Polymer materials are divided into natural, semi-synthetic (modified natural polymer materials) and synthetic polymer materials according to their sources. Natural polymers are the basis of the origin and evolution of life. Since the beginning of human society, natural polymer materials have been used as living and production materials, and their processing technology has been mastered. For example, silk, cotton and wool are used to make fabrics, and wood, cotton and hemp are used to make paper. At the end of 1930s, 19 entered the stage of chemical modification of natural polymers, and semi-synthetic polymer materials appeared. The appearance of 1907 synthetic polymer phenolic resin marks the beginning of the application of synthetic polymer materials. In modern times, polymer materials, like metal materials and inorganic nonmetal materials, have become important materials in science and technology and economic construction. Polymer materials are classified according to their characteristics.
Polymer materials are divided into rubber, fiber, plastic, polymer adhesive, polymer coating and polymer-based composite materials according to their characteristics. ① Rubber is a linear flexible polymer. The valence between molecular chains is small, and molecular chains are flexible. Under the action of external force, great deformation can occur, and it can be restored to its original state quickly after removing external force. There are two kinds of natural rubber and synthetic rubber. ② Polymer fibers are divided into natural fibers and chemical fibers. The former refers to silk, cotton, hemp, wool and so on. The latter is made of natural polymer or synthetic polymer through spinning and post-treatment. Fiber has high valence, low deformability and high modulus, and is generally a crystalline polymer. ③ Plastic is made of synthetic resin or chemically modified natural polymer as the main component, and then additives such as fillers and plasticizers are added. Its intermolecular valence, modulus and deformation are between rubber and fiber. According to the characteristics of synthetic resins, they are usually divided into thermosetting plastics and thermoplastic plastics; According to the purpose, it is divided into general plastics and engineering plastics. ④ Polymer adhesive is an adhesive material with synthetic natural polymer compounds as the main component. There are two kinds of natural and synthetic adhesives. Synthetic adhesives are widely used. ⑤ Polymer coating is made of polymer as the main film-forming substance, adding solvents and various additives. According to the different film-forming substances, it can be divided into grease coatings, natural resin coatings and synthetic resin coatings. ⑥ Polymer-based composite material is a composite material based on polymer compounds and added with various reinforcing materials. It combines the performance characteristics of the original materials and can be designed as required. Polymer materials are classified according to their uses.
Polymer materials are divided into ordinary polymer materials and functional polymer materials according to their uses. Functional polymer materials not only have the general mechanical properties, insulating properties and thermal properties of polymers, but also have special functions such as conversion, transmission and storage of matter, energy and information. Polymer information conversion materials, polymer transparent materials, polymer mimetic enzymes, biodegradable polymer materials, polymer shape memory materials and medical and medical polymer materials have been applied. Properties of polymer materials The structure of polymer materials determines their properties. Polymer materials with different characteristics can be obtained by controlling and modifying the structure. Because of its unique structure and easy modification and processing, polymer materials have incomparable and irreplaceable excellent properties, which are widely used in science and technology, national defense construction and national economy and become indispensable materials in all aspects of modern social life. Many natural materials are usually made of polymer materials, such as natural rubber, cotton, human organs and so on. The same is true of synthetic chemical fibers, plastics and rubber. Generally speaking, polymers that are widely used in life and form industrial production scale are general polymer materials, and functional polymers with special uses and functions. Before the synthesis and processing of polymer materials, polymer materials should be synthesized, and the monomer synthesized polymer should be granulated and then melted. The synthesis methods of polymer materials include bulk polymerization, suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization and solution polymerization. Among them, initiator plays an important role. Azo initiator and peroxide initiator are both commonly used initiators, and polymer additives often have obvious effects on improving the properties of polymer materials and reducing costs. Processing technology The processing and molding of polymer materials is not a simple physical process, but an important link that determines the final structure and properties of polymer materials. Except that adhesives and coatings can be used directly without processing and molding, rubber, fiber and plastic usually need to be processed into products through corresponding molding methods. The common molding methods of general plastic products are extrusion, injection, calendering, blow molding, compression molding or transfer molding. Rubber products have molding processes such as plasticization, mixing, calendering or extrusion. Fibers include spinning solution preparation, fiber forming and winding, post-treatment, as-spun fiber stretching and heat setting. In the process of polymer molding, it may be affected by the changes of temperature, pressure, stress and action time, which will lead to chemical reactions such as polymer degradation and crosslinking, and change the aggregate structure and chemical structure of polymer. Therefore, the processing technology not only determines the appearance and quality of polymer products, but also has an important influence on the supramolecular structure, texture structure and even chain structure of materials.
Business training objectives: This major trains senior engineering and technical personnel who have knowledge of polymer materials and engineering and can engage in scientific research, technology development, process and equipment design, production and management in the fields of polymer materials synthesis, modification and processing.
Business training requirements: students majoring in this major mainly study the basic theories of polymer chemistry and physics, the composition, structure and properties of polymer materials, and the knowledge of polymer molding and processing technology. ?
Graduates should have the following knowledge and abilities:
1. Master the synthesis and modification methods of polymer materials; ?
2. Master the relationship between composition, structure and properties of polymer materials; ?
3. Master the basic theories and skills of polymer processing rheology, molding technology and molding die design; ?
4. Have the preliminary ability to research, design, analyze and test the modification processing technology of polymer materials and develop new polymer materials and products; ?
5. Have the ability to use computers; ?
6. Have the preliminary technical and economic analysis and management ability of polymer material modification processing. ?
Main subjects: materials science and engineering?
Main courses: organic chemistry, physical chemistry, polymer chemistry, polymer physics, polymer rheology, polymer molding technology, polymer processing principle, polymer material research methods?
Main practical teaching links: including metalworking practice, production practice, professional experiment, computer application and computer practice, curriculum design and graduation design (thesis). ?
Main professional experiments: polymer synthesis, polymer material molding, etc.
Educational system: four years?
Degree awarded: Bachelor of Engineering?
Established institutions: Tsinghua University Shenzhen University beijing university of chemical technology Tianjin University Jilin University Fudan University East China University of Science and Technology Donghua University Zhejiang University Hefei University of Technology Wuhan University South China University of Technology Sichuan University Nanchang Hangkong University Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology Tianjin University of Science and Technology north university of china Taiyuan University of Technology Hebei University of Technology Hebei University of Science and Technology shenyang institute of chemical technology Dalian Institute of Light Industry Jilin. School of Chemical Engineering Qiqihar University harbin university of science and technology Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai University Nanjing University of Chemical Technology Yangzhou University Zhejiang University of Technology Qingdao Institute of Chemical Technology Jinan University China Ocean University Shandong University Liaocheng University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University of Technology Zhengzhou Institute of Light Industry Henan University of Science and Technology Wuhan Institute of Chemical Technology Hubei University of Technology Hubei University Yangtze University Guangdong University of Technology Guilin Institute of Technology China Southern Tropical Agriculture University Harbin Institute of Technology Daqing Petroleum Changchun university of science and technology University of Science and Technology of China (five-year program) Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology Jiangsu Institute of Petrochemical Technology Beijing Institute of Technology North China University of Science and Technology Nanjing University of Science and Technology Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Northwestern Polytechnical University Jiangnan University Northeast Forestry University Anhui University College of Architecture and Technology Nanchang University Yantai University Wuhan University of Technology Central South Forestry College Xinjiang University Shenyang University of Technology shenyang ligong university East China Shipping Institute East China Jiaotong University Zhongshan University Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Lanzhou University of Technology (formerly known as Gansu University of Technology), etc.
Schools are distributed by region.
Tsinghua University, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, beijing university of chemical technology, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing Technology and Business University.
Tianjin University, Tianjin University of Science and Technology
Hebei University of Technology, Hebei Polytechnic University, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei University, Yanshan University.
Taiyuan University of Technology, north university of china.
Liaoning Dalian Institute of Light Industry, shenyang institute of chemical technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Institute of Light Industry, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang Gong Li University.
Jilin University, Changchun University of Technology, Jilin Institute of Architecture and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology.
Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang University, harbin university of science and technology, Qiqihar University, Daqing Petroleum Institute of Northeast Forestry University.
Shanghai Fudan University, East China University of Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai University
Jiangsu University, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou University, Nanjing University of Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, East China Institute of Shipbuilding Industry.
Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University of Technology
Anhui University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui University, Anhui Institute of Architecture and Technology, Anhui University of Technology, Anhui University of Science and Technology.
Fujian Normal University, Fujian Province
Jiangxi Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang University, East China Jiaotong University
Shandong University, China Ocean University, Qingdao University, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Jinan University, Yantai University and Liaocheng University.
Zhengzhou Institute of Light Industry, Zhengzhou University, Henan Province
Hubei University, Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei Institute of Technology, Wuhan Institute of Chemical Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Yangtze University.
Hunan Central South University of Forestry and Technology, South China University, Hunan University of Technology, Hengyang Normal University
South China University of Technology, Shenzhen University, Guangdong University of Technology, Maoming College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province
Guilin Institute of Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Hainan University, Hainan Province
Sichuan University, Southwest Petroleum Institute, Sichuan Province
Shaanxi Northwestern Polytechnical University, xi 'an University of Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
Gansu Lanzhou University of Technology
Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
This major trains students to master the basic theory and technology of material science systematically, and have the basic knowledge and skills related to material physics. It can be engaged in the research, design, development and manufacturing, performance testing and production management of new materials and functional materials in materials science and engineering, machinery, electronic metallurgy, energy, electric power, communication, petrochemical and other industries, and can also be engaged in teaching and scientific research in universities and research institutes. I. Basic professional information 1. Training objectives: This major trains senior professionals in materials physics who have mastered the basic theory and technology of materials science, have basic knowledge and skills related to materials physics, and can engage in research, teaching, scientific and technological development and related management in materials science and engineering and related fields. 2. Training requires students of this major to learn the basic theories, knowledge and skills of materials science, accept the basic training of scientific thinking and scientific experiments, and have the basic ability to use the basic theories, knowledge and experimental skills of physics and materials physics for material research and technology development. Graduates should have the following knowledge and abilities: ◆ Master the basic theories and knowledge of mathematics, physics and chemistry; Master the basic knowledge, principles and experimental skills of material preparation (or synthesis), material processing, material structure and performance measurement and material application; ◆ Understand the general principles and knowledge of similar majors; Familiar with national policies on materials science and engineering research, scientific and technological development and related industries, as well as domestic and foreign intellectual property laws and regulations; ◆ Understand the theoretical frontier, application prospect and latest development trends of materials physics, as well as the development of materials science and engineering industry; Master the basic methods of using modern information technology to query Chinese and foreign information, retrieve documents and obtain relevant information; Have the ability to design experiments, create experimental conditions, summarize, sort out and analyze experimental results, write papers and participate in academic exchanges. The main subjects are material science and physics. 4. Main courses: basic physics, modern physics, solid state physics, material physics, etc. 5. Practical teaching includes production practice and graduation thesis. It usually takes 10-20 weeks. 6. The research period is 4 years. 7. Degree: Bachelor of Science or Engineering. 8, related professional material chemistry, physics. 9, the original professional name materials physics, mineral rock materials. Second, the major comprehensively introduces the major of material physics, which generally belongs to one of the majors under the jurisdiction of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. The aspects involved are mainly the macroscopic and microscopic structure of materials, especially the microstructure, the basic parameters of physical properties of materials and the physical essence of these parameters. The major of material physics is an indispensable part of the major of material science and engineering. Like the cornerstone of towering buildings, materials support human civilization. Many people think that the new century is a world of "information technology", but the material basis on which any technology depends is materials. This important position cannot be changed at any stage of the development of human society, and it will become more and more important. With the development of science and technology, materials are developing in the direction of miniaturization, functionalization and intelligence. At present, nano-materials, environmental materials, electronic materials and information materials, which are quite popular, are mostly the applications of physical properties of materials in various special fields. For example, nano-materials can be said to be nano-scale materials physics. The magnetic and optical properties of materials physics have great application space in the field of information materials, and are the theoretical and applied basis for the development of modern semiconductor, microelectronics and optoelectronics industries. Therefore, with the rapid development of material industry and information industry in the new century, the specialty of material physics will surely usher in its own glory. It is obvious from the name of this major that the content focuses on material science and physics. Force, heat, light and sound in physics are widely used in this major, and of course the emphasis is also related to my future research direction. For example, ferromagnetism is the central course to study the magnetic storage technology of information materials, but mechanics, electricity and heat should also be involved. Atomic physics, solid state physics, crystallography, X-ray technology, electron microscope and other courses are also important courses. Therefore, this major mainly focuses on physics corresponding to high school courses, which is more suitable for those students who are interested in microstructure and theoretical physics. When measuring microstructure, X-ray technology and electron microscope (high power electron microscope) may involve some radiation problems. Of course, it is not very common, and the dose is very low. With the development of technology, the radiation problem should be reduced until it is completely eliminated. Generally speaking, material physics is not a very popular major, but some of its directions, such as nano-materials, high-power electron microscopes and electronic materials, are still quite hot. Among domestic universities, Tsinghua University, Shandong University and Harbin Institute of Technology stand out in these aspects. For graduates majoring in materials physics, among several options, going abroad is relatively easy and much less difficult than those popular majors. In addition to the above-mentioned better schools, there are some related research institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences that can consider postgraduate entrance examination. In terms of employment, several hot directions are still relatively good, but most of them are research work. As the foundation of other industries, this major is indispensable, but it is probably impossible to make a lot of money at once and become Bill Gates. With the maturity and industrialization of technology, the employment situation of this major will be greatly improved. Therefore, choosing this major is actually choosing your own future. Material physical code: 07 130 1. Third, develop professional education. Material physics is a national key discipline and a combination of science and engineering. Cultivate research-oriented talents who master the basic theory and modern research methods of materials science, master the basic laws of the relationship between material properties and microstructure at all levels, and can engage in the design, research, production and use of various materials, improve material properties, and develop new materials and technologies. The predecessor of material physics is metal physics, and the country attaches great importance to the subject of materials. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the specialty of material physics was established. During the period of vigorous industrial development in 1950s, many colleges and universities set up materials disciplines, and some areas also set up metallurgical colleges and mechanical engineering colleges. At present, materials physics has related departments in various science and engineering colleges. These famous schools include Tsinghua University, Beihang University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Xi Jiaotong University and Beijing Institute of Technology. Materials cover a wide range of fields, with various types and shapes. According to the characteristics of material composition and structure, it can be divided into metal materials, inorganic nonmetal materials, organic polymer materials and composite materials. Materials are the product of the integration of basic science and engineering science. With the development of science and technology, various relatively independent materials penetrate and combine with each other, and interdisciplinary is an important feature of materials science and technology. For example, the application of concrete admixture in building materials, the application of polymer concrete and film materials in glass deep processing, the modification of cement mortar by organic polymer materials and the improvement of ceramic technology. The Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University was founded in 1978, which is one of the earliest materials departments in China universities with the most complete disciplines and training levels. At present, there are four undergraduate majors: metal materials and heat treatment, inorganic nonmetallic materials, material engineering and automation, and material science; There are 3 doctoral programs in metal materials and heat treatment, inorganic nonmetallic materials and semiconductor materials, among which semiconductor materials are national key disciplines, 5 master programs and post-doctoral mobile stations in materials science and engineering. The major of material physics in many schools has undergone a series of changes. The Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Tsinghua University was founded in 1988, which was formed by department of engineering physics Material Science Department, department of mechanical engineering Metal Material Department and Chemical Engineering Department. The undergraduate major is materials science and engineering, including five disciplines: material physics, metal physics, inorganic nonmetallic materials, composite materials and electronic materials. However, due to the different foundations of each school, the established majors of material physics or material science and engineering are also different. For example, Tianjin Urban Construction College, for a long time, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering has set up two majors: inorganic nonmetallic materials and polymer materials and engineering. According to the characteristics of the college and the catalogue of guiding majors of the State Education Commission, it has been renamed as Material Science and Engineering since 1997. Because this college belongs to the Construction Committee system, it mainly trains talents who serve urban and rural construction, and the education of materials specialty focuses on building materials, instead of simply copying the practices of Tsinghua, Tianjin University, Wuhan University of Technology (merged into Wuhan University of Technology in 2000), or chemical and metallurgical colleges, and running their own characteristic materials specialty. This shows that both of them are major in material physics, and the research direction and emphasis are different due to the differences in foundation and background between schools, which should be noted. 199 1 year, the State Education Commission approved the construction of an "open laboratory for advanced materials research" in Tsinghua University as an investment to promote the research of materials physics. At present, the Department of Materials Science and Engineering has been included in the "2 1 1 engineering" key discipline group planning by many universities. In order to cultivate compound talents with comprehensive ability of materials science and engineering. In recent years, the research scope of materials physics has been further broadened, and advanced materials with excellent physical properties have been continuously developed, among which composite materials are a main direction. All these reflect that training talents with only a single material and narrow professional caliber can no longer meet the current situation, especially the future requirements. Therefore, the cultivation of material talents is an inevitable trend. Analysis of professional employment data V. Professional employment situation and trends Graduates majoring in material physics generally have strong theoretical level of physics, chemistry and mathematics, as well as high independent experimental ability and complex instrument and equipment operation ability, and their quality is relatively comprehensive. Therefore, they can engage in the production, research and development of materials in machinery, metallurgy, electronics, chemical industry, aerospace, instrumentation and other departments, and can also engage in scientific research and teaching in scientific research units and institutions of higher learning, as well as further training. According to the nature of work, engineers and technicians engaged in materials specialty can be divided into research, development, production and application of materials. This is different from the development of material industry. In the 1970s and 1980s, some schools, such as Tianjin Urban Construction College, mainly trained engineers and technicians engaged in silicate material production and enriched them to relevant factories, which played a certain role in strengthening the technical force of production units and improving the quality of technicians. However, with the technical strength of Tianjin and the saturation of material production plants that exchange students with other provinces and cities, the demand for talents in this field has changed. Now only about half of them are engaged in material application, testing and material management in the construction industry. Modern industry has higher and higher requirements for materials, resulting in more demands, such as large iron and steel enterprises, aircraft manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, etc., all of which need sophisticated material technology. Graduates of this major can generally have a ratio of 1: 1.2 or more, depending on the specific situation of each institution. The specialty of material physics involves a wide range of contents, has strong adaptability and has the reputation of "all-purpose oil" for employment. The problem that graduates majoring in materials physics and even the whole material science may face is that many employment units don't know what the talents of this major do because of the different backgrounds of setting up materials majors in many colleges and universities and the fact that materials science has been put forward as a professional name for a long time. Therefore, graduates should first make clear their more detailed research direction in the application process. For example, students majoring in material physics of electronic materials can consider related electronic component industries, and students majoring in polymer materials can consider fields related to organic molecular chemical engineering to apply for jobs. At present, with the increasing investment of foreign-funded enterprises in China, the demand of foreign-funded enterprises for materials physics specialty is also increasing. For example, DuPont, Motorola, Procter & Gamble and other companies need talents in related fields of materials physics every year to develop new products and processes in their R&D centers. With the gradual application of research results in the field of materials physics and the gradual formation of materials industry, the employment scope of graduates majoring in materials physics is gradually expanding. 2 1 century, with the aggravation of environmental pollution and the exhaustion of energy, all countries in the world are committed to the development and utilization of new materials and energy. Various alternative materials for environmental protection are being developed. With its low cost and good performance, new alternative materials have been gradually applied to various industries and achieved very objective benefits. Although the material industry is still at a low point under the current situation, combined with the previous employment trend, the employment prospect of this major is still very bright and the development potential is great. Students majoring in material physics must not be frightened by the temporary situation. As predicted by many experts, the material industry will become one of the pillar industries in China in this century. This industry has a bright future. VI. Distribution of Professional Colleges (Part) Heilongjiang University Southwest University of Science and Technology Northwest University Shanxi University Shanghai University Qingdao University of Science and Technology Xiangtan University China University Beijing Normal University Northeastern University Jilin University Fudan University Nanjing University Wuhan University Wuhan University Central South University Sun Yat-sen University Sichuan University Lanzhou University harbin university of science and technology Yunnan University East China University of Science and Technology Hefei University of Technology Taiyuan University of Technology Yanshan University Inner Mongolia University of Technology Dalian University of Technology Harbin University of Science and Technology Chongqing University Xi University of Architecture and Technology.
Generally speaking, polymer materials and engineering is a very good major, and it is one of the best majors with the best employment prospects.