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10 isothermal process. B remains unchanged, and the initial and final state of the cycle process remains unchanged.

14.a returned to its original state through the positive circulation system, but the outside world changed.

The spontaneous process of 15. B is all entropy increasing.

16.b formula calculation judgment

17.d Because friction and disorder in nature exist in all spontaneous processes, it is another way of saying the second law of thermodynamics.

During the isothermal expansion of 18. B all the absorbed heat is used for external work.