The World Health Organization (WHO) puts forward that health is a state of perfect physical, psychological and social adaptation, not just the absence of disease, and people get rid of the weak state. And further pointed out the new concept of health: first, you have abundant energy, you can calmly undertake daily work and life, and you will not feel tired and nervous; Second, be positive and optimistic, be brave in taking responsibility and be open-minded; Third, energetic, emotionally stable, good at rest and good sleep; Fourth, strong self-control ability, good at eliminating interference; Fifth, it has strong adaptability and can adapt to various changes in the external environment; Sixth, the weight is appropriate and the figure is well-proportioned; Seventh, the teeth are clean, without tooth decay, pain and bleeding; Eight is that the hair is shiny and there is no dandruff; Nine, the reaction is intense, the eyes are bright and the eyelids are not inflamed; Ten is that muscles and skin are elastic and the pace is relaxed. Therefore, health is the unity of physical health and mental health, which are interrelated and inseparable. When people's physiology produces diseases, their psychology will inevitably be affected, which will lead to depression, irritability and anger, and then lead to psychological discomfort; Similarly, people with long-term depression, heavy mental burden and anxiety are also prone to physical discomfort. Therefore, a sound spirit and a healthy body are interdependent and mutually reinforcing.
Foreign scholars' standards of mental health;
1, American scholar Kambus believes that a person with mental health and sound personality should have four characteristics: (1) positive self-concept; (2) Appropriately identify with others; (3) Face and accept the reality; (4) Rich subjective experience, available.
2. Maslow and psychologist Mitelman put forward ten criteria of mental health: whether (1) has enough sense of security; (2) whether you have a full understanding of yourself and can properly evaluate your ability; (3) Whether a person's life and ideal are realistic; (4) Whether it can keep good contact with the surrounding environment; (5) Whether you can maintain the integrity and harmony of your own personality; (6) Whether you have the ability to learn from experience; (7) Whether proper and good interpersonal relationships can be maintained; (8) Whether you can properly express and control your emotions; (9) Whether you can give full play to your personality under the premise of collective permission; (10) Whether the basic needs of individuals can be properly met within the scope of social norms.
3. allport, an American personality psychologist, thinks that mental health includes seven aspects: (1) extensive self-awareness; (2) Good interpersonal relationship; (3) Emotional safety; (4) perceptual objectivity; (5) Have all kinds of skills and focus on work; (6) Realistic self-image; (7) the internally unified outlook on life.
4.Having Gurst (1952) holds that an individual has the following nine valuable psychological characteristics: mental health: (1) happiness, which is the most valuable characteristic; (2) Harmony, including internal harmony and harmony with the environment; (3) self-esteem; (4) personal growth, that is, the development of potential; (5) personal maturity; (6) the integration of personality; (7) Keep good contact with the environment; (8) Maintain effective adaptation to the environment; (9) Maintain relative independence in the environment.
5. Scott put forward as many as 10 categories ***75 mental health standards: (1) General adaptability: flexibility, ability to grasp the environment, ability to adapt to and cope with the changing world, ability to define and complete goals, ability to act successfully, and ability to change behaviors successfully; (2) the ability of self-satisfaction: reproductive desire (the ability to reach orgasm), moderate satisfaction of personal needs, pleasure of daily life, natural behavior, and a feeling of relaxation for a moment; (3) Interpersonal roles: completing individual social roles, conforming behaviors to roles, adapting to social relations, accepting social behaviors, getting along with people, participating in social activities, using practical help, entrusting others, social responsibilities, and stabilizing careers, work and love; (4) Intellectual ability: the accuracy of perception, the effectiveness of psychological function, the appropriateness of cognition, wit and rationality, the ability to connect with reality, solve problems, intelligence, extensive understanding and profound understanding of human experience; (5) Positive attitude towards others: altruism, caring for others, trust, liking others, enthusiasm for others, ability to get close to others, and emotional transfer; (6) Creativity: contribution and initiative to society; (7) Autonomy: emotional independence, identity, self-reliance and certain detachment; (8) Full maturity: self-realization, personal growth and the formation of philosophy of life can be balanced between opposing forces. Mature but not contradictory motivation, self-utilization, comprehensive grasp of impulse, energy and conflict, consistency, complete complexity and maturity; (9) Favorable attitude towards yourself: sense of control, satisfaction of task completion, self-acceptance, self-recognition, self-esteem, confidence in solving problems in the face of difficulties, positive self-image, freedom and autonomy, and getting rid of inferiority and happiness; (10) Control of emotion and motivation: tolerance to setbacks, ability to grasp anxiety, morality, courage, self-control, tension resistance, morality, conscience, self-strength, honesty and frankness.
Many domestic scholars put forward the standard of mental health:
1 and Yan (1980) put forward six criteria of mental health: (1) having the ability to face the reality and environment positively; (2) It can avoid pathological symptoms caused by excessive tension or anxiety; (3) Being able to maintain the ability to develop harmony and mutual assistance when getting along with others; (4) the ability to transform their energy into creative and constructive activities; (5) working ability; (6) Being able to fall in love normally.
2. Wang Xiaodao (1990) proposed that normal psychology should meet the following eight criteria: (1) The intelligence level is within the normal range and can correctly reflect things; (2) Psychological and behavioral characteristics are basically consistent with physiological age; (3) Being emotionally stable and actively adapting to the situation; (4) Psychological and behavioral coordination; (5) Social adaptation, mainly psychological adaptation and interpersonal coordination; (6) Moderate behavioral response, non-allergic, non-dull, corresponding to the stimulus scenario; (7) Do not deviate from social norms, realize personal motivation to a certain extent, and meet physiological requirements; (8) Self-demand is basically consistent with self-reality. He also believes that the psychological level can be evaluated from seven aspects: adaptability, tolerance, control, consciousness level, social communication ability, rehabilitation ability, moral pleasure and even moral pain.
3. Wang Jisheng and others believe that the standard of mental health should include six aspects: (1) normal intelligence; (2) Emotional health: Emotional stability and happiness are important signs of emotional health; (3) Healthy will: the consciousness and decisiveness of action are important signs of healthy will; (4) unified and coordinated behavior: a mentally healthy person has unified behavior, unified and coordinated thoughts and actions, orderly behavior and step-by-step work; (5) Adaptation of interpersonal relationships.
4. Fan Fumin put forward seven criteria for college students' mental health: (1) being able to maintain a strong interest in learning and thirst for knowledge; (2) Being able to maintain correct self-awareness and accept self; (3) Being able to coordinate and control emotions and maintain good emotions; (4) Being able to maintain harmonious interpersonal relationships and be willing to communicate; (5) Being able to maintain a complete and unified personality; (six) to maintain good environmental adaptability; (7) Psychological behavior conforms to age characteristics.
5. Wang Xiyong and others believe that the standard of mental health can be summarized as: (65,438+0) normal intelligence, correct way of thinking, and the ability to treat society, oneself and everything materialistically and dialectically; (2) Have a noble emotional experience and be able to control your emotions; (3) Correctly treat difficulties and setbacks, not demanding the environment, not shirking responsibilities, having the confidence, courage and perseverance to overcome difficulties, innovating and pioneering, and not being complacent when things go wrong; (4) Reasonable needs, feasible motives, ideals, pursuits, a sense of social responsibility and a full spiritual life; (5) Have conscious social ethics, have moral qualities praised by the society, and be able to properly handle interpersonal relationships; (6) Always in a satisfied state of inner balance. When the psychological imbalance, can be timely and successful adjustment.
6. Li Baizhen put forward seven criteria: (1) People with mental health know themselves, accept themselves and can experience the value of self-existence; (2) Mentally healthy people face up to reality and accept others; (3) People with mental health can coordinate and control their emotions and have a good mood; (4) People with mental health have positive and realistic life goals; (5) People with mental health have a sense of responsibility to society; (6) Mentally healthy people are kind and care about others; (7) People with mental health have independent consciousness.
According to Huang, the standard of mental health is: (1) being able to study, live and work normally; (2) Being able to live in harmony with others and maintain good interpersonal relationships; (3) Having a sound personality; (4) Have a good emotional experience; (five) normal behavior; (6) Have normal psychological intentions; (7) Good adaptability and adaptability to emergencies; (8) Have a certain sense of security, self-confidence and self-reliance.
8. Zheng Richang believes that mental health includes: (1) facing reality; (2) Know yourself; (3) being kind to others; (4) Emotional optimism; (5) Self-esteem and self-control; (6) Willing to work.
Broadly speaking, mental health is a continuous, efficient and satisfactory mental state; Psychological health in a narrow sense is the unity of knowledge, emotion, will and action, the perfection and coordination of personality and a good social adaptation. So far, there is no unified concept about mental health. Scholars at home and abroad generally believe that mental health standards are complex, with both cultural differences and individual differences. Generally speaking, judging an individual's mental health mainly comes from four aspects:
1, empirical standard. That is, the client judges his own health according to his own subjective feelings, and the researcher judges the mental health of the client according to his own experience; It is important to pay attention to the subjective psychological feelings of the parties. Because of the difference between congenital inheritance and acquired environment, empirical standards emphasize individual differences. For the same life event, both sides have different self-cognition, self-experience and self-evaluation.
2. Social adaptation standards. Take the normality of most people in society as the reference standard, observe whether the parties adapt to the normality and judge whether they are psychologically healthy. For example, according to physical, psychological and social development, college students should be able to live independently and deal with the affairs they face in life. However, if some college students have low living ability and can't take care of their daily life, they need to be paid attention to.
3. Statistical standards. On the basis of measuring a large number of normal psychological characteristics, a norm is obtained and the psychology of the parties is compared with the norm. This standard is more used in psychological research. Generally speaking, we should compare the results of individual psychological tests with the norm to judge their mental health.
4. Self-behavior standard. The stable behavior pattern formed by everyone in previous lives is the normal standard. In fact, the boundary between mental health and non-mental health is relative, and it is unrealistic to try to find an absolute standard, so is the mastery of college students' mental health standards. How to grasp the standard? We believe that we should master three standards, namely relativity, overall coordination and development. When we study the overall mental health of college students, we should pay attention to the concept of healthy development, that is, many life problems, psychological crises and psychological dilemmas faced by more college students in their development are also produced under the background of development. Some psychological puzzles are unique to a certain group, such as the multiple pressures of college students, and the academic pressure, employment pressure and emotional pressure brought by their life expectations, career aspirations and academic expectations. All need to be dealt with. Some psychological problems are staged and will heal themselves when the individual's psychology matures.
People's mental health refers to a continuous and positive mental state. In this state, individuals can adapt to the environment well, their life is full of vitality, and their physical and mental potential is fully exerted, which can be regarded as mental health. Accordingly, people's mental health level can be roughly divided into three levels: first, they are generally normal, showing that they are often happy, have strong adaptability, are good at getting along with others, can better complete activities that are compatible with their peers' development level, and have the ability to adjust their emotions; Second, the psychological barriers are relatively light, showing that they do not have the happiness that their peers should have, and they have a little difficulty in getting along with others and poor self-care ability. After active adjustment or professional help, it can return to normal; Third, severe morbid psychology, manifested as severe maladjustment, can not maintain normal life and work, if not treated in time, may deteriorate into a mental patient.
(B) Eight issues worthy of attention in college students' mental health
The survey results show that academic problems, emotional problems, interpersonal problems, anxiety problems, emotional problems, sexual health problems, mental health problems of special groups and adaptation to college life are common mental health problems of college students at present.
1, academic issues
Academic problems such as great study pressure, insufficient study motivation, unclear study purpose, unsatisfactory academic performance and learning difficulties have been plaguing college students. Mainly in the following four aspects:
1) lacks learning motivation. In the life event scale of college students, the first one is the great pressure of study. The survey results show that 69.6% freshmen and 54% seniors feel "difficult to learn"; When asked why students study in the discussion, students simply say, "study for the sake of learning." A sophomore also wrote: "I have never been able to enter the state of study, and I always feel that I am passively studying under great test pressure, but I will feel very distressed when I calm down and think about why I want to study." Especially for the first-year students, 70.4% think that "the learning burden is heavy and it is difficult to cope".
2) The purpose of learning is not clear. There will always be a hasty figure on the way to self-study, but if you carefully consider the students' learning purpose, you can't get a satisfactory answer. Many students have to study to cope with the exams they have to take. Some students even answered bluntly: in order to get into the exam, why don't students have a bottom at all? A student wrote: "In middle school, I did well in all aspects. After entering the university, I studied along the inertia of middle school. Although my grades are still satisfactory, despite my hard work, I often feel exhausted and I have learned nothing. " More students are too lazy to "strive for perfection, but seek to muddle through." Faced with the huge pressure of the talent market, many students also have a sense of crisis, but they want to study hard, but they can't lift their spirits.
3) Poor academic performance. Although students with learning difficulties account for a small proportion of college students, their negative emotions are unfavorable to the growth of students. Some students can't concentrate in class, and some students can't adapt to the life of college students. "Primary school and middle school are top students, and when they arrive at the university, they suddenly become ordinary students, with poor personal binding, weak self-control and relatively laissez-faire, so their study is poor"; "Although I study hard, I go to college just to study, and my academic performance is always unsatisfactory, so I feel inferior and depressed." In the survey, 42% of the students failed the exam. We randomly selected the scores of 30 students in a senior engineering class. In seven semesters, 63 courses failed, with an average of 2./kloc-0 courses per capita, which cannot but attract people's attention.
4) Utilitarianism of learning motivation. The interest lever of market economy directly affects students' study, and students show unprecedented utilitarian consciousness in their study. For a class that has not been studied, the first question that students ask is "What's the use of learning this course?" As a result, professional courses and basic courses have appeared, and there are fewer and fewer cars and horses at her door, while there are various certificate courses in skills courses such as computer, foreign languages and stocks, which are obvious in contrast. "Textual research fever" is a direct manifestation of learning utilitarianism. Students fully understand the market's favor for various certificates, so they give up professional courses to pursue various useful certificates.
2. Emotional problems
Stable emotions and positive emotional reflection are very important factors for students to become talents, and they are also issues worthy of attention in students' mental health. As shown in the following table: College students' negative emotions are higher than their positive ones, which deserves attention.