(2) Now many schools have incubators and venture foundations. College students can have offices and warehouses of the same quality at a very low cost or even lower cost. The cost of starting a business for college students has been reduced again. Many schools stipulate that students can take an indefinite leave of school to start a business, also because they are worried about the failure of starting a business and lack continuity. Marie Laure Gigon sighed in her study.
(3) College students do not have so many worries about starting a business, but they also have very low-cost and high-quality talents, so it is easier to own and realize these ideas, and they are more innovative and competitive.
(4) At present, the state encourages students to start their own businesses and gives them strong support from politics to practice. Many local governments also welcome students to start businesses and give them the green light. As a student, it may be a huge advantage to enjoy many instructions such as tax reduction and exemption.
Disadvantages (1) Student entrepreneurship is an entrepreneurial team composed of classmates, friends or peers. Such a good relationship can help the team to be closer and quieter. But in contrast, most of the students in the entrepreneurial team have a very serious problem, that is, the ownership structure is extremely unreasonable, and many people say that the relationship is very good, so it is not easy. In addition, investors are extremely indignant about such problems, because there will be great risks. Even brothers should be able to decide who to listen to. At the same time, investors are extremely indignant at these problems because there will be great risks. Many students don't understand this.
(2) Compared with people who have worked or worked hard in a specific industry for a period of time, a very important factor is lack of experience. Students always lack an intuitive understanding and accumulation of the industry, which is also a disadvantage compared with their employees in the industry.
(3) Now many media have fabulous entrepreneurial spirit, especially college students. Entrepreneurship, this is a romantic word. So 89% students think they will change the world. Many college students' so-called entrepreneurship is actually their own fantasy. Many people can't even write a decent business plan, whether it's online entrepreneurship or something else. The important thing is to make money by doing business. Many college students don't understand this truth. They often burn the money of these ignorant investors and fail because of lack of funds.
Conditions for college students to start a business Establishing a reasonable entrepreneurial team and a good team can help companies improve their success probability in uncertain risks, because they have good decision-making and cognitive level. A good team is "complete" first. Should everyone have it? How do members divide their work? Your business model needs enough people to promote it. The second is "high quality". The quality here is not the work experience of the top 500 companies, but the matching degree of qualifications and projects. A technology-driven company whose founders are all senior operators can't do it. The above suggestions are not only for college students, but also for every entrepreneurial team.
Recognizing the difficulty of starting a business, most students' understanding of starting a business is usually not deep enough, and what they are exposed to in the internship is only the tip of the iceberg of enterprise operation. How to form a well-structured team? How to manage the incentive team? How to make products? How to operate? Do you have a clear understanding of your market? Does the product really solve the pain points of users? How to deal with the upstream and downstream without understanding the "hidden rules" of the market and resources? These are all problems that college entrepreneurs need to face. Therefore, before starting a business, you might as well ask yourself if these problems can be solved.
Choosing the right direction, college students have flexible thinking and will be exposed to many new things every day, so they often come up with "good ideas". However, entrepreneurship cannot be absolutely subjective, and the products that impress them may not be accepted by most people. Few investors will pay for college students' creativity. If you really want to start a business and make money, you must learn to verify the market with MVP and learn to speak with data.
In addition, entrepreneurship is not only a form of the Internet, but also can open restaurants, sell clothes and do retail. Compared with the "big and complete" project, it may be more suitable for college students to start a business by trying to do something "small and beautiful" in the vertical field of the track. Don't expect too much from starting a business and don't despair.
The failure of college students' entrepreneurial risk management is basically caused by management problems, including: arbitrary decision-making, unreasonable information, unclear concept, suffering from loss, improper employment, ignoring innovation, eager for quick success, blindly following the trend, weak will and so on. In particular, college students lack knowledge, experience, financial strength and psychological quality, which will increase the risks in business.
Capital risk Capital risk will always accompany entrepreneurs in the early stage of starting a business. Whether there is enough capital for starting a business is the first problem that entrepreneurs encounter. After the establishment of an enterprise, we must consider whether there are enough funds to support daily operations. For start-ups, if they can't make ends meet for several months or the cash flow of enterprises is interrupted for other reasons, it will bring great threats to enterprises. A considerable number of enterprises will seriously affect their business expansion due to lack of funds in the early days of their establishment, and even miss business opportunities and have to close down.
Competitive risk Finding the blue ocean is a good start for entrepreneurship, but not all start-ups can find the blue ocean. What's more, the blue ocean is only temporary and competition is inevitable. How to face the competition is something that every enterprise should consider at any time, especially for new ventures. If the industry chosen by entrepreneurs is a very competitive field, it is very likely that they will be strongly excluded by their peers at the beginning of their business. Some large enterprises often sell at low prices in order to annex or crush small enterprises. For large enterprises, because of economies of scale or strong strength, short-term price reduction will not cause fatal harm to them, but it may mean the danger of complete destruction to start-ups Therefore, we need to consider how to deal with the brutal competition from peers.
The risk of team disharmony Modern enterprises pay more and more attention to the strength of the team. In the process of the birth or growth of entrepreneurial enterprises, the most important source of strength is generally entrepreneurial team, and excellent entrepreneurial team can make entrepreneurial enterprises develop rapidly. But at the same time, risks are also included. The greater the strength of the team, the greater the risk. Once the core members of the entrepreneurial team disagree on some issues and cannot reach a consensus, it is very likely to have a strong impact on the enterprise. In fact, it is not easy to do a good job of teamwork. Especially when it is linked with equity and interests, many good partners at the beginning will break up in discord.
The risk of lack of core competitiveness For entrepreneurs with long-term development goals, their goal is to continuously develop and expand their enterprises. Therefore, whether an enterprise has its own core competitiveness is the most important risk. An enterprise that conquers the world by relying on other people's products or markets will never grow into an excellent enterprise. Core competitiveness may not be the most important issue at the beginning of starting a business, but it is the most important issue to seek long-term development. Enterprises without core competitiveness will eventually be eliminated.
The risk of the loss of human resources Some R&D, production or operation enterprises need to face the market, and a large number of high-quality professionals or business teams are an important foundation for the growth of such enterprises. Preventing the loss of professional talents and business backbones should be a problem that entrepreneurs should always pay attention to. In those enterprises that rely on a certain technology or patent to start a business, the loss of business backbone who owns or masters this key technology is the most important risk source of entrepreneurial failure.
Consciousness risk is the most inherent risk of entrepreneurial team. This kind of risk comes from intangible, but it has powerful destructive power. The consciousness with greater risks includes: speculative mentality, lucky mentality, trying mentality, excessive dependence on others, returning to the true mentality and so on.
In the process of college students' entrepreneurship, college students' innovation and entrepreneurship has always been a hot field. From the implementation of this project, many students' entrepreneurial ability can be greatly improved, and they can quickly enter a brand-new field, so as to better realize their life goals.
If you want to start a business, the project design must first produce results, especially for college students to innovate and start a business. What kind of projects can get quick results, thus greatly activating the strong demand? The design of this project is also critical. When the project has achieved results, it can be transferred to the entrepreneurial link.
Planning before starting a business is essential. Starting a business without a plan is reckless and easy to fail. In the process of determining the scheme, we can constantly find problems and supplement relevant schemes, so as to better improve the scheme.
Feasibility demonstration whether this venture is feasible or not, whether this venture has successful factors, before investing a lot of money, there must be a strict demonstration, and relevant data collection is also essential.
After the operation has a plan and passes the feasibility demonstration, it can be put into trial operation. This link must solve the problems of resources and teams, what kind of personnel, how much investment, and where each cycle is, all of which must be carefully considered.
Practice When college students enter the final stage of innovation and entrepreneurship, it is extremely necessary to enter the enterprise for improvement. We can make this project more outstanding and influential in the real environment.
After the report of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship is completed, they need a report to briefly describe the process, exchange ideas, improve their ability and cognition, and make necessary preparations and exercises for real entrepreneurship in the future. With this process, students' entrepreneurial enthusiasm can be extremely strong.
What preparations should college students make for starting a business? Start a business plan through your family background. Investigation and research must be based on realistic and effective market research. You can't imagine out of thin air, make subjective judgments, plan and summarize which projects are suitable for you, which businesses are better for starting a business, and predict whether you can make money, how much money you earn, when you make money, how you make money, and what conditions you need.
Money is indispensable, and it is also the most important and crucial link. At the beginning of starting a business, you must make good preparations for funds for more than three months or before the forecast profit period. Without money, it is impossible to cook without rice. If you don't have enough money and food at home, you can raise funds through several students' joint venture, or pay attention to the local government's college students' entrepreneurial projects and have financial support. If you apply, you can alleviate the urgent need.
At the beginning of graduation, graduates with environmental atmosphere and social relations often lack social experience and business experience. At this time, they can join industry associations through fellow villagers or other personal connections, so as to learn about the information of the same industry or related industries, learn to meet industry partners with various resources, establish extensive cooperation, and enhance industry capabilities.
Courage and confidence Courage is the temperament of an enterprise, and confidence is the character of an enterprise. Don't be afraid of failure and frustration. It will be slow when you first get on the road. Don't try to become a millionaire in one step. Do it down to earth. Finding out the rules of the game by doing these small projects does not require big and quick, so courage and confidence are very important.
The preparatory stage of college students' entrepreneurial market research is the basis of the whole market research, and whether the preparatory work at this stage is sufficient or not directly determines the success or failure of the whole investigation activity. Therefore, all preparations for the investigation activities must be fully completed at this stage. The main work to be done in the preparation stage of market research includes the following aspects.
(1) Define the investigation target.
For entrepreneurs, the main goal of market research is to understand the specific conditions of various factors in the market and provide necessary decision-making reference for the choice of their own entrepreneurial industries, entrepreneurial projects and entrepreneurial models. Of course, each entrepreneur's goal may be different, but the goal is the forerunner of action. Entrepreneurs must be clear about their survey objectives, and the whole market research activities should be closely focused on the survey objectives. Only in this way can we truly obtain a comprehensive and reliable decision-making basis.
(2) Select the scope and object of investigation.
The investigation is always carried out within a certain range. At the same time, due to the limitation of human and financial resources, it is necessary to determine a certain scope and specific objects for investigation activities in order to ensure the pertinence and effectiveness of the investigation. Market research can't be carried out blindly like looking for a needle in a haystack, but we should choose a specific industry, entrepreneurial projects, entrepreneurial models and target customers for in-depth investigation and analysis, and get relatively accurate survey results within a specific scope and object.
(3) Determine the investigation method
The method determines the result. There are many methods of market research, such as literature, questionnaire, interview, observation and experiment. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages and scope of application. In the preparation stage of investigation, investigators need to know about the use of various methods, and determine the appropriate investigation methods according to their own investigation objectives and contents, or use one or more of them in combination.
(4) Other contents.
Market research is a comprehensive practical activity, which needs the close cooperation of all links. In the investigation preparation stage, besides the above preparations, it is also necessary to determine the methods of collecting and analyzing data, do a good job in the organization and division of labor of the investigation, prepare the investigation budget and arrange the investigation time.
Investigation stage Investigation stage is the implementation stage of market research plan, which is mainly the activity of collecting data and information according to the investigation plan, investigation methods and investigation means established in the preparation stage investigation plan and implementing the ideas determined in the investigation design, and is the core of the whole market research process.
This stage is the only stage of direct contact between investigators and respondents. At this stage, the investigation process cannot be completely controlled due to various external factors. In order to successfully complete the investigation task, investigators must carry out uninterrupted external coordination of investigation activities. Investigators should pay attention to the following two points in the process of investigation: first, rely on the target field, industry or unit urgently, win their support and help, arrange the investigation tasks and processes reasonably, and try to avoid or reduce the adverse impact of investigation activities on their normal work; Second, keep close contact with all the respondents, try to gain their understanding and cooperation, never harm their interests, and provide them with help as much as possible when necessary.
The main work of this stage analysis is to review, sort out data, do statistical analysis and process thinking. Access to information is a comprehensive review of the text and digital data obtained from the investigation, eliminating the false and retaining the true, eliminating the rough and selecting the fine. Eliminate false, wrong, missing and redundant data to ensure the truthfulness, accuracy and completeness of the data. Collating data is the preliminary processing of the audited data, so that it can be organized and systematic, and reflect the overall situation of the respondents in a centralized and concise manner.
Statistical analysis is to use statistical principles and methods to study the quantitative relationship of respondents, reveal their scale, structure, level and proportion, reflect their development direction and trend, and provide reliable statistical basis for further thinking processing.
Thinking processing is to use logical thinking method to analyze and study the reviewed written materials and statistically analyzed data, reveal the essence and development law of the respondents and draw theoretical conclusions.
Compared with the investigation stage, the work in the analysis stage may be more tense and arduous, because whether the market survey produces results and the quality of the results largely depends on the work in this stage. So in a sense, data analysis is more important than data collection, because the level of research is often not the quantity collected, but the depth of analysis. Therefore, for the market survey of entrepreneurs, the analysis should be as objective as possible, excluding personal prejudice, and if necessary, it can be analyzed together with the third person involved in the operation, or even from the opposite angle. The analysis should combine the past and the present, from point to surface, from static to dynamic, find out its essence and law, and then make corresponding predictions to ensure the correctness of the analysis conclusion.
Summary stage Summary stage is the last stage of social investigation. The task at this stage is mainly to write an investigation report and evaluate and summarize the investigation work.
(1) investigation report
The investigation report is a written expression of the investigation results, which must reflect the true and complete situation, make an objective and scientific analysis and draw a clear and accurate conclusion. Even if there are many possibilities for future prediction, each possibility needs certain certainty.
A complete investigation report should include the following five contents. Purpose of investigation: briefly introduce the main purpose of this market survey, such as what problems are planned to be investigated; What information to know, etc. (2) Scope of investigation: According to the target area of starting a business, within what scope and with whom. When and where will the survey be conducted? ③ Survey method: Is it a comprehensive survey, a key survey or a sampling survey? Do you mainly use literature, questionnaire, interview, observation or experiment or a combination of several methods? What kind of statistical method is used? ④ Survey content: This part is the theme of the survey report, including information, analysis and conclusion, in which the conclusion is the focus of the report and should be determined through careful study and scientific analysis. ⑤ Suggestion: Write the preliminary ideas formed through sorting, analysis and judgment into alternative plans as the blueprint for the next business plan.
When writing an investigation report, entrepreneurs should pay attention to the representativeness of the respondents and the universality of the number of people, and attach importance to the investigation of competitors and customers; At the same time, pay attention to the diversification of information acquisition, pay attention to unfavorable situations and information collection, and strive to find existing problems and possible difficulties.
(2) Evaluate and summarize the investigation work and results.
Evaluation and summary of investigation work, including evaluation of investigation report, application of investigation results and summary of investigation work. Through evaluation and summary, investigators should not only make extensive use of the existing survey results, but also seriously sum up the experience and lessons of the survey, seek ways and means to improve the survey work, and lay a good foundation for future market research.
A complete business plan for college students generally consists of ten chapters and an appendix, namely: executive summary; Project background; Product technology or service; Market analysis; Marketing strategy; Company management (company strategy, management team, human resources, production organization, procurement and supply, etc.). ); Investment analysis; Financial analysis; Risk analysis; Exit and appendix of venture capital.
Executive summary It is the condensation and essence of the whole business plan, covering the main points of the plan. The description should be concise, clear, objective and logical, so that people can understand at a glance and understand what you are doing in the shortest time.
The background of the project mainly describes the reason of the project: What kind of industry are you going to enter? Evaluate the basic characteristics of the selected industry, describe the current situation and existing problems of the industry, the competitive situation of the industry, the development direction of the industry, and the policy orientation of developing the industry in China.
Product technology and service mainly explain product technology (or service) in detail, which should be accurate and easy to understand, so that non-professionals (investors, managers of other industries, etc.). ) can read and understand.
Market analysis of product technology. In the application field, market positioning and product positioning, market analysis, we must segment (segment) the market and target customer base around your goal, and the positioning should be accurate and clear. That is, where is the target market segment and where is the entry point of the market? Market entry threshold, market characteristics analysis, target market size (capacity), market share and growth rate; Analysis of main competitors in target market segments and comparison of competitive advantages (qualitative and quantitative). Cultural creativity and service consultation.
Marketing Strategies Different product technologies (services) will have different marketing strategies for different markets and different customers. According to the analysis of target market segmentation, customer base characteristics and competitors, after the target is determined, the targeted marketing strategy is formulated.
Investment (financing) analysis and financial analysis (forecast for the next 3-5 years) Investment analysis includes: registered capital, equity structure and scale (amount and proportion of shareholders' contribution); Total investment, sources and uses of funds. Investment hypothesis. Operating income and cost forecast, investment income (return) analysis: project sensitivity analysis, break-even analysis, investment return analysis, investment recovery cycle analysis, investment return policy, and so on. Dynamic analysis of investment benefit: net present value method, internal rate of return method.
Financial analysis includes main financial assumptions and explanations, and financial index analysis mainly consists of expected operating income (sales income) and trend analysis, expected turnover (sales) analysis, DuPont financial analysis system, financial ratio analysis and analysis conclusion.
The writing of this part of Enterprise Management is mainly carried out from four aspects: enterprise mission (purpose and vision); The company's overall strategy, strategic planning or strategic objectives and their implementation, as well as a description of the company's core competitiveness; Entrepreneurial team, professional knowledge and experience have complementary advantages, reasonable division of labor and clear responsibilities; Company management (according to the company's strategy, target market and marketing plan) mainly describes the company's site selection, organizational structure, plant equipment arrangement, process flow and quality management, production plan (capacity expansion), human resources, salary and incentive, procurement and logistics, corporate culture and so on.
Risk analysis and control describes the main risks and preventive measures when entering the target market. For example, "market risk, technical risk, management risk, financial risk, policy risk, import and export exchange risk".
The withdrawal of venture capital is mainly the time and way of withdrawal. If there is no venture capital in the registered capital, there is no need to describe it.
The annex part of the annex is to provide necessary supplementary information for the business plan. There is no need to put everything in the appendix, only those materials that can really enhance the persuasiveness of the text. Details+