In fact, Han Xin's fault lies in his paranoia, which is the so-called "when it is interrupted, it will be chaotic." In fact, he has been hesitating between opposing and not opposing. Just as Liu Bang's feelings for him are complicated, so are his feelings for Liu Bang. He has gratitude, resentment, contempt and fear, so he has been uncertain whether to object. Of course, Han Xin's rebellion was forced out. He won't fight back unless Liu Bang forces him. But it seems unreasonable to say that his rebellion or rebellion is completely framed. Judging from the fact that he betrayed Li Zhong, it seems that Han Xin is not a reliable person. He can betray Christy Chung, but why not betray Liu Bang? I just don't betray when I have the conditions to betray, and I am ready to move when I am a caged bird. It's a little confusing This is actually because Han Xin is a hero, not a lean man, but a strategist, not a politician. His viciousness and meanness can't compare with Liu Bang. He is always sincere and imaginative. He thought that Liu Bang would not treat him with his merits and friendship. As a result, he was caught off guard and became a ghost under the knife of others.
Indeed, there is no room for hesitation and doubt in the cruel political struggle. Liu bang's greatest advantage is that he can make a decisive decision, be clean and tidy, and do everything in place without getting stuck at all. Although Liu Bang himself has no skill or strategy, he has strong judgment, dares to make decisions and is willing to get ahead. It is this kind of qualification that makes him turn the corner many times, save the day, and finally change from weak to strong, step by step towards victory. The reason is that Liu Bang is a hooligan and a hero among hooligans, so he dares to gamble his life. Han Xin is a rogue but a nobleman. Therefore, he is inferior to Liu Bang in bearing.
Liu Bangduan can be called "a small number of non-gentlemen, non-toxic and non-husband." He can really let go of his hands and feet when employing people, and he can really do it when employing people. Liu Bang's men really have everyone: Sean is a noble and a tourist, Xiao He is a county official, Han Xin is a civilian, Fan Kuai is a dog butcher, Guan Ying is a cloth dealer, Lou Jing is a coachman, a robber and a drummer. Liu Bang treats everyone equally and gives full play to his strengths, and he doesn't care if others say that he is a mixed army and a grass king. But when he killed someone, his six relatives wouldn't recognize him. He had overheard rumors and thought that Fan Kuai was rebellious. He even ordered Chen Ping to kill Fan Kuai: "When you get to the army, cut it!" Fan Kuai is Liu Bang's best buddy. In his early years, he became friends with Liu Bang in Pei County. Chen Sheng Uprising, Xiao He, sent Fan Kuai to meet Liu Bang, repeatedly making it. Later, Fan Kuai followed Liu Bang and made great achievements. When I first entered Xianyang, it was Fan Kuai who advised Liu Bangqiu not to commit crimes and took over the army, thus establishing Liu Bangqiu's prestige. At the hongmen banquet, it was Fan Kuai who stood up and broke xiang yu's face, which saved liu bang's life. Fan Kuai is Lv Hou's brother-in-law and Liu Bang is his brother-in-law. Such a close relative and beloved person also said that he would kill if he killed (in the end, Chen Ping didn't carry out the order, and Liu Bang was seriously injured, so the matter went away), which shows his malice.
Xiang Yu is not so cruel. Xiang Yu, of course, also killed people, killing people indiscriminately. But because it is indiscriminate, it is blind. On the other hand, he often can't do it, for example, he can't kill Liu Bang again and again. So we can infer that if Xiang Yu wins the world, he probably won't kill the hero unless he annoys him. It is possible to kill a hero out of personal passion, but it is impossible to kill a hero in a planned and premeditated way out of political needs. Because for Xiang Yu, there is no question of who is Gao Zhen's master. Who can do better than him? Who can shock him, the first hero in the world? No. At least he thinks he doesn't know. Therefore, it is safe to be a hero under Xiang Yu, as long as you don't touch his tiger ass. Anyway, he won't see you as a threat who must go and then go soon. He may not even admit that you are a hero. Although it is inevitable to be wronged, there will be no danger to life. It doesn't matter if you are regarded as a hero, because that means he admits you are a hero. Real heroes always respect heroes. Out of the psychology of "heroes cherish heroes", he will also let you go. He insisted on not killing Liu Bang at the Hongmen banquet, which included this psychological factor.
Of course, Xiang Yu didn't kill Liu Bang for the opposite reason, that is, he despised Liu Bang extremely: what is he? Is this dog-like thing worth killing? Don't get my hands dirty. As we all know, Xiang Yu was extremely arrogant, and his initial contempt for Liu Bang was one of the reasons for his failure. Chu Huaiwang agreed with the vassal that "Wang Zhi was the first to settle in Guanzhong", but he also arranged Xiang Yu's Northern Expedition and Liu Bang's Western Expedition. His intention is very obvious. Although Xiang Yu also put forward "willing to enter the customs with Pei Gong", the reason was to avenge Xiang Liang, not to be afraid that Liu Bang had robbed him first. If the joint meeting of governors doesn't agree, he won't insist. Because he didn't believe that idiot Liu Bang could defeat Qin Jun, he became angry and flew into a rage when he heard that Liu Bangxian had "all kinds of treasures". Now, he has to admit that Liu Bang is a character, but he refuses to admit that he is a hero at heart. So he didn't know what to do. If you admit that Liu Bang is a hero, you should respect him. How could there be a murder? If you want to kill, you have to kill on the battlefield. It's too fall in price to hold a banquet in one's own camp and kill it in secret. If Liu Bang is not a hero, why kill him? Fan Zeng hinted several times that he just acquiesced in silence; Fan Kuai boasted, and he "didn't respond" because he was completely unsure of the size. As a result, Liu bang finally escaped from danger, but Xiang Yu made a big mistake of letting the tiger go home.
In fact, Xiang Yu doesn't have to look down on Liu Bang.
Yes, Liu Bang is a hooligan, but he is a hero among hooligans. To say that he is a rogue only refers to his background and upbringing, not his qualifications. In terms of qualifications, Liu Bang really deserves the title of leader. He was born a leader. He has all the qualities that a leader must have, and he doesn't need to be taught at all, not to mention that he can't be taught. Han Xin, Xiao He and others gave Liu a lot of thoughts, but these thoughts were all aimed at practical problems, and some were specific operational problems, which were strategies rather than strategies. There are also strategic suggestions that Liu Bang often understands at all. This insight, judgment and understanding are simply innate. Han Xin's statement that his talent as a "general" is "falling from the sky, not human resources" is not entirely flattering or ironic.
As a leader, Liu Bang's greatest advantage is "knowing people". Knowing people here is not to respect and make good use of talents in a general sense, but to understand human nature, both its advantages and its weaknesses. Only in this way can we unite all forces that can be United to the maximum extent, isolate the enemy, break them one by one, and finally transport the world in the palm of our hands. What is the world? The world is not land, but people. Therefore, if you win the world, you will win the hearts of people. Liu bang knows this truth very well. It seems that he was born to deal with people. Zi Tong Zhi Jian says that he hates reading, but he is intelligent by nature and broad-minded and can adopt the best strategy. Even the doorman and the lowest-ranking soldier became old friends as soon as they met. I think, not only because he is generous, informal and easy to get along with, but also because he knows a truth: "People are the first precious thing in the world." Therefore, he regards all people as precious wealth and resources, for fear that there are few people and they are never tired.
How can we win people's hearts? That is to know what others want and satisfy them. Han Xin's well-intentioned obsession with Liu Bang's "taking off my clothes and pushing me to eat me" shows that Liu Bang has won his heart and that Liu Bang can put himself in others' shoes: if he is hungry, he wants to eat, and if he knows that others want to eat, he will give up his own food; I want to dress myself up, and I know others want to wear it, so I gave up my clothes; I want to be the emperor of the world, and I know that others also want to marry my wife and son to honor my ancestors, so I generously raised them. This idea and habit of "everyone has food, everyone has clothes, everyone earns money and everyone gets rich" is the most popular in China.
However, Xiang Yu never thinks of others. He's just a little help at best. When redistributing power and interests, he flaunts his authority by his likes and dislikes. He demoted Han Guang, the former prince of Yan, to Liaodong and sent Zhao Xie, the former prince of Zhao, to replace the country. For Han Cheng Wang, because Zhang, an adviser, once helped Liu Bang, he was not allowed to be the "king of the country" (to go to the fief), and then he was demoted as a marquis, and finally he was murdered (really narrow-minded). Finally, he forced Han Cheng's brain trust into the Han camp and fought with him to the end (in fact, Liu Qu turned against Chu, an ally of Chu, and it was also Sean who contacted Liu Bang. Liu bang ranked first in the Qin Dynasty. Even if you can't make him the king of Guanzhong as promised, at least give him Liu Bang's hometown, or seal it closer to his hometown to comfort his homesickness. Xiang Yu himself is bent on returning home, and he should know that others have the same idea (in fact, Liu Bang's soldiers "look forward to going home day and night"). But he didn't. Perhaps out of jealousy of Liu Bangxian's entry into the customs, jealous that he robbed his own lens, he sent Liu Bang to Hanzhong, which was regarded as a wilderness at that time, so that Liu Bang didn't want to stay there for a day (in Liu Bang's own words, "An Neng lived here for a long time"), and finally led his troops to beg for it. Judging from the way he was in a daze and didn't want to leave as soon as he entered Xianyang Palace, Liu Bang was not a very ambitious man. If Xiang Yu had given Liu Bang a piece of fat at that time, maybe things would have been different later. At least, it is not easy for anyone to encourage Liu Bang to turn against Chu, and it is difficult for soldiers who have returned to China to return to the battlefield. (Sean saw this: "The world is set, everyone is complacent and cannot be reused." But Xiang Yu refused to let Liu Bang eat enough, forcing Liu Bang to eat him.
People who don't think of others are actually inexperienced; And those who can judge others by themselves are mostly self-aware. Liu bang really knows himself. He knows that he can do anything, that literature can't protect the country, that military can't govern the country, that tactics have no strategy, and that there is no force in fighting. So he left all these things to others to do, and he only did two things, one was to choose people, and the other was to make a decision. This not only avoids one's own shortcomings, but also mobilizes the enthusiasm of others, killing two birds with one stone. In addition, he distinguishes right from wrong, is good at listening to others' opinions, is brave in correcting his own mistakes, can tolerate others' mistakes, and uses talents in an eclectic way, which also makes others willing to use them for him, thus gathering a group of heroes around him and forming a pattern of complementary advantages. For example, Fan Kuai is brave, Sean is resourceful, Han Xin will be a soldier, and Xiao He will govern the country, which is simply an optimal combination. As a result, he became a very smart and successful boss. Xiang Yu doesn't understand this truth. He thinks he is the first hero in the world and does everything by himself. Instead, I was thankless and became a bachelor.
Xiang Yu doesn't know anyone or himself. I don't know what my strengths and weaknesses are, and of course I won't admit my mistakes. Until the final defeat, he committed suicide in Wujiang, saying that he was going to kill him, and he did nothing wrong. It is really "never admit mistakes." Liu bang is different. Liu Bang also made mistakes, and made mistakes in judgment and strategy, but he was willing to admit his mistakes and change them. In 200 BC, Liu Bang made a wrong judgment on the situation and military intelligence (in fact, it was the Huns who lured soldiers), and did not listen to Lou Jing's strong dissuasion and personally led the troops forward; He went deep behind enemy lines and was besieged by Xiongnu in Deng Bai (Deng Bai is a small town near Pingcheng). Pingcheng is now Datong City, Shanxi Province. This campaign is also called "the siege of Deng Bai" or "the siege of the city of peace"), but thanks to Chen Ping's secret plan (whose plan is unknown), it was able to escape. Liu Bangbanshi returned to Guangwu (now Yangmingbao Town, southwest of Daixian County, Shanxi Province), and immediately released Lou Jing, who was detained there, apologized to him, admitted his mistake, and sealed Lou Jing's 2,000 households as internal Hou.
Such measures are not available to Xiang Yu.
It seems that Liu Bang is indeed a hero. He showed his heroism by openly admitting his mistakes. In the history of China, few emperors, officials or leaders can do this. As soon as they get things done, they immediately feel good about themselves, thinking that they are "geniuses" and "generalists". They know everything, can express their opinions, can instruct everything, and everything is true and correct. If his stupid idea is refuted by his subordinates, he will fly into a rage or hold a grudge. If his misjudgment and decision-making mistakes are really proved by practice and facts, then the person who gives the idea is even more unlucky. In the battle of Guandu in 200 AD, Yuan Shao did not listen to Tian Feng's advice and was defeated. To save face, he even killed Tian Feng (see the next chapter). In short, they will only cover up old mistakes with new ones, and will never admit their mistakes, let alone admit them openly. Liu Bang besieged Deng Bai in 200 BC, and Yuan Shao's battle for Guandu was in 200 AD. The difference between the two events is 400 years, but the outcome is completely opposite, and the spiritual contest cannot be calculated. Yuan Shao is a noble family, with four generations and three publics, which is extremely expensive. Liu bang is a rogue, with nothing and no foundation. But Liu Bang's bearing is not as good as Yuan Shaozhi's.
Liu bang is not only generous, but also careful.
Liu Bang, seemingly careless, is actually careful. The night before the hongmen banquet, he heard that xiang yu would go to Enemy at the Gates the next day, and Xiang Bo could mediate. He immediately decided to please Xiang Bo. But instead of going to see Xiang Bo at once, he asked Sean or Xiang Bo who was older. As soon as Sean said that Xiang Bo was old, he immediately said, "My brother is watching." . This is equivalent to saying that he and Sean are "brothers". Your brother Sean is my brother Liu Bang. Equal to Sean, Sean has face; Xiang Bo as a brother, Xiang Bo has face. Both sides agreed. Liu Bang is really smart.
Xiang Yu is very confused. On the surface, Xiang Yu is a mother-in-law, sending soup and medicine. In fact, he is very careless. He is a silly boy, careless, or as Wuhan people say, "decent man" (handsome man without calculation). Liu bang went to Xiang Yu's army to apologize, saying that the minister and the general worked together to destroy Qin. The general hit Hebei and the minister hit Henan. I don't know how to enter the customs first (in fact, it was premeditated and there was a deal with Zhao Gao), so I can meet again after such a long separation (like an old friend). It's a pity that the general misunderstood the minister because of what the villain said (not at all). Hearing this, Xiang Yu immediately said, this is not what your man's subordinate Cao said. Otherwise, how could I be like this in Ji Xiang? As a result, I was confused and sold my informant.
Xiang Yu and Liu Bang are very different indeed. Xiang Yu is cruel on the surface, but gentle in fact; Brave on the surface, but fragile in fact. Liu bang is easy-going on the surface, but actually vicious; Seemingly timid, but actually strong. Xiang Yu is irritable and irritable. If he is a little unhappy, he will go on the rampage, go on the rampage and fly into a rage. But a few bowls of rice soup are just like nothing. What about Liu Bang? I can put up with this cowardice for a while, but I'm sorry. Look at him. He is like a cat playing with a mouse.
Obviously, Xiang Yu is a man of temperament and Liu Bang is a pragmatist. Because of practicality, he is not afraid to use villains. Because of his practicality, he is not afraid to kill heroes. Because of his practicality, he is not afraid to admit his mistake publicly. As long as he can achieve his goal, he doesn't care about his image. Unlike Xiang Yu, everything is done by temperament, and he is proud of himself and refuses to admit his mistakes.
But Liu Bang, a pragmatist, will appreciate heroes and praise the sublime like Xiang Yu. He did not foolishly divide the enemy and himself into righteousness and non-righteousness, insisting that the enemy is a bad person and his side is a gentleman. If he sees a real hero, a real hero, whether the other party is an enemy or a friend, for himself or against himself, he will sincerely admire and appreciate him. After Liu Bang killed Han Xin, he also killed the Hetu tribe, put them to death collectively, abandoned the city outside Luoyang, and threatened to kill anyone who dared to accept the body. At that time, Liang's doctor Luan Bu had just returned to Luoyang. Under Peng Yue's hand, he calmly reported the process of the task, then threw himself on the ground, worshipped Peng Yue and wept bitterly. When Liu Bang saw that Luan Bu had openly ignored his ban, he flew into a rage and ordered Luan Bu to be thrown into the frying pan. Luan Bu calmly walked to the oil pan, turned around and said, "I want to say one word and die". Liu bang said, you say it! Luan Bu said that when the emperor was trapped in Pengcheng, he was defeated in Xingyang, and the height was at stake. Xiang Yu couldn't make the Western Expedition because he was hiding in the girder and forming an alliance with Korea. At that time, as long as Wang Peng tilted his head slightly, there would be no today. In addition, in the battle of Gaixia, without Wang Peng, Wang Xiang would not be defeated. Now that the world is stable, shouldn't Wang Peng be knighted and enjoy peace? Unexpectedly, the emperor suspected him of rebellion just because he was ill in bed and couldn't recruit him once. Without evidence of rebellion, he found some minor faults to cure his death and killed all three families. I'm afraid of heroes all over the world. Now, Wang Peng has been killed by the emperor. What's the point of my living? Please let me jump into the pot myself! Hearing this, Liu Bang was awed and immediately ordered the release of Luan Bu and made him a captain.
Luan Bu was released by Liu Bang not only because he felt guilty (Peng Yue was really innocent), but also because he respected Luan Bu's personality and character. Many similar things have happened, such as releasing Kuai Tong and pardoning Guan Gao. Zhao's prime minister Guan Gao was arrested for plotting to assassinate Liu Bang. He was tortured in prison and refused to betray Zhang Ao, the king of Zhao. Liu bang respects Guan Gao very much. After finding out the truth, Zhang Ao was not only released, but also Guan Gao was pardoned. Kuai Tong rebelled against Han Xin and assassinated Liu Bang. The facts are all there, and I confessed, but Liu Bang didn't kill them. Liu bang is not a murderer. His killing of heroes is entirely a political need, or the need of authoritarian politics. So it should be said that absolutism killed Han Xin, Peng Yue, Zang No, Chen Yi, Lu Wan and Qing Bu, and almost killed Fan Kuai. Liu Bang's series of massacres are just "an inevitable operation of authoritarian politics". Only in this way, those who have no military power and bones will not be killed. Because killing them is meaningless, not killing them can show tolerance, improve the image and be politically cost-effective. Besides, Liu Bang does have respect for those tough guys!
This is somewhat like Xiang Yu.
Xiang Yu also respects tough guys. At the Hongmen Banquet, although Fan Zeng indicated many times that Xiang Yu was indifferent, it did not stop "Xiang Zhuang's sword dance was intended to repeat itself". It can be seen that killing Liu Bang at that time was still ambiguous, and it was a bit resigned. But after Fan Kuai came in, things changed. Fan Kuai forced his way into the tent, glared at Xiang Yu, pointed to his hair and cracked his eyes. This image surprised Xiang Yu. I heard that Sean was a participant (guard) of Pei Gong, and praised him and said, "Strong man!" After Fan Kuai calmly drank a big barrel of wine and ate a pig leg raw, Xiang Yu had a great love for Fan Kuai's "Shuang". So when Fan Kuai replied, "I die and don't avoid it, so I have to drink", and made a declamatory speech, denouncing Xiang Yu's "people who want to make meritorious deeds", it was simply "continuing the ambition of Qin Dynasty". Instead of being angry, Xiang Yu made a decision not to kill Liu Bang. Obviously, Xiang Yu at this time has forgotten the struggle between the world and his face. His heart is just full of respect and appreciation for the integrity of a tough guy hero.
This is the aesthetic attitude. This is actually the fashion of that heroic era. I have always thought that the pre-Qin period to the early Han Dynasty was the most magnificent era of our nation and an unattainable heroic era in the ancient history of our nation. As Marx said, ancient Greece is an unattainable historical stage that will never return. The appreciation of heroism and heroism is a spirit of this era. When Han Xin first arrived in Han Ying, he was still a little Mr. Public Relations. Because it violates military law, it should be beheaded according to law. Thirteen accomplices have all been executed. When it was Han Xin's turn, he happened to bump into Xia Houying, Liu Bang's confidant, and shouted: Isn't the King going to make great achievements in the world? Why kill a strong man! Therefore, "Teng's words are strong, and they are not relevant, but words are great." The "strong appearance" mentioned here does not judge a person by his appearance, but is attracted by his inner temperament. This is the unique aesthetic intuition of people in the heroic age, which is often clear at a glance. Otherwise, how could there be so many extraordinary people who were promoted by cloth clothes overnight, and how could they be promoted so accurately?
Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, as the top figures in this heroic era, are of course heroes. The difference is that Liu Bang is a rogue hero and Xiang Yu is a real hero. As Mr. Jane Bozan said of Xiang Yu: "His bravery, strength, generosity, frankness and rich emotions are all heroic qualities." (Jane Bozan: History of Qin and Han Dynasties, 1 15, Peking University Publishing House, 2nd edition, 1983. It's a pity that he is foolhardy, firm but not tough, generous and modest, frank and a little narrow-minded, emotional and emotional, too capricious and without foresight, which was defeated by Liu Bang, who is fond of resourcefulness, perseverance, generosity, shrewdness, rationality and pragmatism, and foresight, and can restrain himself. It can be said that Xiang Yu's success or failure, merits and demerits all lie in his heroic qualities. Because this temperament is heroic and has aesthetic value; Because it's true, it can't be successful. Xiang Yu is lovely and sad.
Han Xin is respectable and pitiful. Han Xin's respectable point is that although he was born in poverty, he was born in nobility. As a humble person, he yearned for the upper class. This is the difference between him and Liu Bang. Although Liu Bang said that "a gentleman should be like this" when he met Qin Shihuang, he just talked about it without any action or preparation. Liu bang's strength is that he is good at learning, so he can grow up in battle. With high talent and improvisation, he finally achieved the imperial industry. Han Xin came prepared. He was always ready when he lived in other people's homes, when he was starving by the river, when the doctor stood guard with a halberd under Xiang Yu, and when he received guests under Liu Bang. He believes that "since God has given talents, let them be used!" And I don't believe that I will never get ahead in my life. It is with this belief that he bears the burden of humiliation; It is in these struggles that he stands out.
Han Xin's tragedy lies in his incompleteness. This is caused by the inherent contradiction in his character. If a humble person is noble (Liu Bang didn't mean it, just went with the flow), it is inevitable that there will be speculation. Han Xin suffers from this speculative psychology. When he can be anti-Chinese, he thinks it is more important not to be anti-Chinese; When he can't resist Korea, he feels that he is really suffering. He dedicated his head to the clock. Originally, I wanted to buy political shares, but I was caught by Liu Bang, who was good at grasping the opportunity and looked down upon it. Mr Bai Yang said: "The tragedy happened in Han Xin, and there was no intention of rebellion. If only there were. " (Baiyang: White, page 122. ) That's not quite right. Bai Yang said that the Han government didn't have any evidence of Han Xin's rebellion, and only convicted him on the basis of the informant's confession, so it was a "false accusation of rebellion". But as far as I can see, it seems that the plot between Han Xin and Chen Yi is not made up. Han Xin said before he died that he regretted not listening to Kuai Tong, as if he had not reconciled. Of course, this can be understood as a missed opportunity or a rebellious heart. But in any case, Han Xin is not without any remorse. The bad thing is that he has both loyalty and betrayal, and neither is thorough. Loyalty cannot be faithful, but he dare not be true. If loyal to the end, then, even if Liu Bang and Lv Hou framed him, decent people like Luan Bu would come out to speak for him, complain, be keen, or be rehabilitated in the future. Unfortunately, none of them. If it comes to the end, of course, it's good. Needless to say, there is nothing to regret about success and failure. At that time, he can openly say to Liu Bang: I just want to kill you, a beast with a face and a heart! Isn't that great? Maybe Liu Bang really didn't kill him according to Guan Gao's example. How serious is Guan Gao's crime? Killing a king is to sentence him to death in the year. However, he is consistent in appearance and consistency. On the one hand, he insisted that the prince of Zhao was not a conspiracy, on the other hand, he insisted that he was going against the sky. As a result, he is a hero in everyone's eyes. Which is so timid as Han Xin: wrong, but not too wrong; You can't say it's wrong, but it's wrong enough. It's neither a loyal minister nor an anti-thief. You didn't get better, and you didn't get sympathy. You said it was wrong!
In a word, Xiang Yu is a true hero, an out-and-out hero; Han Xin is a struggling hero, but an incomplete hero. So, Xiang Yu died heroically, and Han Xin died cowardly. Excerpted from Yi Zhongtian's Pinren Record, I suggest you have a look.