With the establishment of the dominant position of scholasticism, the scientific tradition of ancient Greece was destroyed. In 390 AD, Emperor Khodorkovsky believed in Christianity and announced the abolition of other heresies. The Greek temple was demolished. In 390, Bishop Dio Fiedos ordered the burning of 300,000 Greek manuscripts. Ancient Greek books that were not burned were also brushed off or scraped off and rewritten into the Bible. In 4 15 AD, Hipaya, the last famous mathematician in Alexandria, was caught by fanatics directed by Imam Cyril and killed on the spot as a heretic. In 529 AD, Justinian the Great of the Eastern Roman Empire ordered the closure of all Greek schools, including Plato's Academy, to prevent them from competing with Christian schools. Many scholars had to leave Rome. In this case, science has lost its fearless spirit of exploration and the free soil on which to live, and can only act as a slave to theology like philosophy. At this time, only Ptolemy's astronomical system was considered as the scientific achievement of ancient Greece and Rome. When this system was first proposed, it was refuted by Christianity. Later, Thomas Aquila creatively combined Ptolemy's geocentric theory with the myth that God created man and made man's residence the center of the universe, and put on the coat of God, so it became a classic astronomy vigorously promoted by the church.

The only traces of ancient science left by the west in this era are Boatius and his works. He truly embodies the true spirit of ancient scholarship. He outlined and annotated the philosophy of Aristotle and Plato, and based on Greek works, he wrote monographs on arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. These books were used as school textbooks in the Middle Ages. The knowledge about Aristotle in the early Middle Ages was spread through his annotations.

The Byzantine Empire made great contributions to the preservation of the cultural heritage of ancient Greece and Rome. Although the state religion of Byzantine Empire was also Christianity, in this country, the power of the church never exceeded the secular rights, so there was still some freedom in thought and culture, and many ancient Greek manuscripts were completely preserved. Although this single spark failed to start a prairie fire in the dark age of science, it left an immortal flame for the later European Renaissance.

Main features of ancient science and technology in China.

1. China's ancient scientific and technological achievements have been at the forefront of the world for a long time, making great contributions to the development of the whole human civilization.

Generally speaking, China's ancient science and technology paid attention to practical application, with the characteristics of practicality and integrity.

3. All scientific and technological achievements created by the Chinese nation in the process of understanding and transforming nature are the crystallization of China people's hard-working wisdom and hard-working spirit, and are vivid manifestations of the vitality and creativity of the Chinese nation.

Major scientific and technological achievements of ancient China society.

1. astronomical calendar

(1) According to legend, the Xia Dynasty had a calendar, and the appearance of the Xia calendar created a situation in which the agricultural season was determined by astronomical phenomena rather than phenology. Still follow the summer calendar, know the leap month, and know many constellations. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty, there was the earliest solar eclipse record in the world. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the great social changes and the development of productive forces, the astronomical calendar also made a major breakthrough.

(2) Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented an armillary sphere for observing celestial phenomena and a seismograph for predicting earthquakes.

(3) The monk and his party first measured the length of the meridian of the earth in the Tang Dynasty.

(4) The Twelve-Qi Calendar created by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty is conducive to arranging farming.

(5) In the Yuan Dynasty, Guo Shoujing made more than ten kinds of astronomical instruments, and it was estimated that a year was 365.2425 days, which was almost the same as that of period of revolution. His chronicle is the same as the current Gregorian calendar, 300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar. He also presided over the large-scale astronomical survey in the Yuan Dynasty.

2, agricultural handicraft monograph

The Book of Qi Yao Min by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty is the first complete agricultural book in China. Shen Kuo's masterpiece Meng Qian Bi Tan reflects the achievements of scientific and technological innovation in the Northern Song Dynasty, which is of great value. Xu Guangqi's Complete Book of Agricultural Administration in Ming Dynasty has high scientific value. Song's Heavenly Creations is known as "/kloc-an encyclopedia of science and technology in China in the 7th century".

3. Medicine

During the Warring States period, Chinese medicine made great achievements. Bian Que put forward four diagnoses; Neijing put forward the theory of pathology. With the great development of medicine in Qin and Han dynasties, Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases laid the foundation of TCM therapeutics. Huatuo's "Ma Fei San" is the earliest "general anesthesia" method in the world. Herbal Medicine of Tang Dynasty is a part of fine medical journals in Tang Dynasty, and it is the first pharmacopoeia compiled and promulgated by the state in the world. Qian Jin Fang, written by Sun Simiao, the King of Medicine, is a famous medical monograph. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty is a masterpiece of ancient medicine, the richest and most detailed pharmaceutical work in the world at that time, and it has been translated into many languages.

4. Mathematics

The 99 multiplication table appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zhou Pi 'ai Su 'an Classic records the understanding of the special case of Pythagorean Theorem in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Nine Chapters of Arithmetic in Hanshu records the most advanced mathematical achievements in the world at that time. Ancient mathematicians in China have calculated pi. Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties, Song and Qi Dynasties made the value of pi accurate to seven decimal places for the first time, and his mathematical monograph "Quit" later became a stupid textbook for the Japanese.

5. Four Great Inventions

Papermaking was invented in the Western Han Dynasty and improved in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The three great inventions of printing, compass, fire and medicine began long before the Song Dynasty, but they were only completed and developed in the Song Dynasty. It represents the outstanding achievements of natural science and technology in Song Dynasty. The four great inventions are one of the symbols that China has become one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, and its great role in the development of world science and technology is known to the world.

6. China's achievements in leading the world in ancient science and technology.

Zhang Heng, a seismograph 1700 years earlier than the West.

1 100, Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi, Pi, earlier than Arabs 1000.

In eight hundred, the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo, lasted twelve years.

In 800, Tang herbal medicine

400 years, movable type printing

300 years in the Time Calendar

In 200 years, medical schools with excellent disciplines