Thinking is the generalization and indirect reflection of divergent thinking brain on the essential attributes and internal relations of objective things. It reveals the essence and internal relations of objective things with novel and unique thinking activities, guides people to get new explanations of problems, and thus produces unprecedented thinking results called creative thinking, also known as creative thinking. It has brought people new achievements with social significance and is the product of highly developed intelligence level. Creative thinking is related to creative activities. It is the unity of all kinds of thinking activities, but divergent thinking and inspiration play an important role in it. Creative thinking generally goes through four stages: preparation period, brewing period, opening period and verification period. There are mainly several creative thinking models: Robert Jeffrey Sternberg's "three-dimensional model theory of creativity" and Jobin's model based on "relationship complexity"

The role of divergent thinking

The core functional imagination is the source of human brain's innovative activities. Association brings the source together, and divergent thinking provides a broad channel for the flow of this source. Many technical methods of innovative thinking are closely related to divergent thinking. The main function of divergent thinking is to provide as many problem-solving schemes as possible for subsequent convergent thinking. It is impossible for each of these schemes to be correct and valuable, but there must be sufficient guarantee in quantity.

[Edit this paragraph] Characteristics of divergent thinking

fluent

Smooth and divergent thinking is the free play of thought. It means generating and expressing as many ideas as possible in the shortest time, and quickly adapting and digesting new ideas. Wit is closely related to fluency. Fluency reflects the speed and quantity characteristics of divergent thinking.

flexibility

Flexibility is a process of overcoming some rigid thinking frame set in people's minds and thinking in a new direction. Flexibility needs horizontal analogy, cross-domain transformation and analogy to make divergent thinking spread in different aspects and directions, showing extremely rich diversity and versatility.

Uniqueness

Uniqueness refers to the ability of people to make unusual and novel reactions different from others in divergent thinking. Uniqueness is the highest goal of divergent thinking.

Multi-sensory (combined)

Divergent thinking not only uses visual thinking and auditory thinking, but also makes full use of other senses to receive information and process it. Divergent thinking is also closely related to emotions. If thinkers can find ways to stimulate interest, generate passion, make information emotional and give it emotional color, it will improve the speed and effect of divergent thinking.

[Edit this paragraph] Examples of divergent thinking forms

stereoscopic thinking

When thinking about problems, jump out of the limitations of points, lines and planes and think in three dimensions. Three-dimensional greening: the roof garden increases the green area, reduces the occupied area, improves the environment and purifies the air. Three-dimensional agriculture and intercropping: for example, mung beans are planted in corn fields, peanuts are planted in sorghum fields, shrubs are planted under tall trees, grasses are planted under shrubs, and edible fungi are planted under grasses. Three-dimensional fishery: cage fish culture makes full use of the three-dimensional development resources of water surface and water body: what other three-dimensional thinking forms can you think of to develop coal, stone and products?

Plane thinking

Divergent thinking form characterized by conceiving two-dimensional plane graphics, such as drawing the center and circumference with a pen and a piece of paper. This discontinuous figure is difficult to draw with one stroke. Reverse thinking

The way of thinking contrary to the usual way of thinking is also called reverse thinking. Because many things in the objective world can produce B, B can also produce A, accordingly, Italian scientist Volta 1800 invented the Volta battery. Conversely, electrical energy can also produce chemical energy. Through electrolysis, British chemist David 1807 discovered seven elements, such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium and boron. For example, the size of sound can cause the corresponding vibration of metal plate, and conversely, the vibration of metal plate can also cause the change of sound size. Edison invented and made the world's first phonograph by improving the telephone. So how to do reverse thinking? 1) Backward thinking on the dependence conditions of things. For example, if a child falls into the water and saves people from the water, people will come out of the water. Sima Guang's rescue is to break the jar and get the water out of people. This is reverse thinking. 2) Reverse thinking about the development process of things. For example, people walk up stairs, elevators take roads, and people don't move. 3) think about the position of things in reverse, such as carrying out activities such as "I am so-and-so". 4) Thinking backward about the result of things, it is said that Tolstoy, a great Russian writer, designed such a problem: once upon a time, there was a farmer who left some cows after his death. He wrote in his suicide note: His wife got half of all the cows and half of herself; The eldest son gets half and a half of the remaining cows, which is exactly half of his wife's income; The second son wants to return the remaining half of the cattle and half of the head, which is exactly half of the eldest son; The eldest daughter gave the last half and half of the head, which was exactly equal to half of the cow that the second son got. As a result, no cattle were killed, and there was nothing left. How many cows does the farmer always leave behind? In commercial marketing operations, there are often applications of reverse thinking: for example, people in the watch business like to say that their watches are accurate, but a watch factory says that their watches are not accurate enough, and there will be an error of 1 second every day. Without losing customers, everyone agrees with them and buys them enthusiastically; Make two squares and four triangles with eight matches (matches cannot be bent or broken). Generally, it is easier to make a triangle in a square from the diagonal, but the length of the diagonal is greater than the side length of the square, so conversely, to form a triangle with the same side length, it is necessary to stagger the diagonal.

lateral thinking

A way of thinking that is inspired by things that are far from the problem, so as to solve the problem. At the end of 1: 19, maunier, a French gardener, thought of an example of cement reinforcement from the entanglement of plants. When a person tries to think about a problem, a dominant focus will be formed in his brain. Once inspired by other things, it is easy to reflect on this dominant focus and solve problems.

lateral thinking

A form of thinking as opposed to divergent thinking and longitudinal thinking. Longitudinal thinking is a kind of convergent thinking that goes straight up and down through logical reasoning. Lateral thinking is to find the answer to the question from the horizontal when the vertical thinking is frustrated. Just as time is one-dimensional and space is multi-dimensional, horizontal thinking and vertical thinking represent the complementarity of one-dimensional and multi-dimensional. British scholar Debono first put forward the concept of lateral thinking. The purpose of his creation of the concept of lateral thinking is to put forward complementary and opposing thinking methods in view of the defects of longitudinal thinking.

Multi-channel thinking

Solving problems is not a dark road, but a multi-angle and multi-faceted thinking. This is the most common form of divergent thinking (reverse, lateral and lateral thinking is one of the special forms).

Combinatorial thinking

Starting from one thing, taking it as a divergence point, and connecting it with another (or some) things as much as possible, a new way of thinking with divergent new values (or additional values) is formed. The first great combination was that Newton combined Kepler's three laws of celestial motion with Galileo's laws of vertical and horizontal motion of objects, thus establishing classical mechanics and causing a technological revolution marked by steam engines; The second great combination was that Maxwell combined Faraday's electromagnetic induction theory with Lagrange's and Hamilton's mathematical methods to create a more complete electromagnetic theory, which led to a technological revolution marked by generators and motors. The third great combination was Dirac's combination of Einstein's theory of relativity and Schrodinger equation, which created relative quantum mechanics and caused a new technological revolution marked by atomic energy technology and computer technology. So Einstein said, "... combination seems to be the essential feature of creative thinking. There are many examples of combinatorial creation in science, business and other industries. Of course, the combination is not a random patchwork, but an organic best combination that must follow certain scientific laws. The information intersection method created by China thinking demon Xu Guotai is a good tool for combinatorial thinking.

[Edit this paragraph] The method of divergent thinking

1, the general method of material divergent thinking-take as many "materials" as possible in an article as divergent points and imagine its multiple uses. Function divergence method-from the function of something, conceive all kinds of possibilities to obtain this function. Structural divergence method-take the structure of something as the divergence point and imagine the possibilities of using the structure. Form divergence method-imagine the possibilities of using a certain form with the form of things as the divergence point. Combination divergence method-take something as the divergence point and combine with other things as much as possible to form new things. Method divergence method-take a certain method as the divergence point and imagine the possibilities of using this method. Causal divergence method-take the result of the development of things as the divergence point, infer various reasons from the results, or infer various possible results from the reasons. 2. Hypothetical conjecture, whether arbitrarily chosen or limited, should involve situations that are contrary to facts, objects and states that are temporarily impossible or nonexistent in reality. It doesn't matter, most of the ideas obtained by hypothetical speculation may be unrealistic, absurd and infeasible. It is important that some ideas can be transformed into reasonable and useful ideas. 3. Collective Divergent Thinking Divergent thinking requires not only all our brains, but also unlimited resources around us to brainstorm. Collective divergent thinking can take different forms. For example, we often jokingly call it "Zhuge Lianghui". In design, we usually use "brainstorming". Everyone who speaks his mind, whether it is possible or not, can be recognized and adopted by everyone as long as it makes sense, and finally draw a conclusion. This method is called brainstorming. 4 divergent thinking and logical thinking divergent thinking is like a tree. Thinking itself seems to be useless, but it is actually a kind of ability to "transfer analogy". If something is the trunk of a "tree", then its branches, leaves and roots are all the results of thinking transfer. The stronger the analogical ability of migration, the more lush the branches, leaves and roots of nature. Nutrition here is the knowledge and cognition accumulated by people themselves in their lives. Naturally, the deeper this accumulation, the more correct and inclusive the deep cognition will be. Thinking divergence does not depend on any media, but it must have a cause, that is, there must be a trigger event. Migration needs people's active thinking, because some things have no obvious relationship, so people should make assumptions first and then demonstrate them in practice. This method is very effective in entering the field of philosophy, because the breadth and depth of philosophical discussion cannot be explained in other fields. Philosophy is used to explain other fields, so entering philosophy must be a hypothesis at the beginning. This is a supplement to the characteristics of divergent thinking, and it is out of nothing, but it must be proved by later practice to demonstrate its scope of application and distinguish the value and limitations of this result. Divergent thinking mainly depends on "analogy", resulting in process results. However, we should pay attention to summing up and accumulating, so that divergent thinking will become wider and richer in the future. Divergent thinking usually relies on logical thinking to establish "connection", because the result of migration should be as objective and correct as possible, and try not to perceive "connection". Logical argument has universal applicability to non-perceptual categories. Therefore, when a matter involves a wide range, some branches of it may be directly derived by divergent thinking analogy, while others may be diverged after theoretical derivation by logical thinking. The value of divergent thinking depends more on people's own experience, experience and understanding of life and human nature. Only when these contents are continuously enriched, the value of divergent thinking will become higher and higher, and the embodiment will become more and more obvious. Therefore, divergent thinking itself depends on people's life accumulation and thinking vitality to reflect the value. If people have nothing, then divergent thinking is an empty shelf and won't grow up. Therefore, this requires: people should pay attention to life, be naive, and be calm when things happen. Peace is the beginning of everything. In order to make the migration results as correct and objective as possible, it is necessary to be calm, so divergent thinking needs to be tempered to a great extent. For anything, you should have both a personal identity and a passer-by attitude when analyzing it.

logical thinking

Such as bamboo poles. Extending section by section, interlocking. The main application of logical thinking is to establish "relationships". In addition to the real material, there should also be a spiritual realm. In reality, it is mainly used for scientific deduction and scientific calculation. Between heart and heart, it is mainly to grasp the "degree" of feelings. Sometimes it may not be obvious at the moment, because emotional problems change irregularly in detail, but the general direction will not change. It's just that the process is different, which is why psychology is prone to make mistakes on specific issues. Psychology can only draw conclusions about the "universal and normal side", and it is impossible to make precise and accurate judgments about a specific person. Therefore, psychological logical thinking is mainly about grasping the "degree" of emotion. As for the precise and specific trend, several possibilities of its existence should be deduced according to the degree. Logical thinking does not need high life accumulation, and sometimes it even needs stubbornness on thinking vitality. To persevere, its advantage lies in the rigor and continuity of argument.

The combination of divergent thinking and logical thinking

Like a bamboo ridge, it is a scattered structure in some areas. Logical thinking is the "main line" and divergent thinking constitutes the "secondary line". At the beginning of the event, according to the "common ground" between the event and other things, it diverges into various relatively simple concrete objects that are similar to this situation. If these objects are compared with bamboo, each object develops into a relatively smaller but more concentrated and refined thing according to logical thinking. When comparing bamboo, if the previous situation diverges into the first section of bamboo at the beginning, then the second section of bamboo follows, which means the second section is the first section. At the connection of each node, the smaller objects (i.e., the influencing factors contained in the first and second parts, etc.). ) can be directly branched into leaves, and then branched into branches after logical thinking, thus supplementing the two "nodes" at this connection. On a small scale, branches are also established according to logical thinking, and then pushed one by one, and then a part is added to each small node. Part of the logic is inferred to the later part of the branch. The object corresponding to the main body of bamboo is gradually reduced and simplified as mentioned above, and leaves and branches are also born at each node, which gradually expand from big to small and from main to secondary. Finally, this object develops into an independent and complete bamboo, and all kinds of objects involved in the initial analogy of the final event develop in this way, forming the whole ridge of bamboo, that is, collecting all kinds of knowledge in various fields involved in the event as much as possible, so as to distinguish in various specific situations. However, the requirements of these two kinds of thinking for thinking itself are that one focuses on directionality and the other focuses on directionality, and their different functions determine that they have completely different influencing factors. Therefore, people who can use these two kinds of thinking flexibly at the same time must be calm and open-minded, and they must also pay attention to details and have rich experience. Naturally, the above two kinds of thinking are really owned.

Cultivate divergent thinking ability in such ways as "using". [Editor] The Role of Divergent Thinking

1, the core function of imagination is the source of human brain's innovative activities, association makes the source converge, and divergent thinking provides a broad channel for the flow of this source. 2. Many technical methods of innovative thinking are closely related to divergent thinking. 3. The main function of indemnificatory divergent thinking is to provide as many solutions as possible for the following convergent thinking. It is impossible for each of these schemes to be correct and valuable, but there must be sufficient guarantee in quantity. [Editor] Characteristics of divergent thinking

1, fluency is the free play of ideas. It means generating and expressing as many ideas as possible in the shortest time, and quickly adapting and digesting new ideas. Wit is closely related to fluency. Fluency reflects the speed and quantity characteristics of divergent thinking. 2. Flexibility Flexibility is the process of overcoming some rigid thinking frame set in people's minds and thinking in a new direction. Flexibility needs horizontal analogy, cross-domain transformation and analogy to make divergent thinking spread in different aspects and directions, showing extremely rich diversity and versatility. 3. Uniqueness Uniqueness refers to the ability of people to make unusual and novel reactions different from others in divergent thinking. Uniqueness is the highest goal of divergent thinking. 4. Multi-sensory divergent thinking not only uses visual thinking and auditory thinking, but also makes full use of other senses to receive information and process it. Divergent thinking is also closely related to emotions. If thinkers can find ways to stimulate interest, generate passion, make information emotional and give it emotional color, it will improve the speed and effect of divergent thinking. [Editor] Examples of divergent thinking forms

1, three-dimensional thinking jumps out of the limitation of line and plane when thinking about problems and thinks about problems in a three-dimensional way. Three-dimensional greening: the roof garden increases the green area, reduces the occupied area, improves the environment and purifies the air.

Three-dimensional agriculture and intercropping: for example, mung beans are planted in corn fields and peanuts are planted in sorghum fields.

Three-dimensional forest: shrubs are planted under tall trees, grass is planted under the shrubs, and edible fungi are planted under the grass.

Three-dimensional fishery: cage fish culture makes full use of water surface and water body.

Three-dimensional development resources: coal, stone and developed products.

What other three-dimensional thinking forms can you think of? 2. Plane thinking is a divergent thinking form characterized by conceiving two-dimensional plane graphics, such as drawing the center and circumference with a pen, a piece of paper and a stroke. This discontinuous figure is difficult to draw with one stroke. 3. Reverse thinking goes against the usual way of thinking. The method of thinking in the opposite direction is also called reverse thinking. Because many things in the objective world can produce B, B can also produce A, accordingly, Italian scientist Volta 1800 invented the Volta battery. Conversely, electrical energy can also produce chemical energy. Through electrolysis, British chemist David 1807 discovered seven elements, such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium and boron. For example, the size of sound can cause the corresponding vibration of metal plate, and conversely, the vibration of metal plate can also cause the change of sound size. Edison invented and made the world's first phonograph by improving the telephone. So how to do reverse thinking? 1) Backward thinking on the dependence conditions of things. For example, if a child falls into the water and saves people from the water, people will come out of the water. Sima Guang's rescue is to break the jar and get the water out of people. This is reverse thinking. 2) Reverse thinking about the development process of things. For example, people walk up stairs, elevators take roads, and people don't move. 3) think about the position of things in reverse, such as carrying out activities such as "I am so-and-so". 4) Thinking backward about the result of things, it is said that Tolstoy, a great Russian writer, designed such a problem: once upon a time, there was a farmer who left some cows after his death. He wrote in his suicide note: His wife got half of all the cows and half of herself; The eldest son gets half and a half of the remaining cows, which is exactly half of his wife's income; The second son wants to return the remaining half of the cattle and half of the head, which is exactly half of the eldest son; The eldest daughter gave the last half and half of the head, which was exactly equal to half of the cow that the second son got. As a result, no cattle were killed, and there was nothing left. How many cows does the farmer always leave behind? In commercial marketing operations, there are often applications of reverse thinking: for example, people in the watch business like to say that their watches are accurate, but a watch factory says that their watches are not accurate enough, and there will be an error of 1 second every day. Without losing customers, everyone agrees with them and buys them enthusiastically; Make two squares and four triangles with eight matches (matches cannot be bent or broken). Generally, it is easier to make a triangle in a square from the diagonal, but the length of the diagonal is greater than the side length of the square, so conversely, to form a triangle with the same side length, it is necessary to stagger the diagonal. 4. bypass thinking is a way of thinking that is inspired by things far away from the problem, so as to solve the problem. At the end of 1: 19, maunier, a French gardener, thought of an example of cement reinforcement from the entanglement of plants. When a person tries to think about a problem, a dominant focus will be formed in his brain. Once inspired by other things, it is easy to reflect on this dominant focus and solve problems. 5. Lateral thinking is a form of thinking relative to vertical thinking. Longitudinal thinking is a kind of convergent thinking that goes straight up and down through logical reasoning. Lateral thinking is to find the answer to the question from the horizontal when the vertical thinking is frustrated. Just as time is one-dimensional and space is multi-dimensional, horizontal thinking and vertical thinking represent the complementarity of one-dimensional and multi-dimensional. British scholar Debono first put forward the concept of lateral thinking. The purpose of his creation of the concept of lateral thinking is to put forward complementary and opposing thinking methods in view of the defects of longitudinal thinking. 6. When solving problems, multi-channel thinking is not all black, but multi-angle and multi-faceted thinking. This is the most common form of divergent thinking (reverse, lateral and lateral thinking is one of the special forms). 7. Combinatorial thinking starts from one thing, takes it as the divergence point, and connects with another (or some) things as much as possible to form a new way of thinking with new value (or additional value). The first great combination was that Newton combined Kepler's three laws of celestial motion with Galileo's laws of vertical and horizontal motion of objects, thus establishing classical mechanics and causing a technological revolution marked by steam engines; The second great combination was that Maxwell combined Faraday's electromagnetic induction theory with Lagrange's and Hamilton's mathematical methods to create a more complete electromagnetic theory, which led to a technological revolution marked by generators and motors. The third great combination was Dirac's combination of Einstein's theory of relativity and Schrodinger equation, which created relative quantum mechanics and caused a new technological revolution marked by atomic energy technology and computer technology. So Einstein said, "... combination seems to be the essential feature of creative thinking. "