The research content of central place theory can basically summarize the distribution law of human activities in time and space. When a theory involves time and space, nine times out of ten it is mysterious. But this book has only two pieces of content. In the first four chapters, the first part mainly tells the development and present situation of the central place theory and its theoretical model. The last four chapters discuss the relationship between retail layout and central place theory and its application.
First of all, in the first part of this book, a considerable space introduces the development of the central place theory. Among them, as the cornerstone of the central place theory, Kirkhner's theory runs through the whole paper as a basic principle.
In 1930s, German geographer Christelle Christelle the relationship between the rank, scale, quantity and function of towns in southern Germany, and the regularity of their spatial structure, and summarized the relationship between the rank and scale of towns with hexagons, and formally put forward the theoretical concept of "central place". In the 1940s, on the basis of enterprise location theory, Liao obtained a location model-hexagon which is exactly the same as Crystal's through mathematical deduction and economic theory, and demonstrated and developed the central place theory.
If each end of a hexagon has six villages, the same nearest distance must be the center point for these six villages. You can boldly imagine that people's life needs and behaviors will definitely change qualitatively at this central point, where people will trade and gather. Perhaps temples, clinics, markets and even administrative centers have gradually appeared in this place, and that's how Kirkhner Center came about.
Ok, so the question is, why is the basic model of the center position a hexagon instead of a circle? Or other shapes? Halfway through the book, I don't understand why it's not round. Isn't the circle more in line with the theoretical model of consumption radiation radius? At this point, Liao Shi believes that under the condition of satisfying the linear demand curve, the demand per unit area of hexagon with the same area is greater than that of other shapes such as rectangle. In 198 1, another scholar, Mulligan, also pointed out that in a balanced state, if it is a hexagonal market area, the number of businessmen who get normal profits must be the largest.
In the central place theory, a central place is a place where central goods or services are provided. Central goods or services refer to goods produced and supplied in a few places and consumed in most places.
Centrality refers to the relative importance of the central place relative to the surrounding areas of the central place, and can also be understood as the degree to which the central place plays a central role.
Due to the different degree of centralization, the central place can be divided into senior central place, intermediate central place and low central place. There are many low-level centers, which are widely distributed and have small service scope, and the goods and services provided are of low grade and few types; However, the number of high-level centers is small, the scope of services is wide, and there are many kinds of goods and services provided. There are also some intermediate centers in the middle, and the range of goods and services they provide is somewhere in between.
For example, the high-level center is located at the center of its service range, six low-level centers are located at the end points of a hexagon, the low-level center has its own service range, and there are six low-level centers distributed at its end points, and so on, until the lowest-level center and service range. Just as Beijing is the highest center in North China, several secondary cities around it are the radiation endpoints of a hexagon. Tianjin, on these six endpoints, also has its own hexagonal radiation endpoint, which is one level lower outward.
They believe that economic distance is an important factor to determine the supply range of goods and services in central areas at all levels, which is determined by three factors: cost, time and labor, but the behavior of consumers also affects economic distance. Although Shashevsky's theory belongs to the forerunner of centralism, their theory was quickly screened out by the latecomers. Because this theory is based on assumptions. For example, the region is a plain without barriers, the region has sufficient and evenly distributed resources, and the residents and their purchasing power are continuously distributed, but in the real world, this is not impossible. This makes it impossible for the layout at the center to form a standard hexagon completely according to the theory.
Speaking of which, have you ever wondered why the county seat is small, but Beijing is big? Why are Guangzhou and Foshan separate? Why are cities big and small? Why is xiong'an new area located there? There must be some factors silently leading these.
This is the second part of this book, about the formation of the central system.
On page 6 of this book, Berry puts forward that perhaps the most important factor that determines the survival of the center is the choice of government residence, because political centers provide more opportunities for people to patronize and serve than ordinary centers.
At the same time, in this book, Bailey studied many towns in the development of the United States, and he found that the whole system in the center of 19 century was almost entirely railway-oriented. This is also easy to understand. Where there is a railway station, it is easy to get rich. If you want to be rich, build roads first.
The densest area in the center is along the railway, and the gap between the centers is consistent with the gap in residential distribution caused by the inconvenience of the railway. The distance between the town centers along these railways is consistent with the distance between the corresponding surrounding residential areas, which just conforms to the basic theoretical model of hexagon.
But in fact, the center of a region has different levels, scales and functions. The higher the level, the larger the scale, the fewer the quantity and the more complicated the function. This universal law can be used as the principle of central layout and applied to commercial layout, urban planning and other related fields.
Therefore, the third factor is that the center itself has market attraction and gathering ability, and the high-level center with rich functional combination is more attractive than the low-level small-scale competitors.
For example, after the graduates of Wudaokou Finance College enter the society, Beijing will be more attractive to them than other cities.
It was not until the 1970s and 1980s that the central place theory was gradually perfected by geographers, the most famous of which was the theoretical model of long-term population changes in different levels of central places proposed by David Huff in 1976.
Huff believes that the Kirkhner model is static and unscientific because it lacks a continuation process. He believes that, on the basis of Kirkhner Theory, the population movement should follow several principles: first, a certain central area has a fixed proportion of population migration in each cycle; second, the population migration should be two-way, with an inflow and an outflow. Moreover, population migration should be in a certain central area.
In a huff, the most exaggerated situation of population mobility will be the Spring Festival travel rush peak in China. Of course, the Spring Festival travel rush Peak now needs the test of big data such as modern remote sensing. Obviously, Huff's theory was also screened by the latecomers, because Huff's model can't explain the Spring Festival travel rush craze!
Until 198 1 year, Allen and Sanglier developed the system dynamics model of urban spatial evolution based on the white model. It can also be a model of urban evolution.
This model increases the uneconomical factor of agglomeration, which is usually called transportation cost. Therefore, on the basis of this model, urbanization has four stages. In the first stage, the growth of the center was concentrated in a few relatively few settlements; In the second stage, due to the high level of commuting cost, residents began to disperse outward, which is what we often call the phenomenon of anti-urbanization. The third stage: the anti-urbanization of residence has brought about the dispersion of some urban functions and the decline of the central core, for example, the old city has become synonymous with the youngest; In the fourth stage, with the development of decentralized mode, there are many sub-centers in a city, and competition within the city appears.
See if this theoretical system is what we have experienced and are experiencing in China today.
The world we live in has a beautiful name-the universe! Since ancient times, it has been called the universe, and the four sides have been called the universe. For thousands of years, human beings have been exploring time and space.
Surprisingly, the central position theory has done this. The third part of the book takes the periodicity of the market as the time clue and the change of the geographical scope of the central place as the spatial scale, and discusses in detail the relationship between the modern central place theory and the development of the market retail industry.
The central place theory is developed from krebs, and it is a bit one-sided every time. Although there are some advanced technologies such as satellite telemetry, the theoretical model of the central place is still developing. Imagine what impact high-speed rail, as a great invention of this century, will have on the central area! ? Think boldly again, what if there is a personal aircraft in the future? What will the central theory look like? But no matter how the society develops, the theoretical basis is here, and the predecessors have prepared stones for you to step on.
The theory of hexagonal central place was introduced to you earlier, but how to better understand and apply this theory is discussed in the second half of this book.
As mentioned earlier, there is a village at each end of the hexagon, and they will gather in the center. For the village, the demand is not high and the activity is low, so they need to make an appointment for one day and concentrate on trading with each other. In China, this kind of periodic gathering is called "market". There are also one or two climaxes in this small cycle, which we call temple fairs, spring fairs and so on. This is the cyclical market theory mentioned in the fifth chapter of this book.
Why do you mention the economic theory of cyclical market? Because the latecomers are not satisfied with the economic elements of Kirkhner model.
For example, Skinner's research on the staged market of China before liberation is a classic case. But in this famous case, the low-level central market of China's cyclical market before liberation basically conforms to the theoretical basis of Zyniewski. This is due to the vast plains and closed small-scale peasant economic environment in North and East China of China.
Unfortunately, once the modern transportation system appeared, the lowest center began to decline. Just as we lament the disappearing village today. Because of the developed logistics and transportation systems such as high-speed rail and expressway, it is easy for villagers at the grass-roots level to get in touch with prefecture-level cities or even provincial capital cities, or transport goods to the north and Guangzhou. Obviously, this will save more intermediate links for villagers, increase diversity and reduce costs for more advanced central areas. Therefore, it is natural for him to bypass lower-level centers, such as towns and counties. In the long run, these counties and townships will inevitably gradually reduce their activity and even eventually disappear. There is an anti-traditional process here.
The application of the central place theory in the development of business planning will consider more factors such as population density, purchasing power and traffic conditions between regions.
In the retail industry, Huff model is the most widely used model, and he has established a probability method of choosing [showing preference] for studying stores. Through preference probability, we can judge the actual behavior of consumers. Huff model holds that the probability of customers visiting a store is equal to the ratio of the effect of the store to the sum of the effects of all the stores that customers can consider. Huff model is also very accurate in predicting the market share of shopping centers.
At the back of this book, the logical framework of market geography and store location research is the mainstream development research idea of the whole real estate industry at present. Berry divides him into three parts: market research, parameters and market strategy, which is a complete methodology. Many methodologies in the book can be used directly. As mentioned in this book, the attraction of each shopping center is positively related to its size and negatively related to its distance from the community. In the words of real estate developers, the greater the volume, the greater the radiation range.
In the fourth part of this book, Berry discusses the application of central place theory in regional and territorial planning. The most intuitive case is the planning of each city, which is related to our personal food, clothing, housing and transportation, and even income and family development.
When it comes to the central theory, it is inevitable to avoid the location theory. As a side of human conquest of space environment, location theory is a theory created to seek reasonable space activities. If it is represented by a map, it is necessary not only to depict the positions of the subjects and other objects of various economic activities on the map, but also to fully explain and explain them in order to explore their forming conditions and technical rationality.
Because of its practicality and wide application, location activity has become an important part of the basic theory of human geography.
So, how to combine location with central geography theory?
The Netherlands initiated a land reclamation project around Lake Ethel and designed two market center systems. Many examples show that the central place theory is used by regional and urban planners to plan local commercial centers and commercial towns and guide regional development. The central place is inseparable from the development of the region.
At the end of this book, in the theory of regional internal growth, the author thinks that there are two main elements in the organization of urban-centered economic activities. One is the hierarchical urban system; The other is the service scope that affects every surrounding city and is commensurate with the metropolis.
Therefore, they believe that the driving force of economic change has three ways to spread in the urban system at the same time:
The first is the spread from the center of the metropolis to the hinterland. You can understand this by shipping from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai.
The second is to spread from the higher-level center to the lower-level center in the urban hierarchy with the mode of [hierarchical diffusion].
The third is to spread from the city center to the periphery through [radiation effect].
However, social and economic activities are often very complicated. As mentioned above, since the change of economic activities is from a higher-level center to a lower-level center, it is necessary for big cities like Guangzhou, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to maintain continuous innovation in order to bring sustained prosperity to the growth of the entire economic system.
We can see that the regional economic development in China is unbalanced. Coastal areas have a better economic foundation and a larger economic scale, and have greater advantages in attracting investment. This makes its regional economic growth more stamina, while relatively backward remote areas such as the west of Hu Huanyong Line are in a weak position in the central system. This will widen the regional economic gap and eventually weaken the national macroeconomic development. It is not difficult to understand why many cities have frequently released big tricks to attract talents in the past two years.
This is the general structure of the whole book "Business Center and Retail Layout".
Starting from the central place of Shashevsky, this book discusses the development and research process of the central place theory, various models and cases of the central place theory, the main points of the layout of retail outlets, and the macro concept of urban planning and development. It can be said that the theory is substantial, the logic is rigorous and the arguments are informative. You can read the skills of killing dragons in this book, and you can also read the city application guide in this book.
Although the central place theory is still in the process of further research. But it is such a research topic that is widely used in many fields of urban development.
Now remote sensing technology has changed the source of geospatial data, and people can use remote sensing technology to master the large-space and long-time series of system data of the earth's surface system. The satellite can send back a set of global image data within 18 days. Using remote sensing technology, maps can be drawn with high speed and high quality, and remote sensing data can be processed and analyzed accurately and quickly at the current computer level, which provides unprecedented spatial data resources for theoretical research in central and local areas.