorui to be punished, while Zeng Guofan believed that Chen Guorui was saved. This time, Chen Guorui was kidnapped by Li Shizhong for four days because he was at odds with Li Shizhong, who was also a rogue. ...
How to Read Zeng Guofan's Letters from Zeng Guofan * * contains 435 letters from Zeng Guofan, including 14 letters from grandfather, 48 letters from parents, 9 letters from uncle, 249 letters from elder brother and1kloc-0/5 letters from adopted son. In addition, there are seven links such as "letter to wife" and "letter to nephew", including self-cultivation, dealing with people, making friends and knowing people, educating children, managing the army and politics, etc. From grandparents to parents to brothers and children.
1) In dealing with people, Zeng Guofan acted with "sincerity" and "constancy" all his life. In his letter to his brother, he said, "I am confident and honest. I neglected my studies just to experience the world, enrich my work and take part in some opportunities!" " My good brother is out at the moment and needs to restore the truth urgently. He must never embark on the road of cleverness, which is getting worse every day. "As for perseverance, zeng guofan is practiced to perfection. He said: "It is only by honing heroes that we can succeed." Li Shenfu didn't say anything about gull's anger, but just endured it blindly, and Xu Tu himself improved himself. Because the proverb says' heroes bite their teeth and swallow blood'. These two languages are the keys to the rest of my life. During the Xinhai period, Yu Geng was reviled by the powerful people in Beijing. Ugly Jia Yin was reviled by Changsha; Mao Yibing was reviled by Jiangxi; And the defeat of Yuezhou, the defeat of Jinggang, the defeat of Hukou, there were many times when Gaida lost his teeth, and there was no time when he swallowed it without blood. Zeng Guofan advocated perseverance and hard work. He not only works hard when he is proud, but also never loses heart when he is frustrated. In a letter, he comforted his brother Ceng Guoquan, who suffered two failures, and said, "Start a new stove and start a new era. You must know that these two failures are not heroes tempered by heaven, so that my brother can make great progress." As the saying goes, "once you fall, you will gain wisdom." . I made progress in my life, all when I was frustrated and humiliated. Be sure to grit your teeth and motivate yourself and learn from wasting energy. Don't be complacent in vain. "
2) In terms of child-rearing, Zeng Guofan advocated thrifty housekeeping, hard study, good neighborliness and understanding. He wrote in his letter at home: "I teach my children to be frugal and modest." ..... Brother, think twice every time you use a dollar. Brothers should teach their sons and nephews to be thrifty at home and respect each other. Since I have influence outside, my children are most likely to be arrogant and ignorant, and both words will fail. "He hopes that future generations will be conscientious and study hard. He often tells children that as long as they are knowledgeable, they are not afraid of not having food. He also said that if the family is too rich, there will be trouble, and he advocated that the property should not be left to children and grandchildren. It's no use for children and grandchildren to stay. Children and grandchildren can't eat if they want to be strong. This is the reason why he said that the profit and loss are ups and downs.
3) Regarding the relationship between weapons and people, Zeng Guofan believes that "the way to use soldiers is not the weapon" and that "attacking and killing should be in people rather than soldiers". In running the army, we advocate that the army should be governed by courtesy: "Take courage, be kind as benevolence, and be kind as courtesy", "It is still a trivial matter for our generation to take courage in the army, like a father as a brother, and we must not make him a nuisance, have bad conduct, and learn well and be useful for it." In order to make the officers and men strictly observe discipline and care for the people, Zeng Guofan personally wrote love folk songs to persuade the officers and men.
4) In terms of strategy and tactics, he believes that war is a matter of life and death, and it is necessary to "stabilize first and then change". In employing people, the principle of "benevolence and filial piety, honesty and blood" is emphasized, and practical talents are selected. The criterion for selecting candidates is "advocating the wind of truth and floating, and making great efforts to govern", so Shi Dakai said that "Zeng Guofan is not good at using soldiers, but he can learn to pull out good generals". Zeng Guofan shogunate is a talent training base, surrounded by Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Hua and others.