Li Daoyuan (466 or 472 ~ 527), a geographer and essayist in the Northern Wei Dynasty, was good at writing. john young (now a native of Zhuozhou) came from an official family. Since childhood, I have been studious, well-read and fond of sightseeing, and have traveled all over Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Inner Mongolia and other places. Everywhere I go, I pay attention to investigating the topography of the water flow and trace it back to the source. He consulted 437 kinds of books, and on the basis of actual investigation, he wrote the geographical masterpiece Water Mirror Zhu. This 40-volume secretary describes the origin, flowing area, distribution of branch canals and changes of ancient rivers of 1252 rivers, and also records a large number of farmland water conservancy construction projects, battlements, customs and other information. Notes on Water Mirror is not only a masterpiece of geography with great scientific value, but also a unique travel note of mountains and rivers. He is an official "law enforcement official" and is envied by the royal family and powerful people. In the third year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (A.D. 527), Runan Wang Cheng tried to rebel in Yongzhou, urging North Korea to move its capital and sending Li Daoyuan as the right ambassador to Guanyou. On the way, Bao Xiao killed him, his younger brother Dao Jun and his two sons. There are other works such as Local Records and Seven Covenants, which have been lost.
Li Daoyuan (466 or 472-527) was a geographer and essayist in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Good at writing, john young (now Zhuozhou, Hebei) people. He once served as a central official in Pingcheng (the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, now Datong, Shanxi) and Luoyang, and served as a local official for many times. He is an official who is "eager to enforce the law" and "known as a tough guy", and has offended many royalty and strongmen. In the third year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (527), Runan, Wang Cheng, in the Northern Wei Dynasty, took advantage of Xiao Baoyuan's rebellion to encourage the court to send Li Daoyuan as an envoy. Huan is worried that the conspiracy of rebellion will be discovered. On the way, he sent someone to kill Li Daoyuan, his younger brother Li Daojun and his two sons. Li Daoyuan devoted himself to reading and writing all his life. Volume 89 of Shu Wei says that "Taoyuan is eager to learn and read wonderful books", and its masterpiece is Notes on Water Classics. Daoyuan pays attention to the words used in writing landscape characters, saying, "One word in a sentence is wonderful at any time." . The poems of Li Bai and Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty absorbed Zhu's artistic nutrition, and Liu Zongyuan's Eight Chapters of Yongzhou was actually born out of Zhu. Su Shi in Song Dynasty said, "Well, why am I so happy? I have read Shui Jing many times, too. 」
Li daoyuan
Li Daoyuan (about 466-527), who lived in the Northern Wei Dynasty, was born in an official family in Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province. He loved sightseeing when he was a teenager. Later, when he became an official, he traveled all over the country. Every time he visited places of interest, he also carefully surveyed the topography of the water surface and learned about coastal geography, landforms, soil, climate, people's production and life, and regional changes. He found that the ancient geography book "Water Mirror" lacked accurate records of the ins and outs of large and small rivers. However, due to the changes of the times and the rise and fall of cities, some rivers were diverted and renamed, but they were not supplemented and explained in the book. Li Daoyuan then personally annotated the water mirror.
In order to write notes about water mirrors, he read more than 400 books, consulted all the maps, studied a large number of cultural relics, and personally went to the field to check the records in the books. Water mirror has 65,438+037 rivers and 65,438+100,000 words. After Li Daoyuan's annotation, the number of river maps increased to 1252, with * * * 300,000 words, 20 times more than the original. The book describes the origin and flow direction of rivers, the physical geography and economic geography of each basin, as well as volcanoes, hot springs and water conservancy projects. This book is beautiful and vivid, and it can also be said to be a literary work. Because of its great value in the history of China's scientific and cultural development, many scholars in the past dynasties specially studied it and formed "Sydney".
The eloquent Li Daoyuan attacked Yongning Hou first, and the case was reduced to Bo. Li Biao, the assistant commander of the suggestion, wrote a decree in Daoyuan, and cited it as a book to help the suggestion. Biaoyou is played as a servant, and Daoyuan is relieved of his official position. Jingmingzhong is a Jizhou town with a long history. The secretariat is very strong and obedient to the queen's father. The west is Guanzhong, and it has not yet reached the state. Daoyuan acted for three years. The government is harsh, officials are afraid, and traitors flee to other places. After trying to defend Luyang County, Daoyuan issued a statement advocating persuasion. Zhao said: "Luyang was originally a barbarian, and there was no college student. Listen to it now, so as to be a good man and keep Wen Weng. " Daoyuan is in the county seat, and the mountain is quite famous. I dare not be a coach. Yan Changzhong, as the secretariat of East Jingzhou, was a powerful politician, as in Jizhou. The barbarian told me that he had invited Kouzuli, the former secretariat. And sent Daoyuan back to Beijing with 70 garrison soldiers, and the two were relieved of their duties.
After that, He Nanyin. Ming Di changed the towns of Woye, Huai Shuo, Bo Gu, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan, Huang Huai and Yuyi into states, and its county, county and garrison were named as ancient cities. Zhao Daoyuan holds the festival and serves as assistant minister of Huangmen. Chiyi and Li Chong, the viceroy, should set up a position and cut their future. Towns will rebel, but they will return in vain.
At the beginning of Xiaochang, Liang sent generals to attack Yangzhou, and Yuan Mu rebelled in Pengcheng. Zhao Daoyuan kept the festival, served as a servant, took photos of Taiwan officials, saved the armies, and shot Li Ping's story according to the servant. Liang Jun went to Yang Guo, but failed. There are many gains from the recovery of Daoyuan.
After the suggestion, lieutenant. Tao Element is called Meng Yan, and Quan Hao is afraid of it. But it can't be corrected, and its reputation is even worse. Alice and Ruyue have a good relationship and often sleep together. And the election of state officials is mostly because of reading. I often sleep in seclusion and return to my home. Daoyuan came to see me secretly, took my thoughts and sent me to prison. Queen Yue Qiling, please read your mind and forgive me. Daoyuan did his best because he was satisfied with it.
At that time, the secretariat of Yongzhou was slightly exposed, and the assistant minister and Chengyang Wang was jealous of Daoyuan, and was sent as a close friend ambassador on the grounds of satirizing the court. Bao was worried about Daoyuan's self-interest and sent a physician to surround Daoyuan at the Yinpan Post Station. The pavilion is on the mountain and often eats wells under the mountain. Now we are surrounded. Without water, we can't cross the well more than ten feet. The water bent as hard as it could, and the thief climbed over the wall and went in. Daoyuan and his brother Daoque were both killed. Knife scolds thieves, sharp death. Baoyu sent his father and son to Chang 'an East. Things were peaceful, and the funeral was also given to Shangshu of the official department, the secretariat of Jizhou and the Duke of Anding County.
Daoyuan was eager to learn and read strange books, and wrote 40 volumes of Water Mirror, with 0/3 articles in this journal/kloc. It is also a "seven hires", and all articles are in the world. However, brothers don't get along and are too jealous.
Geographer Li Daoyuan.
Yan Guan was killed.
When you see the spectacular scene of volcanic eruption in Hawaii on the TV screen: the magma ejected from a fountain hundreds of meters high discolors the clear sky; That red-hot river, which is composed of magma, melts soil and rocks everywhere, and flowers and trees turn to ashes in an instant ... Have you ever thought that 1500 years ago, there was a volcano in the southwest of Datong City, Shanxi Province. The crater was bottomless, and the hot air rushed up, often making a subtle thunder-like sound? Now the volcano near Datong has stopped erupting. We have seen the eruption of Datong volcano in a famous book by Li Daoyuan, an outstanding geographer in ancient China.
Li Daoyuan was born in Zhuolu, Fanyang (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province) in 465 or 472 AD. He and his father were officials of the Northern Wei regime during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. His father was the secretariat of Qingzhou, Shandong Province. I was a central official in Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) and Luoyang (moved to Luoyang in 493 AD), and a local official in Jizhou (now Jixian, Hebei), Luyang (now Lushan, Henan) and Dongjingzhou (now tanghe county, Henan). According to historical records, Li Daoyuan is famous for his toughness as an official. When he was an official in the local area, he did many good things for the local public security and cultural and educational undertakings, and achieved remarkable results. He enforces the law very strictly, and officials are afraid of him and dare not do evil. The thief also fled to other places. When he was an official in the central government, he was not afraid to avoid powerful people and dared to expose their evil deeds, so many powerful people hated him. In 527 AD, Xiao Baohuan, the secretariat of Yongzhou (now Xi, Shaanxi), tried to oppose the Northern Wei regime. In order to get rid of him, the people who hated Li played a plot to kill people with a knife, and deliberately encouraged the Northern Wei regime to send Li to An as the envoy of Guan Yu. Huan really suspected that Li Daoyuan was going to hit him, so he sent someone to rob him and killed him on the way. When Li Daoyuan went to Yinpan Post Office (now east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province), he was besieged by Xiao Department. Built on the mountain, and the edible well is at the foot of the mountain, the draft is cut off after being surrounded. Although Li Daoyuan and his party dug wells in the mountains to find water, and dug wells more than ten feet deep, there was still no water. In the end, there was no food and water, and Li Daoyuan and one of his younger brothers and two sons were killed at the same time. When he died, Li Daoyuan glared at the traitor and showed the spirit of unyielding to death.
Investigate geography and write notes on water classics
When he was a teenager, Li Daoyuan became interested in geographical investigation. When I was a teenager, I went to Shandong with my father and often went to places with mountains and water to observe the water flow with my friends. At that time, they traveled to Fumingquan in Linqu County and saw Shijing Waterfall. The water flowing down from the waterfall stirs up rolling waves and splashes, and the sonorous sound echoes in the valley. This beautiful and spectacular scenery greatly intoxicated Li Daoyuan. Later, he worked as an official in Shanxi, Henan and Hebei, and often used his work and leisure time to pay attention to on-the-spot geographical investigations and investigations. Wherever he went, he tried his best to collect local geographical works and maps, and according to the information provided by the atlas, he investigated the distribution of main roads and tributaries of rivers and the geographical characteristics of the areas where rivers flowed. He may trudge to the countryside, visit historical sites and trace the source of rivers; Or visit villagers, collect folk songs, proverbs, dialects and legends, and then record your experiences in detail. Over time, he has mastered a lot of original information about the geographical situation of various places.
At the same time, Li Daoyuan loves reading and is famous for it. In daily life, books are his inseparable companions. He has read many books in his life, especially books on geographical description, almost all of them. He studied very carefully, trying to understand and understand the records in the book, and trying to explore the reasons for the differences in the records in the same place in each book. A lot of reading made him have profound knowledge and became a famous scholar at that time. He wrote many books, which are very popular in the world, but unfortunately, most of them died later.
Through the field investigation and study of geography books, Li Daoyuan deeply felt that the previous geography works, including Shan Hai Jing, Yu Gong, Geography of Han Dynasty and a large number of local works, recorded the geographical situation too simply. During the Three Kingdoms period, someone wrote a book "Water Mirror". Although it is a little outline, it only records the river, not the geographical situation of the area where the river flows, and the description of the river is too simple, with many omissions. What's more, the geographical location is not fixed, and it is constantly changing with the passage of time. For example, rivers will change their routes, place names will change, towns will rise and fall, and so on. In particular, people's labor will constantly change the landscape of the ground. Therefore, historical geography works can no longer meet people's needs. Li Daoyuan was determined to write a book to reflect the geographical features and historical changes at that time.
In the process of writing a book, Li Daoyuan took the book Water Mirror as a blueprint and made it for the water mirror in the form of annotations, so it was named Annotation of Water Mirror. However, instead of trying to save energy and take shortcuts, he simply annotated the water mirror, followed the records in the book Water Mirror, and noticed everything recorded in the water mirror, but he spent a lot of energy and strength. There are only 137 rivers recorded in the water mirror, and the total number of words is only over 10 thousand. Li Daoyuan has added many rivers to the Water Classic Note, the number of which is nearly 10 times higher than that in the Water Classic Note, reaching 1252, and some of them are important rivers that enter the sea independently. Notes on Shui Jing * * consists of 40 volumes with about 300,000 words. From these, we can see that Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics is a re-creation far beyond the book Notes on Water Classics, which embodies Li Daoyuan's great efforts and is the crystallization of his years of hard work.
Li Daoyuan lived in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the North and South were separated and confronted. The Northern Wei regime was in the north, and the Song, Qi and Liang regimes were in the south successively. Although Li Daoyuan only lived in the area ruled by the Northern Wei regime, its scope was about the same as the area north of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, but his works were not limited by the regime and the region, and his vision was far beyond the scope of the Northern Wei regime, which reflected his desire for the early reunification of the motherland. In Notes on Water Classics, Li Daoyuan described the geographical situation of all parts of the country as well as some foreign countries. The northeast involved Bashui (now Datong River) of North Korea, the south involved Funan (now Vietnam and Cambodia), the southwest involved Xintou River (now Indus River) of India, the west involved rest (now Iran), the north involved the West Sea (now Aral Sea of the Soviet Union) and the north involved quicksand. It can be said that Water Mirror Annotation is a summary of the geography of China and its surrounding areas before the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Mirrors broke through the limitation that water mirrors only record rivers. Taking the river as the key link, he described in detail the geographical situation of the area where the river flows, including mountains, land, products, the location and evolution of cities, the rise and fall of villages, water conservancy projects, historical sites and other ancient and modern situations, and had a clear concept of geographical orientation and distance. Such rigorous and rich geographical works were unparalleled in China at that time and even in the world.
We can see from the Notes on Shui Jing that Li Daoyuan showed us the geographical features of China 14500 years ago with full brushwork, which made people have a clear understanding of the geographical status and historical changes of various places after reading it. For example, from the description of Beijing, we can know the ruins of Beijing, the historical sites in the suburbs, the distribution of rivers and lakes at that time, and also know some large-scale activities of Beijingers to change the natural environment in the early days, such as building river dams, dredging natural rivers and digging artificial channels. This is the earliest geographical information we can get about Beijing now, and it is also an important place for us to study the historical and geographical changes of Beijing. These materials are still very useful to us today. Science and experience tell us that the geographical situation is constantly changing with the change of natural conditions and the strengthening of human activities. In order to truly understand and deeply understand today's geographical situation, it is not enough to just study the current geographical situation. We should also deeply understand the changing process of the geographical situation and its causes, understand and master its development law, and serve today's construction cause. In this sense, Water Mirror Notes still has vitality today and is a rare and precious historical and geographical document.
Besides the information obtained by Li Daoyuan's personal investigation, the contents of Water Mirror Notes also quoted a large number of historical documents, including 437 works by predecessors and many inscriptions in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Most of these books and inscriptions were lost in historical changes. Fortunately, Li Daoyuan's quotation and copying left traces, enabling us to know part of the contents of these books and inscriptions. This is also extremely valuable information for us to study the development history of Chinese civilization.
Li Daoyuan's contribution to geography and history is worthy of respect.
Li Daoyuan (about 466-527), who lived in the Northern Wei Dynasty, was born in an official family in Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province. He loved sightseeing when he was a teenager. Later, when he became an official, he traveled all over the country. Every time he visited places of interest, he also carefully surveyed the topography of the water surface and learned about coastal geography, landforms, soil, climate, people's production and life, and regional changes. He found that the ancient geography book "Water Mirror" lacked accurate records of the ins and outs of large and small rivers. However, due to the changes of the times and the rise and fall of cities, some rivers were diverted and renamed, but they were not supplemented and explained in the book. Li Daoyuan then personally annotated the water mirror.
In order to write notes about water mirrors, he read more than 400 books, consulted all the maps, studied a large number of cultural relics, and personally went to the field to check the records in the books. Water mirror has 65,438+037 rivers and 65,438+100,000 words. After Li Daoyuan's annotation, the number of river maps increased to 1252, with * * * 300,000 words, 20 times more than the original. The book describes the origin and flow direction of rivers, the physical geography and economic geography of each basin, as well as volcanoes, hot springs and water conservancy projects. This book is beautiful and vivid, and it can also be said to be a literary work. Because of its great value in the history of China's scientific and cultural development, many scholars in the past dynasties specially studied it and formed "Sydney".
The eloquent Li Daoyuan attacked Yongning Hou first, and the case was reduced to Bo. Li Biao, the assistant commander of the suggestion, wrote a decree in Daoyuan, and cited it as a book to help the suggestion. Biaoyou is played as a servant, and Daoyuan is relieved of his official position. Jingmingzhong is a Jizhou town with a long history. The secretariat is very strong and obedient to the queen's father. The west is Guanzhong, and it has not yet reached the state. Daoyuan acted for three years. The government is harsh, officials are afraid, and traitors flee to other places. After trying to defend Luyang County, Daoyuan issued a statement advocating persuasion. Zhao said: "Luyang was originally a barbarian, and there was no college student. Listen to it now, so as to be a good man and keep Wen Weng. " Daoyuan is in the county seat, and the mountain is quite famous. I dare not be a coach. Yan Changzhong, as the secretariat of East Jingzhou, was a powerful politician, as in Jizhou. The barbarian told me that he had invited Kouzuli, the former secretariat. And sent Daoyuan back to Beijing with 70 garrison soldiers, and the two were relieved of their duties.
After that, He Nanyin. Ming Di changed the towns of Woye, Huai Shuo, Bo Gu, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan, Huang Huai and Yuyi into states, and its county, county and garrison were named as ancient cities. Zhao Daoyuan holds the festival and serves as assistant minister of Huangmen. Chiyi and Li Chong, the viceroy, should set up a position and cut their future. Towns will rebel, but they will return in vain.
At the beginning of Xiaochang, Liang sent generals to attack Yangzhou, and Yuan Mu rebelled in Pengcheng. Zhao Daoyuan kept the festival, served as a servant, took photos of Taiwan officials, saved the armies, and shot Li Ping's story according to the servant. Liang Jun went to Yang Guo, but failed. There are many gains from the recovery of Daoyuan.
After the suggestion, lieutenant. Tao Element is called Meng Yan, and Quan Hao is afraid of it. But it can't be corrected, and its reputation is even worse. Alice and Ruyue have a good relationship and often sleep together. And the election of state officials is mostly because of reading. I often sleep in seclusion and return to my home. Daoyuan came to see me secretly, took my thoughts and sent me to prison. Queen Yue Qiling, please read your mind and forgive me. Daoyuan did his best because he was satisfied with it.
At that time, the secretariat of Yongzhou was slightly exposed, and the assistant minister and Chengyang Wang was jealous of Daoyuan, and was sent as a close friend ambassador on the grounds of satirizing the court. Bao was worried about Daoyuan's self-interest and sent a physician to surround Daoyuan at the Yinpan Post Station. The pavilion is on the mountain and often eats wells under the mountain. Now we are surrounded. Without water, we can't cross the well more than ten feet. The water bent as hard as it could, and the thief climbed over the wall and went in. Daoyuan and his brother Daoque were both killed. Knife scolds thieves, sharp death. Baoyu sent his father and son to Chang 'an East. Things were peaceful, and the funeral was also given to Shangshu of the official department, the secretariat of Jizhou and the Duke of Anding County.
Daoyuan was eager to learn and read strange books, and wrote 40 volumes of Water Mirror, with 0/3 articles in this journal/kloc. It is also a "seven hires", and all articles are in the world. However, brothers don't get along and are too jealous.
Geographer Li Daoyuan.
Yan Guan was killed.
When you see the spectacular scene of volcanic eruption in Hawaii on the TV screen: the magma ejected from a fountain hundreds of meters high discolors the clear sky; That red-hot river, which is composed of magma, melts soil and rocks everywhere, and flowers and trees turn to ashes in an instant ... Have you ever thought that 1500 years ago, there was a volcano in the southwest of Datong City, Shanxi Province. The crater was bottomless, and the hot air rushed up, often making a subtle thunder-like sound? Now the volcano near Datong has stopped erupting. We have seen the eruption of Datong volcano in a famous book by Li Daoyuan, an outstanding geographer in ancient China.
Li Daoyuan was born in Zhuolu, Fanyang (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province) in 465 or 472 AD. He and his father were officials of the Northern Wei regime during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. His father was the secretariat of Qingzhou, Shandong Province. I was a central official in Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) and Luoyang (moved to Luoyang in 493 AD), and a local official in Jizhou (now Jixian, Hebei), Luyang (now Lushan, Henan) and Dongjingzhou (now tanghe county, Henan). According to historical records, Li Daoyuan is famous for his toughness as an official. When he was an official in the local area, he did many good things for the local public security and cultural and educational undertakings, and achieved remarkable results. He enforces the law very strictly, and officials are afraid of him and dare not do evil. The thief also fled to other places. When he was an official in the central government, he was not afraid to avoid powerful people and dared to expose their evil deeds, so many powerful people hated him. In 527 AD, Xiao Baohuan, the secretariat of Yongzhou (now Xi, Shaanxi), tried to oppose the Northern Wei regime. In order to get rid of him, the people who hated Li played a plot to kill people with a knife, and deliberately encouraged the Northern Wei regime to send Li to An as the envoy of Guan Yu. Huan really suspected that Li Daoyuan was going to hit him, so he sent someone to rob him and killed him on the way. When Li Daoyuan went to Yinpan Post Office (now east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province), he was besieged by Xiao Department. Built on the mountain, and the edible well is at the foot of the mountain, the draft is cut off after being surrounded. Although Li Daoyuan and his party dug wells in the mountains to find water, and dug wells more than ten feet deep, there was still no water. In the end, there was no food and water, and Li Daoyuan and one of his younger brothers and two sons were killed at the same time. When he died, Li Daoyuan glared at the traitor and showed the spirit of unyielding to death.
Investigate geography and write notes on water classics
When he was a teenager, Li Daoyuan became interested in geographical investigation. When I was a teenager, I went to Shandong with my father and often went to places with mountains and water to observe the water flow with my friends. At that time, they traveled to Fumingquan in Linqu County and saw Shijing Waterfall. The water flowing down from the waterfall stirs up rolling waves and splashes, and the sonorous sound echoes in the valley. This beautiful and spectacular scenery greatly intoxicated Li Daoyuan. Later, he worked as an official in Shanxi, Henan and Hebei, and often used his work and leisure time to pay attention to on-the-spot geographical investigations and investigations. Wherever he went, he tried his best to collect local geographical works and maps, and according to the information provided by the atlas, he investigated the distribution of main roads and tributaries of rivers and the geographical characteristics of the areas where rivers flowed. He may trudge to the countryside, visit historical sites and trace the source of rivers; Or visit villagers, collect folk songs, proverbs, dialects and legends, and then record your experiences in detail. Over time, he has mastered a lot of original information about the geographical situation of various places.
At the same time, Li Daoyuan loves reading and is famous for it. In daily life, books are his inseparable companions. He has read many books in his life, especially books on geographical description, almost all of them. He studied very carefully, trying to understand and understand the records in the book, and trying to explore the reasons for the differences in the records in the same place in each book. A lot of reading made him have profound knowledge and became a famous scholar at that time. He wrote many books, which are very popular in the world, but unfortunately, most of them died later.
Through the field investigation and study of geography books, Li Daoyuan deeply felt that the previous geography works, including Shan Hai Jing, Yu Gong, Geography of Han Dynasty and a large number of local works, recorded the geographical situation too simply. During the Three Kingdoms period, someone wrote a book "Water Mirror". Although it is a little outline, it only records the river, not the geographical situation of the area where the river flows, and the description of the river is too simple, with many omissions. What's more, the geographical location is not fixed, and it is constantly changing with the passage of time. For example, rivers will change their routes, place names will change, towns will rise and fall, and so on. In particular, people's labor will constantly change the landscape of the ground. Therefore, historical geography works can no longer meet people's needs. Li Daoyuan was determined to write a book to reflect the geographical features and historical changes at that time.
In the process of writing a book, Li Daoyuan took the book Water Mirror as a blueprint and made it for the water mirror in the form of annotations, so it was named Annotation of Water Mirror. However, instead of trying to save energy and take shortcuts, he simply annotated the water mirror, followed the records in the book Water Mirror, and noticed everything recorded in the water mirror, but he spent a lot of energy and strength. There are only 137 rivers recorded in the water mirror, and the total number of words is only over 10 thousand. Li Daoyuan has added many rivers to the Water Classic Note, the number of which is nearly 10 times higher than that in the Water Classic Note, reaching 1252, and some of them are important rivers that enter the sea independently. Notes on Shui Jing * * consists of 40 volumes with about 300,000 words. From these, we can see that Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics is a re-creation far beyond the book Notes on Water Classics, which embodies Li Daoyuan's great efforts and is the crystallization of his years of hard work.
Li Daoyuan lived in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the North and South were separated and confronted. The Northern Wei regime was in the north, and the Song, Qi and Liang regimes were in the south successively. Although Li Daoyuan only lived in the area ruled by the Northern Wei regime, its scope was about the same as the area north of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, but his works were not limited by the regime and the region, and his vision was far beyond the scope of the Northern Wei regime, which reflected his desire for the early reunification of the motherland. In Notes on Water Classics, Li Daoyuan described the geographical situation of all parts of the country as well as some foreign countries. The northeast involved Bashui (now Datong River) of North Korea, the south involved Funan (now Vietnam and Cambodia), the southwest involved Xintou River (now Indus River) of India, the west involved rest (now Iran), the north involved the West Sea (now Aral Sea of the Soviet Union) and the north involved quicksand. It can be said that Water Mirror Annotation is a summary of the geography of China and its surrounding areas before the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Mirrors broke through the limitation that water mirrors only record rivers. Taking the river as the key link, he described in detail the geographical situation of the area where the river flows, including mountains, land, products, the location and evolution of cities, the rise and fall of villages, water conservancy projects, historical sites and other ancient and modern situations, and had a clear concept of geographical orientation and distance. Such rigorous and rich geographical works were unparalleled in China at that time and even in the world.
We can see from the Notes on Shui Jing that Li Daoyuan showed us the geographical features of China 14500 years ago with full brushwork, which made people have a clear understanding of the geographical status and historical changes of various places after reading it. For example, from the description of Beijing, we can know the ruins of Beijing, the historical sites in the suburbs, the distribution of rivers and lakes at that time, and also know some large-scale activities of Beijingers to change the natural environment in the early days, such as building river dams, dredging natural rivers and digging artificial channels. This is the earliest geographical information we can get about Beijing now, and it is also an important place for us to study the historical and geographical changes of Beijing. These materials are still very useful to us today. Science and experience tell us that the geographical situation is constantly changing with the change of natural conditions and the strengthening of human activities. In order to truly understand and deeply understand today's geographical situation, it is not enough to just study the current geographical situation. We should also deeply understand the changing process of the geographical situation and its causes, understand and master its development law, and serve today's construction cause. In this sense, Water Mirror Notes still has vitality today and is a rare and precious historical and geographical document.
Besides the information obtained by Li Daoyuan's personal investigation, the contents of Water Mirror Notes also quoted a large number of historical documents, including 437 works by predecessors and many inscriptions in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Most of these books and inscriptions were lost in historical changes. Fortunately, Li Daoyuan's quotation and copying left traces, enabling us to know part of the contents of these books and inscriptions. This is also extremely valuable information for us to study the development history of Chinese civilization.
Li Daoyuan's contribution to geography and history is worthy of respect.
Li Daoyuan was born in Zhuolu, Fanyang (now Qiao Zhou, Hebei). His date of birth is unknown. Xiaochang of the Northern Wei Dynasty died in Guanzhong (now Linzhang, Shaanxi) in 527. Li Daoyuan was born in an official family, and his grandfather and father were both officials for many years. As an adult, Li Daoyuan has served as a central and local official for many times and has been to many places. During his tenure as an official, Li Daoyuan strictly enforced the law, made a decisive decision and severely punished all kinds of illegal acts. As a result, he offended some local strongmen and royalty, and was later assassinated by royalty.
Li Daoyuan has been interested in geographical research since he was a teenager. He likes to visit the rivers and mountains of the motherland, especially to study the hydrogeology and natural features of various places. He made full use of the opportunity of serving as an official in various places to conduct on-the-spot investigation, covering Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Inner Mongolia and other vast areas, investigating local geography, history, customs and so on, and mastering a lot of first-hand information. Wherever he goes, he will visit places of interest, mountains and rivers, carefully survey the topography of water flow, visit local elders, and learn about the changes of ancient and modern waterways, the origin of rivers, the areas flowing through, and so on. At the same time, in his spare time, he also read a lot of ancient geography works, such as Shan Hai Jing, Yu Gong, Yu Benji, Li Zhou Zhi Fang, Han Shu Geography, Water Mirror and so on. He has accumulated rich geographical knowledge and laid a foundation for his geographical research and writing.
By comparing the geographical phenomena I saw with ancient geographical works, I found that many geographical phenomena have changed greatly with the passage of time. If the changes of these geographical phenomena are not recorded in time, it will be more difficult for future generations to understand the geographical changes in history. Therefore, it is necessary to make a detailed investigation of the geographical situation at this time, consult ancient literature at the same time, and verify it with ancient geographical works, so as to record the historical changes of geographical features as detailed and accurate as possible. Therefore, Li Daoyuan decided to write a complete geography book in the form of annotations based on the water mirror.
Water Mirror is a geographical work written by Sang Qin during the Three Kingdoms period, which briefly describes the waterway conditions of 137 major rivers in China. The original text is only 1000 words, which is quite brief and lacks systematicness, and the history of the waterway and the geographical situation of the area it flows through are not detailed enough. To this end, Li Daoyuan used his rich first-hand information. On the basis of this, Li Daoyuan finally completed the geographical masterpiece Zhu.