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196 1 On March 23rd, 2008, bondarenko, the Soviet astronaut who was determined to be the first to fly into space, conducted intense training in a cabin filled with pure oxygen. During the break, he wiped the part where the sensor was fixed with alcohol and threw it on an electrode plate. As a result, a fire broke out in the engine room and he was badly burned. /kloc-died 0/0 hours later, becoming the first human manned space activity. & ltbr/>；
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1967 65438+1On October 27th, the Kennedy Space Center of the United States was conducting a joint simulated flight test of manned spacecraft on the ground. The command module of the spacecraft caught fire unexpectedly, and three astronauts were burned to death in the cabin within several tens of seconds. The three astronauts are: Colonel Virgil Brigerson, Lieutenant Colonel Edward H White and Major Roger B Chaffey. & ltbr/>；
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1 On April 23, 967, Soviet astronaut Colonel Vladimir M. komarov went into space aboard Soyuz spacecraft1.The spacecraft broke down many times and was difficult to repair after several efforts. When returning to the ground, the parachute of the spacecraft had an accident and could not be opened, causing the spacecraft to rush to the ground at a speed exceeding 100 meters per second, and komarov was killed on the spot. & ltbr/>；
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On June 30th, 197 1, the Soviet spacecraft 1 1 successfully completed all the tasks of entering the salute space station 1. Before re-entry into the atmosphere, when the separation plug connecting the two modules was separated, the pressure valve of the return cabin was shaken open, the sealing performance was damaged and the return cabin was destroyed. & ltbr/>；
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1974 65438+1October19, the United States launched the British "Skynet 2A" satellite with a Delta rocket. The launch failed because a small piece of insulating layer fell off near a small solder joint on a printed circuit board in rocket electronic equipment. & ltbr/>；
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1980 On March 18, a rocket exploded at the Plesetsk space launch site in the Soviet Union, killing 50 technicians on the ground. This event was not made public until 1989. & ltbr/>；
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1980 On May 23rd, during the second test flight of Ariane rocket, a staff member accidentally knocked down the trademark of a component, blocking the nozzle of the engine combustion chamber, resulting in the failure of launch. & ltbr/>；
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1in may 1985, the United States launched a trident missile. As a result, a soybean-sized insulation layer was peeled off from the engine combustion chamber, and the high-temperature flame burned through the metal wall there, and the gas was sprayed out, and the engine exploded. & ltbr/>；
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1986 65438+1On October 28th, the American space shuttle Challenger exploded during its 10 flight. Seventy-three seconds after liftoff, the fuel leaked due to a problem with the sealing device of the right booster rocket, and seven astronauts were killed on the spot. & ltbr/>；
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1986 On April 18, the United States launched a spy satellite with a Hercules rocket, which exploded five seconds after take-off due to the failure of the booster sealing washer. & ltbr/>；
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1on may 3, 986, the United States launched a meteorological satellite with a $57 million Delta rocket, which exploded shortly after ignition. & ltbr/>；
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1986 On May 30th, Ariane failed to launch18th, because the third stage rocket failed to ignite in time. & ltbr/>；
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1On February 22nd, 990, the Ariane rocket was launched for the 36th time. A worker accidentally left a wiping cloth in the water circulation system of the first stage engine, blocking the pipeline and causing the rocket to explode. & ltbr/>；
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1March, 99014th, when the American Hercules rocket launched "Intelsat 6", the second stage rocket did not separate because of a wrong line, and the satellite did not reach the predetermined orbital height. & ltbr/>；
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1 On September 7th, 990, during the handling of the American Hercules 4 rocket at Edwards Air Force Base, a booster suddenly fell, which exploded and caught fire. The flame was as high as 45 meters, killing at least1person. & ltbr/>；
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1990 10.4: When a Russian zenith rocket launched an electronic reconnaissance satellite in Baikonur, it exploded a few seconds after take-off, and the launch facilities were seriously damaged. & ltbr/>；
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199 1 08 On June 18, the Explorer rocket carrying 10 scientific experimental instruments from NASA and several universities crashed due to disorientation shortly after launch. & ltbr/>；
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1On March 22nd, 992, China launched Austar with the Long March II E rocket. When turning the ignition controller, a little metal chip was unscrewed from the screw, which made the circuit short-circuited, the rocket engine stalled and the launch was unsuccessful. & ltbr/>；
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1On August 2, 993, a Hercules 4 rocket of the US Air Force exploded less than two minutes after it was ignited from vandenberg air force base, California, and a top-secret spy satellite carried by the rocket was subsequently smashed into pieces and crashed into the sea. & ltbr/>；
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1994 12 1, the 70th launch of Ariane rocket failed, the rocket crashed into the sea, and its PAS-3 communication satellite with a value of10.50 billion dollars was destroyed. & ltbr/>；
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199565438+1October 26th, when China's "Long March II E" launched the Asia-Pacific II satellite, the resonance frequency of the satellite happened to be the same as that of the rocket fairing, because the shear wind at high altitude acted on the rocket, which caused * * * vibration and led to the explosion of the star and arrow. & ltbr/>；
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1995101On October 23rd, the American caravan rocket exploded 45 seconds after it was ignited at the launch base of Volops Island of NASA, and its 14 scientific experimental instrument was destroyed. & ltbr/>；
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1996 February 15, xichang satellite launch center and China launched an international communication 708 satellite with the newly developed Long March 3B. After the rocket took off, its flight attitude was abnormal. After the rocket flew for 22 seconds, it fell to the ground and exploded, destroying all the stars and arrows. & ltbr/>；
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1996 16 on may 4th, the Russian Soyuz -U carrier rocket lost contact with the ground after six minutes' liftoff from the Baikonur space launch site. It carries a "Cosmos" series of topographic mapping satellites. & ltbr/>；
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1On June 4, 1996, Ariane 5 rocket was launched for the first time, and it deviated from the scheduled orbit after 40 seconds. The control center is worried that the rocket landing will cause catastrophe and detonate at an altitude of 4 kilometers from the ground. & ltbr/>；
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1June 20, 996: A V-Soyuz rocket launched by Russia as a reconnaissance satellite opened its fairing prematurely 50 seconds after taking off from the Plesetsk launch site, causing the rocket to crash. & ltbr/>；
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1997 65438+1October 17: An American Delta II rocket exploded 13 seconds after takeoff when launching a global positioning system (GPS) satellite. & ltbr/>；
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1On May 20, 997, only 48 seconds after the launch of a Russian "Dzenit-2" carrier rocket, the first stage engine of the rocket stopped working due to a fault, and the rocket immediately fell and exploded. & ltbr/>；
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1August 1998 12, a Hercules 4 rocket carrying an American military spy satellite exploded when it was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, causing the most serious loss in American history. This satellite is worth10 billion dollars. & ltbr/>；
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1On August 27th, 1998, the Delta 3 rocket newly developed by Boeing Company of the United States exploded shortly after it was launched from Cape Canaveral, and the rocket and a communication satellite it carried were destroyed. & ltbr/>；
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1September 1998 10: When a Ukrainian Zenith-2 rocket launched the 12 commercial satellite, a computer failure occurred 272 seconds after takeoff, causing the star and arrow to fall to the ground. & ltbr/>；
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1On July 5, 1999, a Russian proton-k rocket carrying the Russian military communication satellite "Hong- 1" exploded after it was launched, and all the stars and arrows were destroyed. & ltbr/>；
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1On September 23, 999, the American Mars climate probe lost contact with the ground when it approached Mars. Scientists believe that this unmanned probe has been destroyed. The Mars climate probe was launched by NASA in1998 65438+February 1 1. NASA plans to use its two scientific instruments to detect water vapor and dust in the Martian atmosphere. & ltbr/>；
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1999101On October 28th, Russia launched a Proton -K rocket carrying a communication satellite from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan. Due to the failure of the second stage rocket engine, all the satellites and arrows crashed in Kazakhstan. & ltbr/>；
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1999165438+1October15th, the multi-function satellite launched by NASDA at Tanegashima Space Launch Center in Kagoshima Prefecture failed to enter the scheduled orbit and was forced to be detonated and destroyed. & ltbr/>；
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199965438+On February 3, NASA's Mars polar probe lost contact with the Earth after reaching the surface of Mars, and the Mars polar exploration plan was cancelled. & ltbr/>；
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Brazil launched its own SACI-2 meteorological environment satellite by VLS carrier rocket. The rocket broke down three minutes after liftoff, and the ground controller immediately detonated the rocket that deviated from the orbit, destroying both the star and the arrow. & ltbr/>；
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On August 15, 2002, NASA's comet probe cost1590,000 US dollars and lost contact with the ground during its flight in Earth orbit. The comet probe "comet core travel" was launched on July 3. & ltbr/>；
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On June, 65438+February, 2002 1 1, the Ariane 5 rocket of the European Space Agency exploded shortly after it was launched from the Kourou launch site, and the rocket and its two satellites worth 600 million dollars crashed in the Atlantic Ocean. & ltbr/>；
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On February 1 2003, the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated on its way back from space, killing all seven astronauts on board. At present, the accident investigation Committee has basically determined that the foam material falling off the external fuel tank hit the left wing of the space shuttle shortly after the launch of Columbia. This impact formed a hole in the wing, allowing ultra-high temperature gas to enter, which is the most likely reason why Columbia disintegrated and crashed on February 1 day. & ltbr/>；
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On August 22, 2003, Brazil's third VLS satellite launch vehicle exploded in the final test before launch, killing at least 2 1 person. The accident may be caused by a problem with the ignition device of one of the four engines in the rocket body. & ltbr/>；
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Man's Road to Space Exploration
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1961April 12, 27-year-old Soviet astronaut yuri gagarin flew around the earth in an orbit 18 1000 meters above the ground for 108 minutes. This is a milestone in the history of human space. Russian space industry
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196 1 On May 5, 2008, American astronaut alan shepard arrived at the apogee of 1 16.5 miles from the Earth in the Freedom 7 spacecraft. His suborbital flight lasted 15 minutes and became the first American astronaut. & ltbr/>；
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On July 2 1 day, 969, American astronaut Armstrong opened the door of Apollo 1 1 and took the first step for human beings to set foot on the moon. American Apollo manned moon landing project, man's road to the moon, Johnson Space Center.
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197 1 April19, the former Soviet union successfully launched the world's first experimental manned space station, salute1. & ltbr/>；
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During the orbital operation of Mir Space Station launched in 1986, * * 135 astronauts from 12 countries worked on the space station and conducted 16500 scientific experiments. On March 23rd, 20001,Mir crashed in the South Pacific. & ltbr/>；
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In the process of developing manned space flight, international cooperation has extended from the blue planet to the vast space. On July 1975, the American Apollo spacecraft docked with the former Soviet Union Soyuz spacecraft in Earth orbit and made the first international joint flight. & ltbr/>；
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1998 165438+1On October 20th, the Russian "Dawn" multi-functional cargo hold was launched, which started the process of16 countries building an international space station. June 65438+1October 65438+1October 2002, the American space shuttle Atlantis successfully docked with the International Space Station. The Russian Space Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States, the European Space Agency, and the Japanese and Canadian space agencies jointly formulated a plan for human landing on Mars. & ltbr/>；
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At 9: 00 on June 5438+1October 5, 2003, the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft independently developed by China was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. At 9: 09: 50, Shenzhou 5 entered the scheduled orbit accurately. This is China's first manned space flight. The 38-year-old astronaut who carried out the mission in Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft was Yang Liwei. He is the first generation of astronauts trained in China. He circled the earth in space 14 times. After a safe flight of 2 1 hour, 23 minutes and 600,000 kilometers, it successfully landed at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia at 6: 23 on 16. & ltbr/>；
The development course of human space field
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With the development of space resources, a new high-tech space technology, also known as space technology, was born. It is a comprehensive project to explore, develop and utilize outer space and celestial bodies, and it is also a highly integrated modern science and technology. & ltbr/>；
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In 1950s, it experienced the concept and feasibility demonstration of artificial earth satellite, and the exploratory test stage of the development, test and launch of satellite, its launch vehicle and ground supporting facilities. & ltbr/>；
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In the 1960s, it was a preliminary application experiment to use various special instruments and equipment on the launched spacecraft for remote sensing, information transmission and collection of various detection data. & ltbr/>；
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Since the 1970s, extensive application experiments have been carried out by using the space environment and its high altitude position, which have broken through many technical keys in the field of space application, expanded the scope of application, and formed satellite systems such as communication, navigation, meteorology, resources, science, military application and deep space exploration. & ltbr/>；
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At the same time, manned space flight with complex technology and long development cycle has also experienced the development stage of initial exploratory experiments for more than 30 years since the 1960s. During this period, by sending people into the sky to explore the possibility and adaptability of people entering space, understand the basic technology of manned space flight, study and solve the on-orbit technologies such as rendezvous and docking, extravehicular activities, indoor environment and control, develop and launch the experimental space station and its corresponding transportation system, so as to study the feasibility of people directly intervening or participating in the man-machine integration system for space development experiments. & ltbr/>；
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& ltdiv align="center " >& ltimg src = "/ziliao/2003- 10/08/xinsrc _ 402 1002 10 1380226 12299 . jpg " border = " 0 " onload = " if(this . width & gt； screen . width * 0.7){ this . resized = true； this . width = screen . width * 0.7； This.alt=' Click here to open a new window \ nCTRL+ mouse wheel to zoom in/out'; } " onmouseover = " if(this . width & gt； screen . width * 0.7){ this . resized = true； this . width = screen . width * 0.7； this . style . cursor = ' hand '； This.alt=' Click here to open a new window \ nCTRL+ mouse wheel to zoom in/out'; }" onclick="if(！ this . resized){ return true； } else { window . open('/ziliao/2003- 10/08/xinsrc _ 402 1002 15 13802266 12299 . jpg ')； } " onmousewheel = " return img zoom(this)；" alt = " "/>； & lt/div/>； & ltbr/>；
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According to authoritative statistics, from 1957 to the end of 1992, countries around the world successfully launched 4,396 spacecraft of various types, 58 countries invested in the development of space technology, and 170 countries and regions applied space technology achievements, with a total investment of nearly 700 billion US dollars. & ltbr/>；
Memorabilia of human space exploration
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1March, 926 16: robert goddard, the pioneer and scientist of American rocket development, launched the world's first liquid rocket booster rocket in his garden in menstruation, which rose by 4 1 foot. & ltbr/>；
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1957, 10 year1the evening of October 4th: The Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite-"Satellite 1". The successful launch of this slightly rough metal cylinder symbolizes the beginning of a new era of human exploration. & ltbr/>；
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1961April 12: yuri gagarin, a 27-year-old Soviet astronaut, circled the earth in the "orient" spacecraft, becoming the first person to fly out of the earth's atmosphere and enter outer space. & ltbr/>；
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/KOOC-0/96/KOOC-0/May 5, 2008: American astronaut alan shepard arrived at the apogee of/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/6.5 miles from the Earth in Freedom 7. His suborbital flight lasted 15 minutes and became the first American astronaut. & ltbr/>；
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1961August 6-7: Titov, a 26-year-old Soviet astronaut, circled the earth 17 times in two days and 25 hours, during which the manual control system of the spacecraft was started for the first time. & ltbr/>；
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1June, 963 16: Soviet astronaut Regina tereshkova took off on the "Oriental" 6, becoming the first woman to go into space. She stayed in space for 2 days and 22 hours, circling the earth 48 times, surpassing any American astronaut at that time. & ltbr/>；
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1March, 965 18: cosmonaut Alexei leonov of the Soviet "Ascension" spacecraft made the first spacewalk. He floated out of the spaceship and circled the earth at the speed of 15000 miles per hour 10 minutes. & ltbr/>；
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1March, 966 16: American astronauts successfully docked the Gemini 8 spacecraft with the unmanned spacecraft Akina in space. & ltbr/>；
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1 On April 24th, 967, Soviet astronaut Komarov returned to the ground aboard Soyuz1,becoming the first astronaut who died for space because his parachute was not opened. & ltbr/>；
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1969 65438+1October 14- 17, the USSR Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 spacecraft rendezvous and docked in space for the first time and exchanged astronauts. & ltbr/>；
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1July 20th, 969: American Apollo 1 1 Astronauts Aldrin and Armstrong landed on the moon, and humans left footprints on planets other than Earth for the first time. & ltbr/>；
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1 971April 9: The Soviet Union launches the world's first salute space station1. & ltbr/>；
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1975 July 15-2 1 day, the American Apollo spacecraft and the Soviet Union spacecraft jointly flew into space, becoming the first international cooperation in manned space flight. & ltbr/>；
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1981April 2 1 day: the United States successfully launched and returned to the world's first space shuttle "Columbia", making the reusable space shuttle system a reality. & ltbr/>；
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1On February 7th, 984, American astronauts Mike Anderes and Stewart left the space shuttle Challenger without tethers and became the first "human earth satellites". & ltbr/>；
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1On June 7th, 984, American space shuttle challenger astronaut mccandless left the space shuttle 320 feet with a manned mobile device and completed the first spacewalk without a safety rope. & ltbr/>；
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1On July 25th, 984, Savka of the Soviet Union left Salute 7 Space Station and became the first female astronaut to walk in space. & ltbr/>；
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1985 On July 25th, Chinese-American astronaut Wang Ganjun went into space on the space shuttle Challenger, becoming the first Chinese astronaut. & ltbr/>；
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1986 65438+1October 28th: The space shuttle Challenger exploded during takeoff, killing all seven astronauts. This is an unprecedented space disaster. & ltbr/>；
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1February 20th, 986: The third generation space station "Peace" of the Soviet Union was launched into low-earth orbit by Proton carrier rocket, with a weight of 123 ton and a working volume of 400 cubic meters. It consists of three parts: working module, transition module and service module. It is the longest-lived space station at present. & ltbr/>；
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1994- 1995, Russian astronaut poliakov stayed in mir space station for 438 days continuously, becoming the longest astronaut in space; Lucid of the United States stayed on Mir for 188 days in/996, becoming the longest female astronaut in space. & ltbr/>；
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1In February, 1995, American astronaut Collins became the first female captain of the space shuttle Discovery. & ltbr/>；
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From March 2, 1995 to March 8, 1998, the space shuttle Endeavour flew in space. There are 7 astronauts on board, 6 astronauts on Mir, 13 astronauts in space at the same time, which is the largest number of astronauts in space at the same time. & ltbr/>；
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1June 29th, 995: The American space shuttle Atlantis docked with the Russian space station "Peace" for the first time and started docking with the space station for nine times. & ltbr/>；
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1996165438+1October19-65438+On February 7th, the space shuttle Columbia made its longest space flight, which lasted 17 days 15 hours and 53 minutes. & ltbr/>；
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June 2000 5438+1October 3 1: Russia sent a long-term expedition to the International Space Station for the first time, which changed the international space station under construction from unmanned to manned. The investigation team consists of American astronaut William Shepard and Russian astronauts Yuri Gizenko and Sergei Krikalyov, who stayed on the International Space Station until February 2006. & ltbr/>；
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On February 1 2003, the space shuttle Columbia exploded, killing all seven astronauts on board (including an Israeli astronaut). & ltbr/>；
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From 1969 to 1972, the United States made five Apollo flights, and 12 astronauts landed on the moon. & ltbr/>；
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From 197 1 to 2000, the Soviet Union and Russia launched seven space stations-six salutes and Mir. & ltbr/>；
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1999165438+1On October 20th, China's first unmanned spacecraft, Shenzhou-1, took off in Jiuquan, and landed in the recycling yard in central Inner Mongolia 2/kloc-0 hours later, successfully completing the "virgin journey". The success of this flight laid a very solid foundation for China's manned spacecraft to go to heaven. China successfully launched the Shenzhou II spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on1October1+10. On March 25th, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou III spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. On June 30th, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou IV unmanned spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. & ltbr/>；
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At 9: 00 on June 5438+1October 5, 2003, the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft independently developed by China was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. At 9: 09: 50, Shenzhou 5 entered the scheduled orbit accurately. This is China's first manned space flight. The 38-year-old astronaut who carried out the mission in Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft was Yang Liwei. He is the first generation of astronauts trained in China. He circled the earth in space 14 times. After a safe flight of 2 1 hour, 23 minutes and 600,000 kilometers, it successfully landed at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia at 6: 23 on 16. & ltbr/>；
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On July 26, 2005, at 22: 39 Beijing time, the American space shuttle Discovery was launched from the Kennedy Space Center and successfully returned to land on August 9. & ltbr/>；
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Gagarin, the first Soviet astronaut in human space history.
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The world's first artificial earth satellite was launched in Baikonur, Soviet Union, on 19571October 4, and put into orbit. Since then, mankind has entered a new era of exploring outer space with spacecraft. & ltbr/>；
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/KOOC-0/96/KOOC-0/April/KOOC-0/2, the former Soviet astronaut Gagarin flew around the earth in the "Dongfang-/KOOC-0/"spacecraft/KOOC-0/minute, becoming the first person to go into space. & ltbr/>；
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1On February 20th, 962, the United States launched the manned spacecraft "Mercury -6" to orbit the earth three times, which lasted for 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds. Astronaut john glenn became the first American to go into Earth orbit. & ltbr/>；
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/KOOC-0/963 June/KOOC-0/6, valentina tereshkova, a female astronaut of the former Soviet Union, went into space on the "Dongfang VI" spacecraft, becoming the first woman to go into space. & ltbr/>；
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1965 March 18, the former Soviet Union launched the Ascension -2 spacecraft, and astronaut Alexei leonov completed the first human spacewalk. & ltbr/>；
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196865438+February 2 1 day, the United States launched the apollo 8 spacecraft, carrying Paalmann, Love and Anders. The spacecraft entered the lunar orbit112km away from the lunar surface and flew 10 times, lasting 20 hours and 6 minutes. This is the first time that human beings have realized manned flight around the moon. & ltbr/>；
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On July 2 1, 1969, the Apollo-1/spacecraft launched by the United States successfully landed on the moon. Astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin became the first earthlings to set foot on other celestial bodies. According to "Apollo Manned Landing on the Moon", the United States carried out seven manned landings from 1969 to 1972, of which six were successful, and American astronauts brought back 384 samples of moon rocks and moon soil. 6 Jin. & ltbr/>；
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1971April19, the former Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first experimental manned space station "Salute-1", marking the beginning of human space activities from a small manned spacecraft with a short flight time to a large-scale space application exploration and experiment stage with a long flight time. In the mid-1980s, the Mir space station, a new generation of large-scale space science laboratory, was launched. & ltbr/>；
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10 On March 2, 972, the first American "Pioneer10" spacecraft with the mission of searching for extraterrestrial civilization was launched. This unmanned spacecraft carries a coded "letter", which is a carved metal plate engraved with the image of a naked man and woman on the earth, with a schematic diagram of Zhang Shuyang and nine planets attached below; Next to it is a key orientation map for outsiders to decipher, which marks the position of the solar system relative to the 14 pulse stars distributed in the Milky Way with radial straight lines. The spaceship arrived in Taurus around 8000000 AD. & ltbr/>；
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1On July 7th, 975, Apollo-18 of the United States carrying Stamford, slaton and Brand docked with the former Soviet Union-10 carrying leonov and Kubasov in Earth orbit, which was the first time in international space cooperation. & ltbr/>；
1On June 7th, 984, American space shuttle challenger astronaut mccandless left the space shuttle 320 feet with a manned mobile device and completed the first spacewalk without a safety rope. & ltbr/>；
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1981April 12, the space shuttle Columbia, the first reusable manned spacecraft in the United States, successfully made its first flight in space. & ltbr/>；
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1On June 7th, 984, Bruce Delaisse, an astronaut of the American space shuttle Challenger, left the space shuttle 320 feet with a manned mobile device, realizing the first spacewalk without a safety rope. & ltbr/>；
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1986 65438+1On October 28th, the American space shuttle Challenger exploded only seven seconds after takeoff, killing all seven crew members. This is the first most painful space accident. & ltbr/>；
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1998101On October 29th, john glenn, the first American astronaut to enter Earth orbit, returned to space on the space shuttle Discovery at the age of 77, thus becoming the oldest astronaut in space history. & ltbr/>；
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On April 28th, 20001,Tito, the 60-year-old American, the first space tourist, took off from the Baikonur launch site with two Russian astronauts. Two days later, the spacecraft successfully docked with the International Space Station, and Tito entered the International Space Station accompanied by Russian astronauts. Six days later, he returned to the ground on the Russian Federation TM-3 1 spacecraft. & ltbr/>；
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Three major problems in manned space flight
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Simulation flight chart of the newly developed X-43A hypersonic space shuttle in the United States. During the test, the flight speed of X-43A will change with the change of temperature and altitude, which is usually 7 to 10 times of the speed of sound. & ltbr/>；
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Manned space flight is a highly difficult systematic project that integrates national political, military and scientific and technological forces. To really send people into space, or even let people live in space for a long time, we must break through three technical problems. & ltbr/>；
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The first problem is to develop an aircraft with sufficient thrust and excellent reliability. The launch vehicles used by the former Soviet Union to launch manned spacecraft such as Dongfang, Ascension and Soyuz are all excellent vehicles with a carrying capacity of more than 5 tons, and there are few accidents during the launch. In order to ensure a foolproof launch, the key components of launch vehicles and spacecraft must be double-backed or triple-backed. Before launch, rockets and spacecraft must go through a series of extremely strict ground tests and simulated flights until there are no hidden dangers. According to records, the Soviet Union/Russia launched manned spacecraft nearly 100 times, and astronauts used the escape tower life-saving equipment only 1 time when the launch vehicle had problems. Of the nearly 100 flights of the American space shuttle, only Challenger exploded in a catastrophic accident. No wonder some experts say that due to the emphasis on reliability, the safety record of spacecraft activities is actually the best compared with navigation, aviation and land transportation. & ltbr/>；
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The second problem is to get enough information about the influence of space environment on human body, understand the limit conditions that human body can bear and find protective measures. & ltbr/>；
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The space environment is very different from the land environment. There is a high vacuum in space, and there is no oxygen or water. Without any protection, the human body will explode in less than a minute due to the huge pressure difference inside and outside the body, and the body fluid will boil and vaporize quickly. There is a great temperature difference in space. Because there is no air convection, the morning temperature of the spacecraft can reach above 100℃, while the shadow temperature will be below-100℃. In the deep air far away from the earth, the temperature will reach -273℃ which the human body can't stand at all. Space is also full of harmful cosmic radiation. In addition, the weightless environment in space, especially the acceleration and deceleration in the ascending and returning stages of spacecraft, will cause diseases such as balance dysfunction, tissue displacement in the body, muscle atrophy and decalcification of bones. & ltbr/>；
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In order to ensure people's survival in this environment, it is necessary to develop a sealed anti-radiation spacecraft equipped with basic life support conditions such as air, water and temperature for people to live normally. At the same time, astronauts should be equipped with spacesuits. Once astronauts want to get out of the cockpit and work in space, all life support systems will be provided by spacesuits. & ltbr/>；
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In the practice of manned space flight for nearly 40 years, the Soviet Union/Russia successively developed three generations of manned spacecraft, namely, Dongfang, Ascension and Soyuz, and the United States also successfully used three generations of manned spacecraft, namely Mercury, Gemini and Apollo, as well as the space shuttle. & ltbr/>；
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International space station roaming in space
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The third problem is reliable life-saving technology and safe return technology. The biggest difference between manned space flight and unmanned space flight lies in the application of life-saving technology and the absolute reliability of safe return. & ltbr/>；
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Life-saving devices for manned spaceflight include ejection seats, escape towers, separation cockpit and manned mobile devices. They play their respective roles at different flying heights. & ltbr/>；